PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Flexibility the key for neuroscientists
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 347
EP 349
DI 10.1038/381347a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300064
PM 8692276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sams, BJ
   Eckart, A
   Sunyaev, R
AF Sams, BJ
   Eckart, A
   Sunyaev, R
TI Near-infrared jets in the galactic microquasar GRS1915+105
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID black-holes; m87 jet; 3c 264; radio; nucleus
AB QUASARS and active galactic nuclei often have radio jets emanating from them, parts of which sometimes appear to move faster than light(1), These jets are thought to arise from processes associated,vith a supermassive black hole, but it is difficult to study them in detail both because they lie at extreme distances and because observable changes in them occur only slowly. The Galactic 'microquasar' GRS1915+105 has attracted much attention because it also has superluminal jets(2); it might be a low-power analogue of the 'central engine' of quasars, but so far the only evidence that it contains a black hole is its X-ray luminosity, which is greater than that allowed for a neutron star, Here we report observations of near-infrared jets from GRS1915+105; these jets emerge at the same position angle as the radio jets, but the luminosity associated with them is far greater, Using these data, we find a correlation between the length of a jet, its brightness temperature and the central source luminosity which applies across the entire range of black-hole-driven jets, thereby connecting microquasars, active galactic nuclei and quasars, Because the evolution of GRS1915+105 can be studied on relatively short timescales, we effectively have the ability to investigate evolutionary processes in quasars.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST ASTROPHYS,D-85748 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   MOSCOW SPACE RES INST,MOSCOW 117810,RUSSIA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
RP Sams, BJ (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,GIESSENBACHSTR,D-85748 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 35
TC 82
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/382047a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McPherson, PS
   Garcia, EP
   Slepnev, VI
   David, C
   Zhang, XM
   Grabs, D
   Sossin, WS
   Bauerfeind, R
   Nemoto, Y
   DeCamilli, P
AF McPherson, PS
   Garcia, EP
   Slepnev, VI
   David, C
   Zhang, XM
   Grabs, D
   Sossin, WS
   Bauerfeind, R
   Nemoto, Y
   DeCamilli, P
TI A presynaptic inositol-5-phosphatase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phospholipid transfer protein; inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase; yeast golgi; identification; mutations
AB SYNAPTOJANIN is a nerve terminal protein of relative molecular mass 145,000 which appears to participate with dynamin in synaptic vesicle recycling(1,2). The central region of synaptojanin defines it as a member of the inositol-5-phosphatase family, which includes the product of the gene that is defective in the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe(3-7). Synaptojanin has 5-phosphatase activity and its amino-terminal domain is homologous with the yeast protein Sac1 (Rsd1), which is genetically implicated in phospholipid metabolism and in the function of the actin cytoskeleton(8-10). The carboxy terminus, which is of different lengths in adult and developing neurons owing to the alternative use of two termination sites, is proline-rich, consistent,vith the reported interaction of synaptojanin with the SH3 domains of Grb2 (refs 1, 2), Synaptojanin is the only other major brain protein besides dynamin that binds the SH3 domain of amphiphysin, a presynaptic protein with a putative function in endocytosis(11-14). Our results suggest a link between phosphoinositide metabolism and synaptic vesicle recycling.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL NEUROL INST,DEPT NEUROL & NEUROSURG,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 2B4,CANADA.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; McGill University
NR 30
TC 500
Z9 572
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 353
EP 357
DI 10.1038/379353a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300061
PM 8552192
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Montgomery, DR
   Abbe, TB
   Buffington, JM
   Peterson, NP
   Schmidt, KM
   Stock, JD
AF Montgomery, DR
   Abbe, TB
   Buffington, JM
   Peterson, NP
   Schmidt, KM
   Stock, JD
TI Distribution of bedrock and alluvial channels in forested mountain drainage basins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creek
AB MOUNTAIN river networks often consist of both bedrock and alluvial channel(1-5), the spatial distribution of which controls several fundamental geomorphological and ecological processes(6,7). The nature of river channels can influence the rates of river incision and landscape evolution(1,2), as well as the stream habitat characteristics affecting species abundance and aquatic ecosystem structure(8-11), Studies of the factors controlling the distribution of bedrock and alluvial channels have hitherto been limited to anthropogenic badlands(12), Here we investigate the distribution of channel types in forested mountain drainage basins, and show that the occurrence of bedrock and alluvial channels can be described by a threshold model relating local sediment transport capacity to sediment supply. In addition, we find that valley-spanning log jams create alluvial channels-hospitable to aquatic life-in what would otherwise be bedrock reaches, The formation of such jams depends critically on the stabilizing presence of logs derived from the largest trees in the riverside forests, suggesting that management strategies that allow harvesting of such trees can have a devastating influence on alluvial habitats in mountain drainage basins.
C1 SIMPSON TIMBER CO, SHELTON, WA 98584 USA.
RP Montgomery, DR (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT GEOL SCI, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 32
TC 253
Z9 282
U1 2
U2 55
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 587
EP 589
DI 10.1038/381587a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thulborn, T
   Warren, A
   Turner, S
   Hamley, T
AF Thulborn, T
   Warren, A
   Turner, S
   Hamley, T
TI Early Carboniferous tetrapods in Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID morphology; scotland
AB THE earliest tetrapod fauna yet discovered in the Southern Hemisphere comes from the Drummond basin of central Queensland, Australia. The fauna is of Early Carboniferous age (mid-Visean, about 333 Myr ago(1)) and comprises at least three types of tetrapods in association with abundant freshwater fishes. Two of the Letrapods (a colosteid and, less certainly, a temnospondyl) are distantly related to living amphibians, whereas the third (an anthracosaur) is an early relative of the amniotes. All three tetrapods rank among the oldest known representatives of their clades, and two of them (colosteid and anthracosaur) represent groups previously confined to Europe and North America. By virtue of its geographic remoteness, early age, and taxonomic diversity, the Drummond basin fauna has important implications for current understanding of early tetrapod history(2,3). Most significantly, it indicates that several major groups of tetrapods were distributed world,vide through equatorial regions during the Early Carboniferous.
C1 LA TROBE UNIV, SCH ZOOL, BUNDOORA, VIC 3083, AUSTRALIA.
   QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, BRISBANE, QLD 4101, AUSTRALIA.
C3 La Trobe University; Queensland Museum
RP Thulborn, T (corresponding author), UNIV QUEENSLAND, DEPT ZOOL, ST LUCIA, QLD 4072, AUSTRALIA.
NR 30
TC 32
Z9 36
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 777
EP 780
DI 10.1038/381777a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilkins, SW
   Gureyev, TE
   Gao, D
   Pogany, A
   Stevenson, AW
AF Wilkins, SW
   Gureyev, TE
   Gao, D
   Pogany, A
   Stevenson, AW
TI Phase-contrast imaging using polychromatic hard X-rays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID of-intensity equation; object
AB IN conventional radiography, X-rays which pass through an object along different paths are differentially absorbed, and the intensity pattern of the emerging beam records the distribution of absorbing materials within the sample. An alternative approach is phase-contrast radiography, which instead records variations of the phase of the emerging radiation. Such an approach offers improved contrast sensitivity, especially when imaging weakly absorbing samples. Unfortunately, current phase-contrast imaging techniques(1-11) generally require highly monochromatic planewave radiation and sophisticated X-ray optics, so their use is greatly restricted. Here we describe and demonstrate a simplified scheme for phase-contrast imaging based on an X-ray source having high spatial (but essentially no chromatic) coherence. The method is compatible with conventional polychromatic microfocus X-ray tube sources, is well suited to large areas of irradiation, can operate with a lower absorbed dose than traditional X-ray imaging techniques, and should find broad application in clinical, biological and industrial settings.
RP Wilkins, SW (corresponding author), CSIRO,DIV MAT SCI & TECHNOL,PRIVATE BAG 33,CLAYTON,VIC 3169,AUSTRALIA.
NR 24
TC 1654
Z9 1826
U1 1
U2 236
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 335
EP 338
DI 10.1038/384335a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Calkins, DJ
   Sterling, P
AF Calkins, DJ
   Sterling, P
TI Absence of spectrally specific lateral inputs to midget ganglion cells in primate retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geniculate-nucleus; cone connections; horizontal cells; monkey retina; macaque; mechanisms; opponent
AB VISUAL information is conveyed to the brain by retinal ganglion cells. Midget ganglion cells serve fine spatial vision(1,2) by summing excitation from a receptive field 'centre', receiving input from a single cone in the central retina, with lateral inhibition from a receptive field 'surround', receiving input from many surrounding cones, Midget ganglion cells are also thought to serve colour opponent vision(1-6) because the centre excitation is from a cone of one spectral type, while the surround inhibition is from cones of the other type(4,6). The two major cone types, middle(M)- and long(L)wavelength sensitive, are equally numerous and randomly distributed in the primate central retina(7-9), so a spectrally homogeneous surround requires that the cells mediating lateral interactions (horizontal or amacrine cells) receive selective input from only one cone type. Horizontal cells cannot do this because they receive input indiscriminately from M and L cones(10-12). Here we report that the amacrine cells connected to midget ganglion cells are similarly indiscriminate, The absence of spectral specificity in the inhibitory wiring raises doubt about the involvement of midget ganglion cells in colour vision and suggests that colour opponency may instead be conveyed by a different type of ganglion cell.
C1 UNIV PENN, DEPT NEUROSCI, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania
NR 28
TC 84
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 613
EP 615
DI 10.1038/381613a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700053
PM 8637598
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, TJ
   Chase, ES
   Schmidt, TJ
   Olson, NH
   Baker, TS
AF Smith, TJ
   Chase, ES
   Schmidt, TJ
   Olson, NH
   Baker, TS
TI Neutralizing antibody to human rhinovirus 14 penetrates the receptor-binding canyon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID common cold virus; conformational-changes; fab fragments; attachment; complex; virion; site
AB THE three-dimensional structure of intact human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14) complexed with Fab fragments (Fab17-IA) from a strongly neutralizing antibody that binds bivalently to the virion(1,2) has been determined to 4.0 Angstrom resolution by a combination of X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. In contradiction to the most commonly held model of antibody-mediated neutralization, Fab17-IA does not induce a conformational change in the HRV-14 capsid. Instead, the paratope of the antibody undergoes a large conformational change to accommodate the epitope. Unlike any previously described antibody-antigen structure, the conserved framework region of the antibody makes extensive contact with the viral surface. Fab17-IA penetrates deep within the canyon in which the cellular receptor for HRV-14 binds(3,4). Hence, it is unlikely that viral quaternary structure evolves merely to evade immune recognition, Instead, the shape and position of the receptor-binding region on a virus probably dictates receptor binding and subsequent uncoating events and has little or no influence on concealing the virus from the immune system.
RP Smith, TJ (corresponding author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM033050] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 140
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 350
EP 354
DI 10.1038/383350a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900049
PM 8848050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubnau, J
   Struhl, G
AF Dubnau, J
   Struhl, G
TI RNA recognition and translational regulation by a homeodomain protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeotic gene antennapedia; drosophila embryo; bicoid protein; messenger-rna; anterior pattern; poly(a) tail; binding-site; major groove; fushi-tarazu; expression
AB In Drosophila, the primary determinant of anterior pattern is the gradient morphogen bicoid (bcd), a homeodomain protein that binds DNA and transcriptionally activates target genes at different threshold concentrations. Here we present evidence that bcd also binds RNA and acts as a translational repressor to generate an opposing gradient of the homeodomain protein caudal (cad). RNA binding by bcd seems to involve direct interactions between the bcd homeodomain and discrete target sequences within the 3' untranslated region of the cad messenger RNA and to block the initiation of cad translation.
RP Dubnau, J (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT GENET & DEV,701 W 168 ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
NR 42
TC 293
Z9 332
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 694
EP 699
DI 10.1038/379694a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700042
PM 8602214
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Essen, LO
   Perisic, O
   Cheung, R
   Katan, M
   Williams, RL
AF Essen, LO
   Perisic, O
   Cheung, R
   Katan, M
   Williams, RL
TI Crystal structure of a mammalian phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C delta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacillus-cereus; bovine brain; phosphatidylinositol; refinement; c-delta-1; program
AB Mammalian phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C enzymes (PI-PLC) act as signal transducers that generate two second messengers, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. The 2.4-Angstrom structure of phospholipase C delta 1 reveals a multidomain protein incorporating modules shared by many signalling proteins. The structure suggests a mechanism for membrane attachment and Ca2+-dependent hydrolysis of second-messenger precursors. The regulation and reversible membrane association of PI-PLC may serve as a model for understanding other multidomain enzymes involved in phospholipid signalling.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CTR MRC, CTR PROT RES, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH, ENGLAND.
   INST CANC RES, CHESTER BEATTY LABS, CRC, CTR CELL & MOL BIOL, LONDON SW3 6JB, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; Institute of Cancer Research - UK
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U105184308] Funding Source: Medline
NR 50
TC 521
Z9 567
U1 1
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 595
EP 602
DI 10.1038/380595a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100036
PM 8602259
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peyroche, A
   Paris, S
   Jackson, CL
AF Peyroche, A
   Paris, S
   Jackson, CL
TI Nucleotide exchange on ARF mediated by yeast Gea1 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; secretory pathway; guanine-nucleotide; golgi-apparatus; transport; coatomer; encodes; vacuole; mutant; genes
AB THE ADP-ribosylation factor ARF is a small GTP-binding protein that is involved in the transport of vesicles between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex and within the Golgi complex itself(1-4), ARF cycles between inactive and membrane-associated active forms as a result of exchange of bound GDP for GTP; the GTP-bound form is an essential participant in the formation of transport vesicles(4). This nucleotide exchange is inhibited by the fungal metabolite brefeldin A (BFA)(5,6), Here we identify a protein (Gea1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is a component of a complex possessing guanine-nucleotide-exchange activity for ARF: We show that the activity of the complex is sensitive to brefeldin A and that Gea1 function is necessary for ER-Golgi transport in vivo, Gea1 contains a domain that is similar to a domain of Sec7, a protein necessary for intra-Golgi transport. We propose that Gea1 and ARNO, a human protein with a homologous Sed domain(7), are members of a new family of ARF guanine-nucleotide exchange factors.
C1 CEA SACLAY,DEPT BIOL CELLULAIRE & MOL,SERV BIOCHIM & GENET MOL,F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
   CNRS,INST PHARMACOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,F-06560 VALBONNE,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur
NR 28
TC 234
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 479
EP 481
DI 10.1038/384479a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700067
PM 8945477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schilham, MW
   Oosterwegel, MA
   Moerer, P
   Ya, J
   deBoer, PAJ
   vandeWetering, M
   Verbeek, S
   Lamers, WH
   Kruisbeek, AM
   Cumano, A
   Clevers, H
AF Schilham, MW
   Oosterwegel, MA
   Moerer, P
   Ya, J
   deBoer, PAJ
   vandeWetering, M
   Verbeek, S
   Lamers, WH
   Kruisbeek, AM
   Cumano, A
   Clevers, H
TI Defects in cardiac outflow tract formation and pro-B-lymphocyte expansion in mice lacking Sox-4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sex-determining region; cell development; bone-marrow; gene; protein; family
AB A STRIKING example of the relationship between regulation of transcription and phenotype is the central role of the Y-chromo somal gene Sry in mammalian sex determination(1,2). Sry is the founding member of a large family of so-called Sox genes(1,3). During murine embryogenesis, the transcriptional activator Sox-4 is expressed at several sites, hut in adult mice expression is restricted to immature B and T lymphocytes(4). Using targeted genedisruption, we have found that Sox-4(-/-) embryos succumb to circulatory failure at day E14. This was a result of impaired development of the endocardial ridges (a specific site of Sox-4 expression) into the semilunar valves and the outlet portion of the muscular ventricular septum. The observed range of septation defects is known as 'common arterial trunk' in man. We studied haemopoiesis in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with Sox-4(-/-) fetal liver cells acid found that a specific block occurred in B-cell development at the pro-B cell stage. In line with this, the frequency and proliferative capacity of IL-7-responsive B cell progenitors in fetal liver were severely decreased in vitro.
C1 UNIV UTRECHT HOSP,DEPT IMMUNOL,3508 GA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV UTRECHT HOSP,TRANSGEN MOUSE FACIL,3508 GA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   NETHERLANDS CANC INST,DIV IMMUNOL,1066 CX AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV AMSTERDAM,ACAD MED CTR,DEPT ANAT & EMBRYOL,1105 A2 AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   INST PASTEUR,UNITE BIOL MOL GENE,F-75024 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
C3 Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Netherlands Cancer Institute; University of Amsterdam; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris
NR 30
TC 405
Z9 464
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 711
EP 714
DI 10.1038/380711a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700051
PM 8614465
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hollingsworth, JL
   Haberle, RM
   Barnes, JR
   Brider, AFC
   Pollack, JB
   Lee, H
   Schaeffer, J
AF Hollingsworth, JL
   Haberle, RM
   Barnes, JR
   Brider, AFC
   Pollack, JB
   Lee, H
   Schaeffer, J
TI Orographic control of storm zones on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; baroclinic instability; atmospheric dynamics; martian atmosphere; simulations; systems; tracks; flow
AB Low-pressure cyclones and their accompanying frontal systems in the middle latitudes of the Earth's troposphere develop, travel eastwards and decay preferentially within latitudinally and longitudinally confined geographical regions known as storm zones' These zones can be readily identified in the circulation statistics of terrestrial weather systems(2). Mars, like the Earth, is a rapidly rotating solid planet and has a seasonally varying shallow atmosphere, large-scale orography, and (in a broadly defined context) continental structures(3). Although there are also important differences between the two planets, travelling weather systems do exist on Mars(3). This raises the question of whether storm zones also occur there, and if so, by what mechanisms. Here we report the results of numerical simulations of global atmospheric circulation patterns on Mars, We find that storm zones can exist during the northern winter, and that continental-scale orography (rather than surface thermal contrasts) is the main factor determining the development of these zones. Storm zones on Mars should play an important role in the martian climate cycle(4,5), by influencing the transport of (for example) heat, momentum, water vapour and atmospheric dust(3,6-8) towards the poles.
C1 NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035.
   OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331.
   SAN JOSE STATE UNIV,DEPT METEOROL,SAN JOSE,CA 95192.
   STERLING SOFTWARE INC,PALO ALTO,CA 94393.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center; Oregon State University; California State University System; San Jose State University
RP Hollingsworth, JL (corresponding author), SAN JOSE STATE UNIV FDN,SAN JOSE,CA 95172, USA.
NR 26
TC 80
Z9 88
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 413
EP 416
DI 10.1038/380413a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lewis, DW
   Willock, DJ
   Catlow, CRA
   Thomas, JM
   Hutchings, GJ
AF Lewis, DW
   Willock, DJ
   Catlow, CRA
   Thomas, JM
   Hutchings, GJ
TI De novo design of structure-directing agents for the synthesis of microporous solids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structure generation; drug design; zeolites; program
AB THE synthesis of microporous materials such as aluminosilicates and aluminophosphates, which are widely exploited as solid acid catalysts, ion exchangers and in gas separation, is facilitated by the use of structure-directing agents (often referred to as templates)(1). These are generally organic bases, and are included in an inorganic gel medium so that the microporous framework condenses around them; the final structure of the framework reflects, to differing degrees, the shape of the template. Although there is growing confidence(2) in being able to target a particular microporous structure by adroit choice of structure-directing agent(3-7), no a priori method has been described for generating potential templates for either existing or hypothetical structures. Here we present a method for ne novo design of template molecules, which are computationally 'grown' in the desired inorganic framework. Our method is successful in generating known templates for existing microporous materials, and a new candidate suggested by this method succeeds as a template for the target material. Our method should be generally applicable to the field of template-directed hydrothermal synthesis of crystals and to other fields of chemistry involving host-guest recognition.
C1 UNIV LIVERPOOL, LEVERHULME CTR INNOVAT CATALYSIS, LIVERPOOL L69 3BX, MERSEYSIDE, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Lewis, DW (corresponding author), UCL ROYAL INST GREAT BRITAIN, DAVY FARADAY RES LAB, 21 ALBEMARLE ST, LONDON W1X 4BS, ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 273
Z9 296
U1 1
U2 89
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 604
EP 606
DI 10.1038/382604a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graur, D
   Duret, L
   Gouy, M
AF Graur, D
   Duret, L
   Gouy, M
TI Phylogenetic position of the order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and allies)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rodentia
AB EVER since they have been classified as ruminants in the Old Testament (Leviticus 11:6, Deuteronomy 14:7) and equated with hyraxes in the vulgate Latin translation, rabbits and their relatives (order Lagomorpha) have frequently experienced radical changes in taxonomic rank By using 91 orthologous protein sequences, we have attempted to answer the classical question ''What, if anything, is a rabbit?''(1). Here we show that Lagomorpha is significantly more closely related to Primates and Scandentia (tree shrews) than it is to rodents. This newly determined phylogenetic position invalidates the superordinal taxon Glires (Lagomorpha + Rodentia), and indicates that the morphological 'synapomorphies' previously used to cluster rodents and lagomorphs into Glires(2,3), may actually represent symplesiomorphies or homoplasies that are of no phylogenetic value. This raises the possibility that the ancestral eutherian morphotype may have possessed many rodent-like morphological characters.
C1 UNIV LYON 1,LAB BIOMETRIE GENET & BIOL POPULAT,CNRS,URA 2055,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Lyon 1
RP Graur, D (corresponding author), TEL AVIV UNIV,GEORGE S WISE FAC LIFE SCI,DEPT ZOOL,IL-69978 RAMAT AVIV,ISRAEL.
NR 25
TC 241
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 333
EP 335
DI 10.1038/379333a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300055
PM 8552186
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ivanov, PC
   Rosenblum, MG
   Peng, CK
   Mietus, J
   Havlin, S
   Stanley, HE
   Goldberger, AL
AF Ivanov, PC
   Rosenblum, MG
   Peng, CK
   Mietus, J
   Havlin, S
   Stanley, HE
   Goldberger, AL
TI Scaling behaviour of heartbeat intervals obtained by wavelet-based time-series analysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB BIOLOGICAL time-series analysis is used to identify hidden dynamical patterns which could yield important insights into underlying physiological mechanisms, Such analysis is complicated by the fact that biological signals are typically both highly irregular and non-stationary, that is, their statistical character changes slowly or intermittently as a result of variations in background influences(1-3). Previous statistical analyses of heart beat dynamics(4-6) have identified long-range correlations and power-law scaling in the normal heartbeat, but not the phase interactions between the different frequency components of the signal, Here we introduce a new approach, based on the wavelet transform and an analytic signal approach, which can characterize non-stationary behaviour and elucidate such phase interactions, We find that, when suitably rescaled, the distributions of the variations in the beat-to-beat intervals for all healthy subjects are described by a single function stable over a Hide range of timescales. However, a similar scaling function does not exist for a group with cardiopulmonary instability caused by sleep apnoea. We attribute the functional form of the scaling observed in the healthy subjects to underlying nonlinear dynamics, which seem to be essential to normal heart function, The approach introduced here should be useful in the analysis of other nonstationary biological signals.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   HARVARD UNIV,BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DIV CARDIOVASC,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,IL-52900 RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,GONDA GOLDSCHMIED CTR,IL-52900 RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
C3 Boston University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard Medical School; Bar Ilan University; Bar Ilan University
RP Ivanov, PC (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 23
TC 457
Z9 482
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 323
EP 327
DI 10.1038/383323a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900040
PM 8848043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marigo, V
   Davey, RA
   Zuo, Y
   Cunningham, JM
   Tabin, CJ
AF Marigo, V
   Davey, RA
   Zuo, Y
   Cunningham, JM
   Tabin, CJ
TI Biochemical evidence that Patched is the Hedgehog receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terminal cleavage product; sonic-hedgehog; drosophila segment; gene encodes; polarity; protein; induction; localization; embryos; somite
AB THE protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. It is the signal from the notochord that induces ventral cell fate in the neural tube and somites(1,2), and is the polarizing signal for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the developing limb bud(3). Because of these and other inductive functions of Shh, it is important to understand how the Hedgehog (Hh) signal is received by the target cells. Here we describe binding studies using labelled Shh that strongly suggest that the Hh receptor is encoded by patched (ptc), a gene first identified in genetic screens in Drosophila(4).
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
FU Telethon [TGM06S01] Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 728
Z9 896
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 176
EP 179
DI 10.1038/384176a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600068
PM 8906794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tytler, D
   Fan, XM
   Burles, S
AF Tytler, D
   Fan, XM
   Burles, S
TI Cosmological baryon density derived from the deuterium abundance at redshift z=3.57
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE primordial ratio of deuterium to hydrogen nuclei (D/H), created as a result of the Big Bang, provides the most sensitive measure of the cosmological density of baryons(1-5). Measurements of the D/H ratio in the interstellar medium of our Galaxy place a strict lower limit on the primordial ratio(6), because processing of gas by stars reduces the abundance of deuterium relative to hydrogen. Absorption of radiation from distant quasars by intervening clouds of gas offers a means of probing D/H ratios at large redshifts, where the effects of stellar processing should be negligible. Measurements(7,8) on one absorption system have indicated an extremely high primordial abundance ratio of 24 x 10(-5). Here we report a measurement of the D/H ratio in another high-redshift absorption system, and obtain a value that is an order of magnitude lower than that reported previously(7,8). The measured ratio of 2.3 x 10(-5) is consistent with that in the interstellar medium (after allowing for Galactic chemical evolution(9,10)), and indicates that the absorption spectra on which the earlier estimates are based may have been subject to strong contamination. We calculate a baryon density that is 5% of the critical density required to close the Universe.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, CTR ASTROPHYS & SPACE SCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Tytler, D (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT PHYS, C0111, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
NR 34
TC 291
Z9 298
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 207
EP 209
DI 10.1038/381207a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900044
PM 8622761
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, J
   Agee, CB
AF Li, J
   Agee, CB
TI Geochemistry of mantle-core differentiation at high pressure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths core; coefficients; constraints; evolution; xenoliths; sulfur; phase; moon; ni; cr
AB THE apparent excess of siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Earth's mantle has been a long-standing enigma in the geochemistry of mantle-core differentiation(1,2). Although current models have proved successful in explaining some aspects of this problem(3-7), important questions remain. In particular, the mantle's near-chondritic ratio of nickel to cobalt (close to that expected for the material from which the Earth formed) is hard to explain, given the markedly different ambient-pressure partitioning behaviour of these elements between iron-alloy and silicate melts(3-8). Here we report experimental results which show that both elements become less siderophile with pressure, but the effect is much more pronounced for Ni, so that the partition coefficients of the two elements become essentially equivalent at an extrapolated pressure of similar to 28 GPa. The absolute and relative abundances of Ni and Co in the mantle are therefore consistent with alloy-silicate chemical equilibrium at high pressure, indicating that core formation may have taken place in a magma ocean with a depth of 750-1,100 km. We also find that, unlike Ni and Co, sulphur becomes more siderophile with pressure, Sulphur's increased affinity for iron with depth could make it the dominant light element in the Earth's core.
RP Li, J (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, 20 OXFORD ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 30
TC 354
Z9 386
U1 0
U2 107
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 686
EP 689
DI 10.1038/381686a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conconi, A
   Smerdon, MJ
   Howe, GA
   Ryan, CA
AF Conconi, A
   Smerdon, MJ
   Howe, GA
   Ryan, CA
TI The octadecanoid signalling pathway in plants mediates a response to ultraviolet radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proteinase inhibitor-i; gene-expression; tomato leaves; virus-infection; b radiation; acid; activation; induction; damage; cells
AB MANY plant genes that respond to environmental and developmental changes are regulated by jasmonic acid, which is derived from linolenic acid via the octadecanoid pathway(1). Linolenic acid is an important fatty-acid constituent of membranes in most plant species and its intracellular levels increase in response to certain signals. Here we report that irradiation of tomato leaves with ultraviolet light induces the expression of several plant defensive genes that are normally activated through the octadecanoid pathway after wounding(2). The response to ultraviolet light is blocked by an inhibitor of the octadecanoid pathway and it does not occur in a tomato mutant defective in this pathway. The ultraviolet irradiation maximally induces the defence genes at levels where cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, an indicator of DNA damage, is less than 0.2 dimers per gene. Our evidence indicates that this plant defence response to certain wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation requires the activation of the octadecanoid defence signalling pathway.
C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,INST BIOL CHEM,PULLMAN,WA 99164.
   WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,PULLMAN,WA 99164.
C3 Washington State University; Washington State University
NR 30
TC 186
Z9 219
U1 1
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/383826a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400064
PM 8893008
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Druey, KM
   Blumer, KJ
   Kang, VH
   Kehrl, JH
AF Druey, KM
   Blumer, KJ
   Kang, VH
   Kehrl, JH
TI Inhibition of C-protein-mediated MAP kinase activation by a new mammalian gene family
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pheromone response pathway; alpha-factor pheromones; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; g1 arrest; a-factor; desensitization; phosphorylation; receptor
AB A GENERAL property of signal transduction pathways is that prolonged stimulation decreases responsiveness, a phenomenon termed desensitization. Yeast cells stimulated with mating pheromone activate a heterotrimeric G-protein-linked, MAP-kinase-dependent signalling pathway that induces G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and morphological differentiation (reviewed in refs 1, 2). Eventually the cells desensitize to pheromone and resume growth(3). Genetic studies have demonstrated the relative importance of a desensitization mechanism that uses the SST2 gene product, Sst2p(4-7). Here we identify a mammalian gene family termed RGS (for regulator of G-protein signalling) that encodes structural and functional homologues of Sst2p. Introduction of RGS family members into yeast blunts signal transduction through the pheromone-response pathway. Like SST2 (refs 8-10), they negatively regulate this pathway at a point upstream or at the level of the G protein. The RGS family members also markedly impair MAP kinase activation by mammalian G-protein-linked receptors, indicating the existence and importance of an SST2-like desensitization mechanism in mammalian cells.
C1 NIAID, IMMUNOREGULAT LAB, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL & PHYSIOL, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 28
TC 421
Z9 480
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 742
EP 746
DI 10.1038/379742a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700057
PM 8602223
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Silver, R
   LeSauter, J
   Tresco, PA
   Lehman, MN
AF Silver, R
   LeSauter, J
   Tresco, PA
   Lehman, MN
TI A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural transplant; hamsters; restoration; behavior; lesions; system; scn
AB THE mammalian suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) transmit signals to the rest of the brain, organizing circadian rhythms throughout the body(1-4), Transplants of the SCN restore circadian activity rhythms to animals whose own SCN have been ablated(5-9). The nature of the coupling signal from the grafted SCN to the host brain is not known, although it has been presumed that functional recovery requires re-establishment of appropriate synaptic connections. We have isolated SCN tissue from hamsters within a semipermeable polymeric capsule before transplantation, thereby preventing neural outgrowth but allowing diffusion of humoral signals, Here we show that the transplanted SCN, like neural pacemakers of Drosophila(10) and silkmoths(11), can sustain circadian activity rhythms by means of a diffusible signal.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
   UNIV UTAH,DEPT BIOENGN,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
   UNIV CINCINNATI,COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL NEUROBIOL & ANAT,CINCINNATI,OH 45267.
C3 Columbia University; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; University System of Ohio; University of Cincinnati
RP Silver, R (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV BARNARD COLL,DEPT PSYCHOL,3009 BROADWAY,NEW YORK,NY 10027, USA.
NR 24
TC 601
Z9 719
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 810
EP 813
DI 10.1038/382810a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700047
PM 8752274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Federman, SR
   Lambert, DL
   Cardelli, JA
   Sheffer, Y
AF Federman, SR
   Lambert, DL
   Cardelli, JA
   Sheffer, Y
TI The boron isotope ratio in the interstellar medium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zeta-ophiuchi; cosmic-rays; abundance; elements; absorption; origin; solar; lines; li
AB OBSERVATIONS of the abundances of elements provide insight into their production and distribution. The production of light elements (in particular, lithium, beryllium and boron) is dominated by spallation reactions(1), in which cosmic rays break apart more massive nuclei. Models(2,3) suggest that the B-11/B-10 ratio should be about 2.5, but the observed ratio in the Solar System is about 4 (refs 4.5). This has led to the suggestion(5) that the pre-solar nebula was subjected to bombardment by low-energy Galactic cosmic rays, leading to an overproduction of B-11 (ref. 6). Until now, it has not been possible to measure the B-11/B-10 ratio in the interstellar medium, because the lines are very weak. Here we present a spectroscopic measurement of the B-11/B-10 ratio in the interstellar gas lying between the Earth and the star delta Scorpii, made using the Hubble Space Telescope. Our measurement ratio, 3.4(-0.6)((+13)), is comparable to the meteoritic value(5), but somewhat lower. Further measurements will be needed to establish whether the ratio reported here is characteristic of the interstellar medium in general.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, DEPT ASTRON, AUSTIN, TX 78712 USA.
   VILLANOVA UNIV, DEPT ASTRON & ASTROPHYS, VILLANOVA, PA 19085 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Villanova University
RP Federman, SR (corresponding author), UNIV TOLEDO, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, TOLEDO, OH 43606 USA.
NR 32
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 764
EP 766
DI 10.1038/381764a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kodandapani, R
   Pio, F
   Ni, CZ
   Piccialli, G
   Klemsz, M
   McKercher, S
   Maki, RA
   Ely, KR
AF Kodandapani, R
   Pio, F
   Ni, CZ
   Piccialli, G
   Klemsz, M
   McKercher, S
   Maki, RA
   Ely, KR
TI A new pattern for helix-turn-helix recognition revealed by the PU.1 ETS-domain-DNA complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; oncogene; binding; motif
AB THE Ets family of transcription factors, of which there are now about 35 members(1,2), regulate gene expression during growth and development. They share a conserved domain of around 85 amino acids(3) which binds as a monomer to the DNA sequence 5'-C/ AGGAA/T-3'. We have determined the crystal structure of an ETS domain complexed with DNA, at 2.3-Angstrom resolution. The domain is similar to alpha + beta (winged) 'helix-turn-helix' proteins and interacts with a ten-base-pair region of duplex DNA which takes up a uniform curve of 8 degrees. The domain contacts the DNA by a novel loop-helix-loop architecture, Four of the amino acids that directly interact with the DNA are highly conserved: two arginines from the recognition helix lying in the major groove, one lysine from the 'wing' that binds upstream of the core GGAA sequence, and another lysine, from the 'turn' of the 'helix-turn-helix' motif, which binds downstream and on the opposite strand.
C1 BURNHAM INST,LA JOLLA CANC RES CTR,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   UNIV NAPLES FEDERICO II,DIPARTIMENTO CHIM ORGAN & BIOL,I-80134 NAPLES,ITALY.
   NEUROCRINE BIOSCI,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; University of Naples Federico II; Neurocrine Biosciences
NR 27
TC 283
Z9 321
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 456
EP 460
DI 10.1038/380456a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000067
PM 8602247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volodin, BL
   Kippelen, B
   Meerholz, K
   Javidi, B
   Peyghambarian, N
AF Volodin, BL
   Kippelen, B
   Meerholz, K
   Javidi, B
   Peyghambarian, N
TI A polymeric optical pattern-recognition system for security verification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB POLYMERS that exhibit the photorefractive effect-a light-induced modulation of refractive index-are emerging as attractive materials for optical devices and processing systems(1,2). Here we demonstrate one such application using our recently developed high-efficiency photorefractive polymer(2). The polymer provides a nonlinear medium in which real-time all-optical image correlation, and hence pattern recognition, can be accomplished, This forms the basis of an optical security system, whereby documents are encoded with practically invisible phase masks (such masks are difficult to forge), which may then be rapidly screened to verify the authenticity of the documents, The wavelengths at which our optical system operates are compatible with commercial low-power semiconductor laser diodes, and the system can be integrated into a compact device at low cost.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,CTR OPT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   UNIV CONNECTICUT,STORRS,CT 06269.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Connecticut
NR 11
TC 199
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 58
EP 60
DI 10.1038/383058a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bichot, NP
   Schall, JD
   Thompson, KG
AF Bichot, NP
   Schall, JD
   Thompson, KG
TI Visual feature selectivity In frontal eye fields induced by experience in mature macaques
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID striate cortex; saccades; monkey; enhancement; attention; responses; neurons; search
AB WHEN examining a complex image, the eye movements of expert observers differ from those of novices; experts have learned to ignore features that are visually salient but are not relevant to the interpretation of the image(1-3). We have studied the neural basis of this form of perceptual-motor learning using monkeys that have learned to search for a visual target among distracters, Monkeys trained to search only for, say, a red stimulus among green distracters will ignore green stimuli even if they subsequently appear as targets in a complementary search array, that is, among red distracters, We recorded from neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF), a cortical area that responds to visual stimuli and controls purposive eye movements(4-6). Normally, FEF neurons do not exhibit feature selectivity, but their activity evolves to signal the target for an incipient eye movement(7). In monkeys trained exclusively on targets of one colour, however, FEF neurons show selectivity for stimuli of that colour, Because this selective response occurs so soon after presentation of the stimulus array, and is independent of location within the visual field, we propose that it reflects a form of experience-dependent plasticity that mediates the learning of arbitrary stimulus-response associations.
C1 VANDERBILT UNIV, DEPT PSYCHOL, VANDERBILT VIS RES CTR, NASHVILLE, TN 37240 USA.
C3 Vanderbilt University
NR 24
TC 194
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 697
EP 699
DI 10.1038/381697a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900052
PM 8649514
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU deLecea, L
   Criado, JR
   ProsperoGarcia, O
   Gautvik, KM
   Schweitzer, P
   Danielson, PE
   Dunlop, CLM
   Siggins, GR
   Henriksen, SJ
   Sutcliffe, JG
AF deLecea, L
   Criado, JR
   ProsperoGarcia, O
   Gautvik, KM
   Schweitzer, P
   Danielson, PE
   Dunlop, CLM
   Siggins, GR
   Henriksen, SJ
   Sutcliffe, JG
TI A cortical neuropeptide with neuronal depressant and sleep-modulating properties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal-neurons; arachidonic-acid; somatostatin; metabolites; inhibition; brain; ca1
AB ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) plays a key role in the transitions between the different phases of sleep(1): Slow-wave sleep requires low ACh concentrations in the brain, whereas rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is associated with high levels of ACh, Also, these phases of sleep are differentially sensitive to a number of endogenous neuropeptides and cytokines, including somatostatin, which has been shown to increase REM sleep without significantly affecting other phases(2). Here we report the cloning and initial characterization of cortistatin, a neuropeptide that exhibits strong structural similarity to somatostatin, although it is the product of a different gene. Administration of cortistatin depresses neuronal electrical activity but, unlike somatostatin, induces low-frequency waves in the cerebral cortex and antagonizes the effects of acetylcholine on hippocampal and cortical measures of excitability. This suggests a mechanism for cortical synchronization related to sleep.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT NEUROPHARMACOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
FU NIMH NIH HHS [R01 MH058543] Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 329
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 242
EP 245
DI 10.1038/381242a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900056
PM 8622767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Emsley, P
   Charles, IG
   Fairweather, NF
   Isaacs, NW
AF Emsley, P
   Charles, IG
   Fairweather, NF
   Isaacs, NW
TI Structure of Bordetella pertussis virulence factor P.69 pertactin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; identification; motif
AB A NEW generation of whooping-cough vaccines contain P.69 pertactin, a surface-exposed domain of an outer membrane protein expressed by the virulent bacterium Bordetella pertussis(1-3). This protein is a virulence factor that mediates adhesion to target mammalian cells, a reaction that is in part mediated by an RGD sequence, The X-ray crystal structure of P.69 pertactin has been determined to 2.5 Angstrom. The protein fold consists of a 16-stranded parallel beta-helix with a V-shaped cross-section, and is the largest beta-helix known to date, Several between-strand weakly conserved amino-acid repeats form internal and external ladders, The structure appears as a helix from which several loops protrude, which contain sequence motifs associated with the biological activity of the protein. One particular (GGXXP)(5) sequence is located directly after the RGD motif, and may mediate interaction with epithelial cells. The carboxy-terminal region of P.69 pertactin incorporates a (PQP)(5) motif loop containing the major immunoprotective epitope.
C1 UNIV GLASGOW, DEPT CHEM, GLASGOW G12 8QQ, LANARK, SCOTLAND.
   UCL, CRUCIFORM PROJECT, LONDON W1P 9LN, ENGLAND.
   GLAXO WELLCOME RES LABS, DEPT CELL BIOL, BECKENHAM BR3 385, KENT, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Glasgow; University of London; University College London; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 273
Z9 324
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 90
EP 92
DI 10.1038/381090a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300064
PM 8609998
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chittajallu, R
   Vignes, M
   Dev, KK
   Barnes, JM
   Collingridge, GL
   Henley, JM
AF Chittajallu, R
   Vignes, M
   Dev, KK
   Barnes, JM
   Collingridge, GL
   Henley, JM
TI Regulation of glutamate release by presynaptic kainate receptors in the hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurons; rat; ampa; 2,3-benzodiazepine; desensitization; cyclothiazide; transmission; activation; antagonist; channels
AB MOST reported actions of kainate are mediated by AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl 3-isosazolepropionate) receptors(1,2). Here we report that, unlike AMPA which stimulates, kainate elicits a dose-dependent decrease in L-glutamate release from rat hippocampal synaptosomes and also depresses glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Brief exposure to kainate inhibited Ca2+-dependent [H-3]L-glutamate release by up to 80%. Inhibition was reversed by kainate antagonists but not by the AMPA-selective noncompetitive antagonist 1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3- benzodiazepine (GYKI 52466)(3-7). A corresponding reversible kainate-evoked depression of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (e.p.s.cs) was observed when AMPA receptors were blocked by GYKI 52466. The synaptic depression was preceded by a brief period of enhanced release and a small inward current was also observed. The effects of kainate were unaffected by metabotropic glutamate (mGlu), GABA(A), GABA(B), glycine and adenosine receptor antagonists. These results indicate that glutamate release can be modulated directly by kainate autoreceptors.
C1 UNIV BRISTOL,SCH MED SCI,DEPT ANAT,BRISTOL BS8 1TD,AVON,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Bristol; University of Birmingham
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 347
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/379078a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600059
PM 8538745
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, RJ
   Trouche, D
   Martin, K
   Jackson, SP
   Kouzarides, T
AF White, RJ
   Trouche, D
   Martin, K
   Jackson, SP
   Kouzarides, T
TI Repression of RNA polymerase III transcription by the retinoblastoma protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transformed-cells; messenger-rna; gene-product; in-vitro; activation; mouse; tbp; identification; promoters; invitro
AB TRANSCRIPTION by RNA polymerase (pol) III is under cell-cycle control, being higher in S and G2 than in G0 and early G1 phases(1-4), Many transformed cell types have elevated pol III activity(4-9), presumably to sustain sufficient protein synthesis for unrestrained growth, The retinoblastoma tumour-suppressor protein (Rb) restricts cellular proliferation, and is often found mutated in transformed cells(10,11). Here we demonstrate that Rb can repress the level of transcription from pol III templates both in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of Rb-deficient SAOS2 cells and primary fibroblasts from Rb--/- mice demonstrates elevated levels of pol III activity in the abscence of functional Rb protein, Rb-induced repression of pol III activity is alleviated by mutations in the Rb pocket domain that occur naturally in tumours, and by viral transforming proteins that hind and inactivate Rb, These results implicate repression of pol III transcription as a mechanism for Rb-induced growth arrest, and suggest that restraining protein biosynthesis may be important in the prevention of tumour development.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PATHOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QP,ENGLAND.
   WELLCOME CRC INST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 188
Z9 199
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 88
EP 90
DI 10.1038/382088a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300060
PM 8657311
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Storch, G
   Engesser, B
   Wuttke, M
AF Storch, G
   Engesser, B
   Wuttke, M
TI Oldest fossil record of gliding in rodents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB EOMYIDAE is an extinct family of rodents with a wide distribution in North America, Europe and Asia(1-3). Of the modern rodent groups, eomyids are most closely related to New World pocket mice (heteromyids) and pocket gophers (geomyids)(4). Eomyids occurred from the late Eocene through the Pliocene, spanning a time period of about 40 million years. From Europe alone, 11 genera and about 50 species have been recognized. The time of greatest diversity was the late Oligocene and early Miocene when eomyids dominated many small mammal faunas(1,5). Their fossil record, however, consists almost exclusively of teeth, with the postcranial skeleton being virtually unknown. Here we present a complete and extraordinarily well-preserved eomyid. Its soft body outline strongly suggests the existence of gliding membranes (Figs 1, 2). Thus eomyids are the fourth family of rodents (in addition to squirrels (Sciuridae), scaly-tailed flying squirrels (Anomaluridae), and dormice (Gliridae)) with representatives capable of gliding locomotion.
C1 NAT HIST MUSEUM,CH-4001 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   LANDESAMT DENKMALPFLEGE RHEINLAND PFALZ,REFERAT ERDGESCHICHT DENKMALPFLEGE,D-55126 MAINZ,GERMANY.
RP Storch, G (corresponding author), FORSCHUNGSINST SENCKENBERG,SENCKENBERG ANLAGE 25,D-60325 FRANKFURT,GERMANY.
NR 16
TC 71
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 439
EP 441
DI 10.1038/379439a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tajbakhsh, S
   Rocancourt, D
   Buckingham, M
AF Tajbakhsh, S
   Rocancourt, D
   Buckingham, M
TI Muscle progenitor cells failing to respond to positional cues adopt non-myogenic fates in myf-5 null mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID skeletal-muscle; regulatory gene; mouse; differentiation; inactivation; protein; embryo; myod; limb
AB MICE that have mutations in both myogenic transcription factors Myf-5 and MyoD totally lack skeletal muscle fibres and their precursor myoblasts(1), whereas with either mutation alone, muscle is present(2,3). Skeletal muscle in the vertebrate body is derived from epithelial somites that respond to environmental signals to form the dorsal epithelial dermomyotome (dermis, muscle) and ventral mesenchymal sclerotome (axial skeleton, ribs)(4,5). The first muscle, the myotome, forms centrally in the somite, when only myf-5 is programming myogenesis. By targeting the nlacZ reporter gene into the myf-5 locus, we demonstrate that beta-galactosidase(+) muscle progenitor cells are present in the dermomyotome of myf-5 null embryos, and that they undergo a normal epithelial-mesenchymal transition; however, they migrate aberrantly. Dorsally, they accumulate under the ectoderm and express a non-muscle dermal marker, Dermo-1, Ventrally, beta-galactosidase(+) cells also fail to localize correctly, express a cartilage marker scleraxis, and are subsequently found in ribs, Therefore Myf-5 protein is necessary for cells to respond correctly to positional cues in the embryo and to adopt their myogenic fate, In its absence, muscle progenitors, having activated myf-5, remain multipotent and differentiate into other semitic derivatives according to their local environment.
RP Tajbakhsh, S (corresponding author), INST PASTEUR,DEPT MOL BIOL,CNRS,URA 1947,UNITE GENET MOL DEV,25 RUE DR ROUX,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
NR 27
TC 256
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 266
EP 270
DI 10.1038/384266a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100052
PM 8918877
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pei, X
   Moss, F
AF Pei, X
   Moss, F
TI Characterization of low-dimensional dynamics in the crayfish caudal photoreceptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strange sets; time-series; chaos; orbits; system
AB ATTEMPTS to detect and characterize chaos in biological systems are of considerable interest, especially in medical science, where successful demonstrations may lead to new diagnostic tools and therapies(1). Unfortunately, conventional methods for identifying chaos often yield equivocal results when applied to biological data(2-8), which are usually heavily contaminated with noise. For such applications, a new technique(1) based on the detection of unstable periodic orbits holds promise, Infinite sets of unstable periodic orbits underlie chaos in dissipative systems(4,9); accordingly, the new method searches a time series only for rare events(8) characteristic of these unstable orbits(10), rather than analysing the structure of the series as a whole. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of the method when applied to the dynamics of the crayfish caudal photoreceptor (subject to stimuli representative of the animal's natural habitat). Our findings confirm the existence of low-dimensional dynamics in the system, and strongly suggest the existence of deterministic chaos. More importantly, these results demonstrate the power of methods based on the detection of unstable periodic orbits for identifying low-dimensional dynamics-and, in particular, chaos-in biological systems.
RP Pei, X (corresponding author), UNIV MISSOURI, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LAB NEURODYNAM, ST LOUIS, MO 63121 USA.
NR 37
TC 106
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 618
EP 621
DI 10.1038/379618a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800045
PM 8628396
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herman, AB
   Spicer, RA
AF Herman, AB
   Spicer, RA
TI Palaeobotanical evidence for a warm Cretaceous Arctic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terrestrial vegetation; model
AB THE Cretaceous period was a time of global warmth(1-4). MidCretaceous equatorial temperatures were similar to today's(5), but the equator-to-pole temperature gradient is the subject of some controversy(5-7). Although it is unlikely that the poles were ice-frees(8-10), fossil evidence(3-5,11,12) indicates that near-polar temperatures were much higher than they are today. Little is known, moreover, about oceanic poleward heat transport, and this makes it hard to model the Cretaceous climate or to evaluate the extent to which it provides an analogue for a 'greenhouse' world warmed by increased atmospheric CO2 alone. Here we use relationships between leaf physiognomy (such as shape and size) and modern climate to determine Cretaceous climate conditions in the Arctic region from fossil leaves. We find that the Arctic Ocean was relatively warm, remaining above 0 degrees C even during the winter months. This implies that there was significant poleward heat transport during all seasons.
C1 OPEN UNIV, DEPT EARTH SCI, MILTON KEYNES MK7 6AA, BUCKS, ENGLAND.
C3 Open University - UK
RP Herman, AB (corresponding author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST GEOL, MOSCOW 109017, RUSSIA.
NR 36
TC 167
Z9 208
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 330
EP 333
DI 10.1038/380330a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fowler, JS
   Volkow, ND
   Wang, GJ
   Pappas, N
   Logan, J
   MacGregor, R
   Alexoff, D
   Shea, C
   Schlyer, D
   Wolf, AP
   Warner, D
   Zezulkova, I
   Cilento, R
AF Fowler, JS
   Volkow, ND
   Wang, GJ
   Pappas, N
   Logan, J
   MacGregor, R
   Alexoff, D
   Shea, C
   Schlyer, D
   Wolf, AP
   Warner, D
   Zezulkova, I
   Cilento, R
TI Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID l-deprenyl; parkinsons-disease; cigarette smokers; tobacco-smoke; neurotoxicity; striatum; rats
AB THE massive health problem associated with cigarette smoking is exacerbated by the addictive properties of tobacco smoke and the limited success of current approaches to cessation of smoking(1). Yet little is known about the neuropharmacological actions of cigarette smoke that contribute to smoking behaviour, or why smoking is so prevalent in psychiatric disorders(2) and is associated with a decreased risk of Parkinson's disease(3), Here we report that brains of living smokers show a 40% decrease in the level of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B; EC 1.4.3.4) relative to non-smokers or former smokers. MAO B is involved in the breakdown of dopamine, a neurotransmitter implicated in reinforcing and motivating behaviours as well as movement. MAO B inhibition is therefore associated with enhanced activity of dopamine(4), as well as with decreased production of hydrogen peroxide, a source of reactive oxygen species 5, We propose that reduction of MAO B activity may synergize with nicotine to produce the diverse behavioural and epidemiological effects of smoking.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT PSYCHIAT,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
RP Fowler, JS (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT CHEM,UPTON,NY 11973, USA.
NR 31
TC 542
Z9 603
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 733
EP 736
DI 10.1038/379733a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700054
PM 8602220
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sabbert, D
   Engelbrecht, S
   Junge, W
AF Sabbert, D
   Engelbrecht, S
   Junge, W
TI Intersubunit rotation in active F-ATPase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-subunit; synthase; mechanism; delta
AB THE enzyme ATP synthase, or F-ATPase, is present in the membranes of bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria, Its structure is bipartite, with a proton-conducting, integral membrane portion, F-0, and a peripheral portion, F-1. Solubilized F-1 is composed of five different subunits, (alpha beta)(3) gamma delta epsilon, and is active as an ATPase(1,2). The function of F-ATPase is to couple proton translocation through F-0 with ATP synthesis in F-1 (ref. 3), Several fines of evidence support the spontaneous formation of ATP on F-1 (refs 4, 5) and its endergonic release(6) at cooperative and rotating (or at feast alternating) sites(7). The release of ATP at the expense of protonmotive force might involve mechanical energy transduction from F-0 into F-1 by rotation of the smaller subunits (mainly gamma) within (alpha beta)(3), the catalytic hexagon of F-1 as suggested by electron microscopy(8), by X-ray crystal structure analysis(9) and by the use of cleavable crosslinkers(10). Here we record an intersubunit rotation in real time in the functional enzyme by applying polarized absorption relaxation after photobleaching to immobilized F-1 with eosin-labelled gamma, We observe the rotation of gamma relative to immobilized (alpha beta)(3) in a timespan of 100 ms, compatible with the rate of ATP hydrolysis by immobilized F-1. Its angular range, which is of at least 200 degrees, favours a triple-site mechanism of catalysis(7,11), with gamma acting as a crankshaft in (alpha beta)(3). The rotation of gamma is blocked when ATP is substituted with its non-hydrolysable analogue AMP-PNP.
C1 UNIV OSNABRUCK,FACHBEREICH BIOL CHEM,BIOPHYS ABT,D-49069 OSNABRUCK,GERMANY.
C3 University Osnabruck
NR 22
TC 465
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 623
EP 625
DI 10.1038/381623a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700056
PM 8637601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kasid, U
   Suy, S
   Dent, P
   Ray, S
   Whiteside, TL
   Sturgill, TW
AF Kasid, U
   Suy, S
   Dent, P
   Ray, S
   Whiteside, TL
   Sturgill, TW
TI Activation of Raf by ionizing radiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID map kinase-kinase; protein-kinase; tyrosine phosphorylation; signal-transduction; endothelial-cells; plasma-membrane; growth-factors; protooncogene; sensitivity; phosphatase
AB THE critical pathways through which ionizing radiation induces malignant transformation and cell death are not well defined. Raf-1, a cytoplasmic serine-threonine protein kinase, mediates the transmission of mitogenic signals initiated at the cell membrane to the nucleus, resulting in the activation of transcription factors that regulate cell growth and proliferation(1,2). Moreover, Raf-1 overexpression and activation increases the survival response of mammalian cells to the toxic effects of ionizing radiation by an as-yet unknown mechanism (refs 3, 4 and V. Soldatenkov et al.; manuscript submitted), Somewhat analogous to mitogen-induced signalling, radiation stimulates protein-tyrosine kinase(s) and transcription factors(5,6). No direct biochemical link has been established, however, between radiation-stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream signals. Here we report a series of radiation-responsive events in which protein-tyrosine phosphorylation is followed by membrane recruitment, then tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Raf-1 in vivo. Our results show that radiation-stimulated protein-tyrosine kinase(s) modify Raf-1, and implicate Raf-1 in the ionizing-radiation signal-transduction pathway.
C1 GEORGETOWN UNIV,LOMBARDI CANC CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20007.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,MARKEY CTR CELL SIGNALING,DEPT MED,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,MARKEY CTR CELL SIGNALING,DEPT PHARMACOL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908.
   UNIV PITTSBURGH,PITTSBURGH CANC INST,DEPT PATHOL,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261.
C3 Georgetown University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; University of Virginia; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh; Magee-Womens Research Institute
RP Kasid, U (corresponding author), GEORGETOWN UNIV,LOMBARDI CANC CTR,DEPT RADIAT MED,WASHINGTON,DC 20007, USA.
NR 29
TC 150
Z9 159
U1 1
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 813
EP 816
DI 10.1038/382813a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700048
PM 8752275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Joutel, A
   Corpechot, C
   Ducros, A
   Vahedi, K
   Chabriat, H
   Mouton, P
   Alamowitch, S
   Domenga, V
   Cecillion, M
   Marechal, E
   Maciazek, J
   Vayssiere, C
   Cruaud, C
   Cabanis, EA
   Ruchoux, MM
   Weissenbach, J
   Bach, JF
   Bousser, MG
   TournierLasserve, E
AF Joutel, A
   Corpechot, C
   Ducros, A
   Vahedi, K
   Chabriat, H
   Mouton, P
   Alamowitch, S
   Domenga, V
   Cecillion, M
   Marechal, E
   Maciazek, J
   Vayssiere, C
   Cruaud, C
   Cabanis, EA
   Ruchoux, MM
   Weissenbach, J
   Bach, JF
   Bousser, MG
   TournierLasserve, E
TI Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; gene-product; c-elegans; drosophila; leukoencephalopathy; receptor; repeats; locus; proteins; homolog
AB STROKE is the third leading cause of death, and vascular dementia the second cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. CADASIL (for cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy) causes a type of stroke and dementia whose key features include recurrent subcortical ischaemic events and vascular dementia and which is associated with diffuse white-matter abnormalities on neuroimaging(1,2). Pathological examination reveals multiple small, deep cerebral infarcts, a leukoencephalopathy, and a non-atherosclerotic, non-amyloid angiopathy involving mainly the small cerebral arteries(3). Severe alterations of vascular smooth-muscle cells are evident on ultrastructural analysis(4). We have previously mapped the mutant gene to chromosome 19 (ref. 5). Here we report the characterization of the human Notch3 gene which we mapped to the CADASIL critical region. We have identified mutations in CADASIL patients that cause serious disruption of this gene, indicating that Notch3 could be the defective protein in CADASIL patients.
C1 UNIV PARIS 05,INSERM,U25,F-75730 PARIS,FRANCE.
   HOP ST ANTOINE,SERV NEUROL,F-75012 PARIS,FRANCE.
   GENETHON,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
   CHNO XV XX,F-75571 PARIS,FRANCE.
   CH&U LILLE,SERV NEUROPATHOL,F-59000 LILLE,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Sorbonne Universite; Hopital Universitaire Saint-Antoine - APHP; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts; Sorbonne Universite; Universite de Lille; CHU Lille
NR 30
TC 1674
Z9 1924
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 707
EP 710
DI 10.1038/383707a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800050
PM 8878478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slaper, H
   Velders, GJM
   Daniel, JS
   deGruijl, FR
   vanderLeun, JC
AF Slaper, H
   Velders, GJM
   Daniel, JS
   deGruijl, FR
   vanderLeun, JC
TI Estimates of ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence to examine the Vienna Convention achievements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ultraviolet; uv; radiation; risk; induction; sunlight; clouds
AB DEPLETION of the ozone layer has been observed on a global scale(1), and is probably related to halocarbon emissions, Ozone depletion increases the biologically harmful solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, which leads to a variety of adverse effects, including an increase in the incidence of skin cancer. The 1985 Vienna Convention provided the framework for international restrictions on the production of ozone-depleting substances, The consequences of such restrictions have not yet been assessed in terms of effects avoided. Here we present a new method of estimating future excess skin cancer risks which is used to compare effects of a 'no restrictions' scenario with two restrictive scenarios specified under the Vienna Convention: the Montreal Protocol, and the much stricter Copenhagen Amendments, The no-restrictions and Montreal Protocol scenarios produce a runaway increase in skin cancer incidence, up to a quadrupling and doubling, respectively, by the year 2100. The Copenhagen Amendments scenario leads to an ozone minimum around the year 2000, and a peak relative increase in incidence of skin cancer of almost 10% occurring 60 years later. These results demonstrate the importance of the international measures agreed upon under the Vienna Convention.
C1 NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,AIR RES LAB,NL-3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS.
   NOAA,AERON LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303.
   UNIV UTRECHT,INST DERMATOL,NL-3508 GA UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Netherlands National Institute for Public Health & the Environment; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Utrecht University
RP Slaper, H (corresponding author), NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,RADIAT RES LAB,POB 1,NL-3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS.
NR 28
TC 198
Z9 216
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 256
EP 258
DI 10.1038/384256a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100048
PM 8918873
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riek, R
   Hornemann, S
   Wider, G
   Billeter, M
   Glockshuber, R
   Wuthrich, K
AF Riek, R
   Hornemann, S
   Wider, G
   Billeter, M
   Glockshuber, R
   Wuthrich, K
TI NMR structure of the mouse prion protein domain PrP(121-231)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diseases
AB THE 'protein only' hypothesis(1) states that a modified form of normal prion protein triggers infectious neurodegenerative diseases, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans(2-4). Prion proteins are thought to exist in two different conformations(5): the 'benign' PrPC form, and the infections 'scrapie form', PrPSc. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of PrPC is essential for understanding the transition to PrPSc. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the autonomously folding PrP domain comprising residues 121-231 (ref. 6) contains a two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet and three alpha-helices. This domain contains most of the point-mutation sites that have been linked, in human PrP, to the occurrence of familial prion diseases(7). The NMR structure shows that these mutations occur within, or directly adjacent to, regular secondary structures, The presence of a beta-sheet in PrP(121-231) is in contrast with model predictions of an all-helical structure of PrPC (ref. 8), and may be important for the initiation of the transition from PrPC to PrPSc.
C1 ETH HONGGERBERG,INST MOLEK BIOL & BIOPHYS,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
NR 26
TC 1064
Z9 1198
U1 0
U2 128
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 180
EP 182
DI 10.1038/382180a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200054
PM 8700211
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, D
   Zhang, X
   Chen, L
AF Shu, D
   Zhang, X
   Chen, L
TI Reinterpretation of Yunnanozoon as the earliest known hemichordate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhabdopleurid hemichordate; evolution
AB THE Chengjiang fossil Lagerstatte is one of the earliest and most important palaeontological sites from the Phanerozoic era(1,2) about 530 million years ago(3). It yields extremely abundant and remarkably preserved soft-bodied fossils and shells with soft parts of various kinds, including bradoriids(4-6), trilobites(7,8), crustaceans(9), brachiopods, worms, sponges, algae and many unknown forms(10-13). One of these fossils is Yunnanozoon(14), which we reinterpret here as the earliest known hemichordate. Possessing half of the characteristic chordate features and providing an anatomical link between invertebrates and chordates(15), Hemichordata is a minor but important phylum in evolutionary biology. Hemichordates comprise two main groups: the enteropneusts, or 'acorn worms', and the pterobranchs. Apart from the presumable inclusion of graptolites in pterobranchs(16-19), there are very few hemichordate fossils(2,17,20). Although Yunnanozoon is superficially similar to the chordates(21), its typical tripartite body plan is broadly consistent with that of living balanoglossid hemichordates (enteropneusts).
RP Shu, D (corresponding author), NW UNIV XIAN,DEPT GEOL,XIAN 710069,PEOPLES R CHINA.
NR 27
TC 87
Z9 106
U1 1
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 428
EP 430
DI 10.1038/380428a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU HolgadoMadruga, M
   Emlet, DR
   Moscatello, DK
   Godwin, AK
   Wong, AJ
AF HolgadoMadruga, M
   Emlet, DR
   Moscatello, DK
   Godwin, AK
   Wong, AJ
TI A Grb2-associated docking protein in EGF- and insulin-receptor signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID substrate-1; domain; irs-1; sh2; grb2
AB THE protein Grb2 plays a central role in signalling by receptor protein-tyrosine kinases(1,2), where its SH2 domain binds to the receptor and its two SH3 domains link to effecters. One target effector is Sos, so Grb2 links receptor protein-tyrosine kinases with the Ras signalling pathway. The SH3 domains can also couple to other signalling proteins, including Vav(3), c-AbI(4) and dynamin(5), We have identified several bands in glial and medulloblastoma tumours that are recognized by Grb2 but these did not correspond to any known protein. Here we use recombinant Grb2 to isolate a complementary DNA called Gab1 (for Grb2-associated binder-1). Gab1 shares amino-acid homology and several structural features with IRS-1 (insulin-receptor substrate-1; refs 6,7), is a substate of the EGF and insulin receptors, and can act as a docking protein for several SH2-containing proteins, Overexpression of Gab1 enhances cell growth and results in transformation. We conclude that Gab1 is a new protein in EGF and insulin receptor signalling which could integrate signals from different systems.
C1 JEFFERSON CANC INST, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA.
   JEFFERSON CANC INST, DEPT PHARMACOL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA.
   FOX CHASE CANC CTR, DEPT MED ONCOL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19111 USA.
C3 Thomas Jefferson University; Thomas Jefferson University; Fox Chase Cancer Center
NR 30
TC 600
Z9 659
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 560
EP 564
DI 10.1038/379560a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300056
PM 8596638
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zecevic, D
AF Zecevic, D
TI Multiple spike-initiation zones in single neurons revealed by voltage-sensitive dyes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potentials; dendrites; ganglion
AB THE primary function of the nerve cell is to process electrical signals. Over the past fifteen years(1) there has beers renewed Interest in the detailed spatial analysis of signalling in individual neurons owing to experimental evidence that the regional electrical properties of neurons are complex. Thus the behaviour of many nerve cells cannot be understood on the basis of microelectrode measurements from the soma. Regional electrical properties of neurons have been studied using sharp microelectrode(1) and patch-electrode(2,3) recordings from neuronal processes, high-resolution multisite optical recordings of Ca2+ concentration changes(4,5), and by using models to predict the distribution of membrane potential in the entire neoronal arborization(6). Additional direct evidence about electrical signalling in neuronal processes in situ tan now he obtained by recording membrane potential changes using voltage-sensitive dyes(7,21). Here I demonstrate the existence of multiple action potential trigger zones in separate regions of the neuronal arborization of an indentified molluscan neuron.
RP Zecevic, D (corresponding author), YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELLULAR & MOLEC PHYSIOL, 333 CEDAR ST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA.
NR 26
TC 90
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 322
EP 325
DI 10.1038/381322a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300056
PM 8692270
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ikeda, SR
AF Ikeda, SR
TI Voltage-dependent modulation of N-type calcium channels by G-protein beta gamma subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat sympathetic neurons; ca2+ channels; binding; inhibition; mutations; currents
AB THE most commonly used signal transduction pathway for receptor-mediated N-type Ca2+-channel modulation involves activation of a heterotrimeric G protein to produce voltage-dependent inhibition(1). Although it is widely assumed that G alpha mediates this effect, experiments to address this hypothesis directly are lacking. Here I show that transient overexpression of G beta gamma in sympathetic neurons mimics and occludes the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel modulation produced by noradrenaline (NA). Conversely, overexpression of G alpha produces minimal effects on basal Ca2+ channel behaviour but attenuates NA-mediated inhibition in a manner consistent with the buffering of G beta gamma. These observations indicate that it is G beta gamma, and not G alpha, that mediates voltage-dependent inhibition of N-type Ca2+ channels. The identification of G beta gamma as the mediator of this pathway has broad implications as G-protein-coupled receptors, many of which are implicated in disease or are targets of therapeutic agents, couple to N-type Ca2+ channels(2) and may modulate synaptic transmission by this mechanism(3,4).
RP Ikeda, SR (corresponding author), MED COLL GEORGIA, DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL, AUGUSTA, GA 30912 USA.
NR 30
TC 676
Z9 790
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 255
EP 258
DI 10.1038/380255a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700054
PM 8637575
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Passera, L
   Roncin, E
   Kaufmann, B
   Keller, L
AF Passera, L
   Roncin, E
   Kaufmann, B
   Keller, L
TI Increased soldier production in ant colonies exposed to intraspecific competition
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phenotypic plasticity; pheidole-dentata; caste ratios; hymenoptera; formicidae; recruitment; defense; insect; growth
AB THE success of organisms and their increasing complexity throughout the course of evolution are thought to have depended on a small number of important transitions, one of which was the shift from a solitary lifestyle to societies of organisms exhibiting division of labour and having specialized castes(1,2). The most familiar examples of the advantages arising from division of labour and caste differentiation come from social insects(3). It has been suggested that the proportion of workers of various physical castes has evolved to enhance the fitness of colony members(4,6) with the prediction that caste ratios should vary with environmental factors such as predation, competition and food availability. However, because it has been difficult to manipulate experimentally the environmental factors believed to influence optimal caste ratio, demonstration of adaptive caste distribution has remained elusive(7-10). Here we show that colonies of the ant Pheidole pallidula increase the relative investment in soldier production after perceiving the presence of foreign conspecific colonies. This is the first experimental demonstration of a social insect altering physical caste ratios in an adaptive manner.
C1 UNIV LAUSANNE, INST ZOOL & ECOL ANIM, CH-1015 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV BERN, INST ZOOL, ETHOL STN HASLI, CH-3032 HINTERKAPPELEN, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV TOULOUSE 3, LAB ETHOL & PSYCHOL ANIM, CNRS, URA 1837, F-31060 TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
C3 University of Lausanne; University of Bern; Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 29
TC 146
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 630
EP 631
DI 10.1038/379630a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hollfelder, F
   Kirby, AJ
   Tawfik, DS
AF Hollfelder, F
   Kirby, AJ
   Tawfik, DS
TI Off-the-shelf proteins that rival tailor-made antibodies as catalysts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general acid catalysis; enol ether hydrolysis; human-serum albumin; proton-transfer; acetal hydrolysis; enzyme; carbon
AB MIMICKING the efficiency of enzyme catalysis Is a daunting challenge, An enzyme selectively binds and stabilizes the transition state(s) for a particular reaction(1,2). Artificial host systems can bind ground states just as efficiently(3), and rate enhancements comparable to those in enzymatic reactions can be achieved by bringing catalytic and substrate groups together in intramolecular reactions, But the combination of selective binding and efficient catalysis remains elusive, The best enzyme mimics currently known are catalytic antibodies(5,6), They bind transition-state analogues with high affinity, but their catalytic efficiency generally falls far short of that of enzymes(4,8), Thorn et al.(9) recently described an antibody that catalyses the eliminative ring-opening of a benzisoxazole ''exceptionally efficiently'' using carboxylate as the general base, raising the intriguing possibility that this high efficiency derives from precise positioning of catalytic and substrate groups(10). Here we show that familiar 'off-the-shelf' proteins-serum albumins-catalyse the same reaction at similar rates, using a lysine side-chain amino group as the catalytic general base, Comparisons suggest that formal general base catalysis is of only modest efficiency in both systems, and that the antibody catalysis Is boosted by a non-specific medium effect.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CHEM LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
NR 29
TC 155
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/383060a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500044
PM 8779715
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snyder, D
   Tait, S
AF Snyder, D
   Tait, S
TI Magma mixing by convective entrainment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; chambers; eruptions; volcano
AB RECENT studies of volcanic eruptions have brought to light a puzzling sequence: the ejection of dense and mixed liquids followed by a larger volume of unmixed, less dense liquid(1-4). Although these studies have shown that the mixing is associated ,vith the injection of basaltic liquid into a more silicic magma chamber, a paradox remains. Basaltic magma is denser than silicic magma, and should flow along the floor of the magma chamber, This configuration impedes mixing of the two liquids, and appears incompatible with the early eruption of basaltic liquid from the top of the chamber. Previously proposed mixing processes explain neither the eruption sequence nor the eruption of dense liquid during the time of lowest eruption rate(1-8). We report here fluid-mechanical experiments that suggest a solution: a thermal plume forms over the replenishment inlet, dragging basaltic liquid upward by viscous coupling, and producing mixing only in a localized area without affecting the bulk of the chamber.
RP Snyder, D (corresponding author), INST PHYS GLOBE,LAB DYNAM SYST GEOL,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
NR 17
TC 70
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 529
EP 531
DI 10.1038/379529a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Assadi, H
   Greer, AL
AF Assadi, H
   Greer, AL
TI Site-ordering effects on element partitioning during rapid solidification of alloys
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solute; disorder; model
AB WHEN an alloy solidifies, the component elements are often redistributed between the solid and liquid phases, so that the composition of the growing solid differs from that of the liquid. This effect, known as solute partitioning(1), is the main cause of inhomogeneity in alloys, affecting both the nature and the mechanical properties (for example, brittleness) of the solidified material. If solidification is rapid, the solid-liquid interface is no longer in equilibrium, and it is generally accepted-and has been demonstrated(2) for solid solutions-that this gives rise to reduced partitioning, in the limit leading to a solid having the same composition as the liquid through a process known as 'solute trapping'(3). We have recently argued(4) on theoretical grounds that, when the solidifying phase shows site ordering, the partitioning behaviour can be considerably more complex: rapid solidification might lead to increased partitioning, a change in the direction of partitioning, or an absence of partitioning at solidification rates much lower than expected. Here we report the experimental verification of this phenomenon by demonstrating inverted partitioning during rapid solidification of the intermetallic compound NiAl.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT MAT SCI & MET,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3QZ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
NR 11
TC 31
Z9 33
U1 3
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 150
EP 152
DI 10.1038/383150a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finger, MH
   Koh, DT
   Nelson, RW
   Prince, TA
   Vaughan, BA
   Wilson, RB
AF Finger, MH
   Koh, DT
   Nelson, RW
   Prince, TA
   Vaughan, BA
   Wilson, RB
TI Discovery of hard X-ray pulsations from the transient source GRO J1744-28
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron stars; rapid burster; magnetosphere; accretion; binary; model
AB AN UNUSUAL astronomical source of hard X-ray bursts, GRO J1744 - 28, was discovered recently(1,2). The properties of this source differ markedly from those of other known high-energy burst sources-X-ray bursters, soft gamma-ray repeaters and gamma-ray bursters- suggesting that it may represent a new type of source. The bursts probably arise from unstable accretion of matter onto a compact object(2), such as a neutron star, but the nature of the object and the origin of the burst instability have not been revealed by observations of the bursts themselves. Here we report the detection of coherent X-ray pulsations, with a period of 467 milliseconds, from GRO J1744 - 28; these are the first persistent pulsations seem in a bursting X-ray source. These pulses and their timing indicate that the object is a magnetized neutron star, accreting gas from a low-mass companion star. The pulsation rate has been increasing during the period of our observations, indicating that an accretion disk has been formed and that the transfer of matter from the disk is spinning up the neutron star. The source of the instability that leads to the bursts remains unknown.
C1 NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,SPACE SCI LAB,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812.
   CALTECH,SPACE RADIAT LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; California Institute of Technology
RP Finger, MH (corresponding author), NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,ES-84,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812, USA.
NR 24
TC 81
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 291
EP 293
DI 10.1038/381291a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zakany, J
   Duboule, D
AF Zakany, J
   Duboule, D
TI Synpolydactyly in mice with a targeted deficiency in the HoxD complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; disruption; homeosis
AB THE morphogenesis of mammalian digits requires the function of several genes of the HoxD complex during development of limb buds(1-4). Using embryonic stem (ES) cells and a site-specific recombination system (loxP/Cre), we have induced a deficiency(5,6) that eliminates the products of the Hoxd-13, Hoxd-12 and Hoxd-11 genes simultaneously. A Hoxd-11/lacz reporter gene replaced the deleted region in order to monitor the effect of this triple inactivation at the cellular level. Mice homozygous for this deficiency showed small digit primordia, a disorganized cartilage pattern and impaired skeletal mass. These alterations are similar to the defects seen in a human synpolydactyly(7,8), suggesting that this syndrome, which is associated with a subtle mutation in HOXD13 (ref. 8), may involve the loss of function of several Herd genes. These results indicate the existence of a functional hierarchy among these genes and provide us with an animal model to study human digit malformations.
C1 UNIV GENEVA, DEPT ZOOL & ANIM BIOL, CH-1211 GENEVA 4, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Geneva
NR 17
TC 175
Z9 183
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 69
EP 71
DI 10.1038/384069a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900055
PM 8900279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Banhart, F
   Ajayan, PM
AF Banhart, F
   Ajayan, PM
TI Carbon onions as nanoscopic pressure cells for diamond formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; graphite; c60
AB SPHERICAL particles of carbon consisting of concentric graphitelike shells ('carbon onions') can be formed by electron irradiation of graphitic carbon materials(1,2). Here we report that, when such particles are heated to similar to 700 degrees C and irradiated with electrons, their cores can be transformed to diamond. Under these conditions the spacing between layers in the carbon onions decreases from 0.31 in the outer shells (slightly less than the 0.34-nm layer spacing of graphite) to about 0.22 nm in the core, indicating considerable compression towards the particle centres. We find that this compression allows diamond to nucleate-in effect the carbon onions act as nanoscopic pressure cells for diamond formation.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MET RES,INST WERKSTOFFWISSENSCH,D-70174 STUTTGART,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Banhart, F (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST MET RES,INST PHYS,HEISENBERGSTR 1,D-70569 STUTTGART,GERMANY.
NR 17
TC 615
Z9 661
U1 2
U2 147
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 433
EP 435
DI 10.1038/382433a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briley, MM
   Smith, VV
   Suntzeff, NB
   Lambert, DL
   Bell, RA
   Hesser, JE
AF Briley, MM
   Smith, VV
   Suntzeff, NB
   Lambert, DL
   Bell, RA
   Hesser, JE
TI Sodium abundance variations in main-sequence stars of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID giant stars; nitrogen abundances; oxygen abundances; halo giants; red giants; carbon; 47-tucanae; cyanogen; spectra; branch
AB GALACTIC globular clusters were once thought to be chemically homogeneous, having formed quite rapidly from relatively small condensations of primordial gas(29). In many clusters, significant star-to-star variations in light-element abundances have been observed(1-4) in evolved giant stars. These variations have been attributed to the presence at the stellar surfaces of nucleosynthesis products generated deep within the stars. But other observations(13) have suggested that some of this variability was established earlier in the stars' lifetimes, perhaps as a result of inhomogeneities in the gas cloud from which the cluster formed. Here we report the observation of variations in the sodium abundances of unevolved (main-sequence) stars in the cluster 47 Tucanae. Although these variations are similar to those observed in evolved cluster stars, they cannot be explained by mixing, in the framework of current models of stellar evolution. This indicates either that the gas out of which 47 Tuc formed was chemically inhomogeneous, or that some mechanism for altering the surface element abundances of stars operates while they are still on the main sequence.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,DEPT PHYS,EL PASO,TX 79968.
   UNIV TEXAS,MCDONALD OBSERV,AUSTIN,TX 78741.
   NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,CERRO TOLOLO INTER AMER OBSERV,LA SERENA,CHILE.
   UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ASTRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742.
   NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,HERZBERG INST ASTROPHYS,DOMINION ASTROPHYS OBSERV,VICTORIA,BC V8X 4M6,CANADA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas El Paso; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Research Council Canada
RP Briley, MM (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,OSHKOSH,WI 54901, USA.
NR 28
TC 69
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 604
EP 606
DI 10.1038/383604a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ellington, CP
   vandenBerg, C
   Willmott, AP
   Thomas, ALR
AF Ellington, CP
   vandenBerg, C
   Willmott, AP
   Thomas, ALR
TI Leading-edge vortices in insect flight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unsteady aerodynamic performance; low reynolds-numbers; power requirements; vortex formation; tethered flight; desert locust; lift; generation; wings; mechanisms
AB INSECTS cannot fly, according to the conventional laws of aero dynamics: during flapping flight, their wings produce more lift than during steady motion at the same velocities and angles of attack(1-5). Measured instantaneous lift forces also show qualitative and quantitative disagreement with the forces predicted by conventional aerodynamic theories(6-9). The importance of high-life aerodynamic mechanisms is now widely recognized but, except for the specialized fling mechanism used by some insect species(1,10-13), the source of extra lift remains unknown. We have now visualized the airflow around the wings of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and a 'hovering' large mechanical model-the flapper. An intense leading-edge vortex was found on the downstroke, of sufficient strength to explain the high-lift forces. The vortex is created by dynamic stall, and not by the rotational lift mechanisms that have been postulated for insect flight(14-16). The vortex spirals out towards the wingtip with a spanwise velocity comparable to the flapping velocity, The three-dimensional flow is similar to the conical leading-edge vortex found on delta wings, with the spanwise flow stabilizing the vortex.
RP Ellington, CP (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 1307
Z9 1589
U1 9
U2 283
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 626
EP 630
DI 10.1038/384626a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600029
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Steinhardt, PJ
   Jeong, HC
AF Steinhardt, PJ
   Jeong, HC
TI A simpler approach to Penrose tiling with implications for quasicrystal formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quasi-crystals; model
AB QUASICRYSTALS(1) have a quasiperiodic atomic structure with symmetries (such as fivefold) that are forbidden to ordinary crystals(2,3). Why do atoms form this complex pattern rather than a regularly repeating crystal? An influential model of quasicrystal structure has been the Penrose tiling(4), in which two types of tile are laid down according to 'matching rules' that force a fivefold symmetric quasiperiodic pattern. In physical terms, it has been suggested(1) that atoms form two or more clusters analogous to the tiles, with interactions that mimic the matching rules. Here we show that this complex picture can be simplified. We present proof of the claim(5) that a quasiperiodic tiling can be forced using only a single type of tile, and furthermore we show that matching rules can be discarded. Instead, maximizing the density of a chosen cluster of tiles suffices to produce a quasiperiodic tiling. If one imagines the tile cluster to represent some energetically preferred atomic cluster, then minimizing the free energy would naturally maximize the cluster density(6). This provides a simple, physically motivated explanation of why quasicrystals form.
C1 UNIV MARYLAND,INST PHYS SCI & TECHNOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Steinhardt, PJ (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 14
TC 84
Z9 93
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 431
EP 433
DI 10.1038/382431a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, S
   Amling, M
   Neff, L
   Peyman, A
   Uhlmann, E
   Levy, JB
   Baron, R
AF Tanaka, S
   Amling, M
   Neff, L
   Peyman, A
   Uhlmann, E
   Levy, JB
   Baron, R
TI c-Cbl is downstream of c-Src in a signalling pathway necessary for bone resorption
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine kinase; protein product; sh3 domain; protooncogene; phosphorylation; osteoclasts; stimulation; receptor; mice; osteopetrosis
AB THE primacy defect in mice lacking the c-src gene is osteopetrosis, a deficiency in bone resorption by osteoclasts(1). Osteoclasts express high levels of the c-Src protein(2,3) and the defect responsible for the osteopetrotic phenotype of the c-src-deficient (src(-)) mouse is fell-autonomous and occurs in mature osteoclasts(4,5). However, the specific signalling pathways that require c-Src expression for normal osteoclast activity have not been elucidated. We report here that the proto-oncogene product c-Cbl is tyrosine-phosphorylated in a Src-dependent manner in osteoclasts, where the two proteins colocalize on some vesicular structures. In vitro bone resorption by osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) is inhibited by both c-src and c-cbl antisense oligonucleotides, Furthermore, tryosine phosphorylation of c-Cbl and the localization of c-Cbl-containing structures to the peripheral cytoskeleton are impaired in resorption-deficient c-src(-) OCLs, as well as in wild-type OCLs that have been treated with c-src antisense oligonucleotides. These results indicate that c-Cbl may act downstream of c-Src in a signalling pathway that is required for bone resorption.
C1 YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT ORTHOPED, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   HOECHST AG, CENT PHARMA RES, D-65926 FRANKFURT, GERMANY.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Sanofi-Aventis; Sanofi Germany
NR 21
TC 252
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 528
EP 531
DI 10.1038/383528a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500051
PM 8849724
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallinari, P
   Jiricny, J
AF Gallinari, P
   Jiricny, J
TI A new class of uracil-DNA glycosylases related to human thymine-DNA glycosylase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; nuclear extracts; g.t mispairs; human-cells; hela-cells; insects; drosophila; mutations; repair; gene
AB MISPAIRS in DNA of guanine with uracil and thymine can arise as a result of deamination of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine, respectively. In humans such mispairs are removed by thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG)(1-3). By deleting the carboxy and amino termini of this enzyme we have identified a core region capable of processing G/U but not G/T mispairs. We have further identified two bacterial proteins with strong sequence homology to this core and shown that the homologue from Escherichia coli (dsUDG) can remove uracil from G/U mispairs. This enzyme is likely to act as a back-up to the highly efficient and abundant enzyme uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) which is found in most organisms. Pupating insects have been reported to lack UDG activity(4), but we have identified an enzyme similar to dsUDG in cell lines from three different insect species. These data imply the existence of a family of double-strand-specific uracil-DNA glycosylases which, although they are subservient to UDG in mast organisms, may constitute the first line of defence against the mutagenic effects of cytosine deamination in insects.
C1 IST RIC BIOL MOL P ANGELETTI,I-00040 POMEZIA,ITALY.
C3 Merck & Company; Merck & Company Italy
NR 18
TC 189
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 735
EP 738
DI 10.1038/383735a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800059
PM 8878487
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, R
   Wente, SR
AF Murphy, R
   Wente, SR
TI An RNA-export mediator with an essential nuclear export signal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hiv-1 rev protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding; yeast; identification; interacts; cytoplasm; sequence; domain; import
AB THE Rev protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mediates the translocation of viral messenger RNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In yeast, Rev can mediate the nuclear export of Rev response element containing RNAs(1). The export of Rev itself proceeds through the nuclear pore complex and requires a nuclear export signal (NES)(2,3) and interaction with a cellular cofactor, the protein Rip1 (refs 1, 4, 5). Endogenous RNA export mediators that interact with Rip1 and harbour NESs are thought to exist(6,7) but have yet to be identified, Here we report the characterization of a new and essential yeast protein, Gle1, which contains an NES and has a relative molecular mass of 62,000. Mutation of the NES in Gle1 prevents export of polyadenylated RNA from the nucleus. Gle1 interacts with Rip1 and the nucleo-porin Nup100 and is localized predominantly at nuclear pore complexes. These properties indicate that Gle1 is an RNA-export factor and that Rev may mediate viral RNA export by mimicking the function of Gle1.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & PHYSIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 29
TC 206
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 357
EP 360
DI 10.1038/383357a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900051
PM 8848052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cocker, JH
   Piatti, S
   Santocanale, C
   Nasmyth, K
   Diffley, JFX
AF Cocker, JH
   Piatti, S
   Santocanale, C
   Nasmyth, K
   Diffley, JFX
TI An essential role for the Cdc6 protein in forming the pre-replicative complexes of budding yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin recognition complex; dna-replication; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; division; cycle
AB ORIGINS Of DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are bound by two protein complexes during the cell cycle(1,2). Post-replicative complexes closely resemble those generated in vitro by purified origin recognition complex (ORC)(1,3-5), which is essential for DNA replication in vivo(6-11). Pre-replicative complexes (pre-RCs) are characterized by an extended region of nuclease protection overlapping the ORC footprint(1). We show here that the Cdc6 protein (Cdc6p), which is necessary for origin firing in vivo(12-16), is essential for the establishment and maintenance of pre-RCs, suggesting that it is a component of these complexes. Without Cdc6p, G1 origins closely resemble post-replicative origins, providing evidence that ORC is also a component of pre-RCs, These results suggest that pre-RCs play an essential role in initiating DNA replication and support a two-step mechanism for the assembly of functional initiation complexes.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,CLARE HALL LABS,S MIMMS EN6 3LD,HERTS,ENGLAND.
   RES INST MOLEC PATHOL,A-1030 VIENNA,AUSTRIA.
C3 Vienna Biocenter (VBC); Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
NR 26
TC 309
Z9 363
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 180
EP 182
DI 10.1038/379180a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000063
PM 8538771
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trivier, E
   DeCesare, D
   Jacquot, S
   Pannetier, S
   Zackai, E
   Young, I
   Mandel, JL
   SassoneCorsi, P
   Hanauer, A
AF Trivier, E
   DeCesare, D
   Jacquot, S
   Pannetier, S
   Zackai, E
   Young, I
   Mandel, JL
   SassoneCorsi, P
   Hanauer, A
TI Mutations in the kinase Rsk-2 associated with Coffin-Lowry syndrome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal s6 kinase; protein-kinases; c-fos; expression; sequence; domains; gene; localization; cloning; family
AB THE Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS), an X-linked disorder, is characterized by severe psychomotor retardation, facial and digital dysmorphisms, and progressive skeletal deformations(1). Genetic linkage analysis mapped the CLS locus to an interval of 2-3 megabases at Xp22.2. The gene coding for Rsk-2, a member of the growth-factor-regulated protein kinases, maps within the candidate interval, and was tested as a candidate gene for CLS. Initial screening for mutations in the gene for Rsk-2 in 76 unrelated CLS patients revealed one intragenic deletion, a nonsense, two splice site, and two missense mutations. The two missenses affect sites critical for the function of Rsk-2. The mutated Rsk-2 proteins were found to be inactive in a S6 kinase assay. These findings provide direct evidence that abnormalities in the MAPK/RSK signalling pathway cause Coffin-Lowry syndrome.
C1 ULP,CNRS,INSERM,INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
   UNIV PENN,CHILDRENS HOSP PHILADELPHIA,CLIN GENET CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   CITY HOSP NOTTINGHAM,CTR MED GENET,NOTTINGHAM NG5 1PB,ENGLAND.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Medicine; Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia; Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust; Nottingham City Hospital
NR 22
TC 330
Z9 371
U1 1
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 567
EP 570
DI 10.1038/384567a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900060
PM 8955270
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU He, S
   Cavanagh, P
   Intriligator, J
AF He, S
   Cavanagh, P
   Intriligator, J
TI Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral masking; cortex; objects; humans; fields
AB VISUAL spatial resolution is limited by factors ranging from optics to neuronal filters in the visual cortex(1,2), but it is not known to what extent it is also limited by the resolving pow er of attention. To investigate this, we studied adaptation to lines of specific orientation, a process that occurs in primary visual cortex(3). When a single grating is presented in the periphery of the visual field, human observers are aware of its orientation, but when it is flanked by other similar gratings ('crowding'), its orientation becomes impossible to discern(4,5). Nevertheless, we show that orientation-specific adaptation is not affected by crowding, implying that spatial resolution is limited by an attentional filter acting beyond the primary visual cortex. Consistent with this, we find that attentional resolution is greater in the lower than in the upper visual field, whereas there is no corresponding asymmetry in the primary visual cortex. We suggest that the attentional filter acts in one or more higher visual cortical areas to restrict the availability of visual information to conscious awareness(6).
RP He, S (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,33 KIRKLAND ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 23
TC 810
Z9 901
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 334
EP 337
DI 10.1038/383334a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900044
PM 8848045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cavaille, J
   Nicoloso, M
   Bachellerie, JP
AF Cavaille, J
   Nicoloso, M
   Bachellerie, JP
TI Targeted ribose methylation of RNA in vivo directed by tailored antisense RNA guides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleolin gene; messenger-rna; nuclear-rna; yeast; localization; sequences; duplexes; mouse
AB EUKARYOTIC ribosomal RNAs are post-transcriptionally modified by methylation at the ribose sugar of specific nucleotides(1). This takes place in the nucleolus and involves a family of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) with long regions (10-21 nucleotides) complementary to rRNA sequences spanning the methylation site(2-4)-a complementary snoRNA is required for methylation at a specific site(5). Here we show that altering the sequence of the snoRNA is sufficient to change the specificity of methylation. Mammalian cells transfected with a snoRNA engineered to be complementary to an arbitrary rRNA sequence direct the methylation of the predicted nucleotide in that sequence. We have further identified structural features, both of the guide and substrate RNA, required for methylation and have used these to design an exogenous transcript, devoid of rRNA sequence, that is site-specifically methylated when co-expressed with an appropriate guide snoRNA. Endogenous non-ribosomal RNA can thus be targeted, possibly providing a highly selective tool for the alteration of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
C1 UNIV TOULOUSE 3, CNRS, LAB BIOL MOL EUCARYOTE, F-31062 TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
C3 Universite de Toulouse; Universite Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 30
TC 292
Z9 347
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 732
EP 735
DI 10.1038/383732a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800058
PM 8878486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawashima, T
   BerthetColominas, C
   Wulff, M
   Cusack, S
   Leberman, R
AF Kawashima, T
   BerthetColominas, C
   Wulff, M
   Cusack, S
   Leberman, R
TI The structure of the Escherichia coli EF-Tu center dot EF-Ts complex at 2.5 angstrom resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polypeptide elongation-factor; qbeta-replicase; purification; sequence; domain; ras
AB The crystal structure of the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex from Escherichia coli has been determined to a resolution of 2.5 Angstrom. The complex contains two subunits of each of the elongation factors. The two EF-Ts molecules form a tight dimer, but there is little contact between the two EF-Tu molecules. The interaction of EF-Ts with EF-Tu results principally in the disruption of the Mg2+ ion binding site, thereby reducing the affinity of EF-Tu for guanine nucleotides.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, GRENOBLE OUTSTN, F-38042 GRENOBLE, FRANCE.
   EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL, F-38043 GRENOBLE, FRANCE.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
NR 30
TC 288
Z9 326
U1 1
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 511
EP 518
DI 10.1038/379511a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300041
PM 8596629
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Terlau, H
   Shon, KJ
   Grilley, M
   Stocker, M
   Stuhmer, W
   Olivera, BM
AF Terlau, H
   Shon, KJ
   Grilley, M
   Stocker, M
   Stuhmer, W
   Olivera, BM
TI Strategy for rapid immobilization of prey by a fish-hunting marine snail
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID amino-acid-sequence; potassium channel; drosophila; diversity; shaker; gene; patches; toxin; brain
AB SOME venomous animals capture prey with remarkable efficiency and speed. The purple cone, Conus purpurascens, uses two parallel physiological mechanisms requiring multiple neurotoxins to immobilize fish rapidly: neuromuscular block(1), and excitotoxic shock, The latter requires the newly characterized peptide kappa-conotoxin PVIIA, which inhibits the Shaker potassium channel(2-4), and delta-conotoxin PVIA(5), which delays sodium-channel inactivation, Despite the extreme biochemical diversity in venoms, the number of effective strategic alternatives for prey capture are limited. How securely prey is initially tethered may strongly influence the venom strategy evolved by a predator.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST EXPTL MED, MOL BIOL NEURONALER SIGNALE, D-37075 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.
   UNIV UTAH, DEPT BIOL, SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112 USA.
C3 Max Planck Society; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
NR 24
TC 261
Z9 292
U1 1
U2 35
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 148
EP 151
DI 10.1038/381148a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900047
PM 12074021
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamagata, K
   Oda, N
   Kaisaki, PJ
   Menzel, S
   Furuta, H
   Vaxillaire, M
   Southam, L
   Cox, RD
   Lathrop, GM
   Boriraj, VV
   Chen, XN
   Cox, NJ
   Oda, Y
   Yano, H
   LeBeau, MM
   Yamada, S
   Nishigori, H
   Takeda, J
   Fajans, SS
   Hattersley, AT
   Iwasaki, N
   Hansen, T
   Pedersen, O
   Polonsky, KS
   Turner, RC
   Velho, G
   Chevre, JC
   Froguel, P
   Bell, GI
AF Yamagata, K
   Oda, N
   Kaisaki, PJ
   Menzel, S
   Furuta, H
   Vaxillaire, M
   Southam, L
   Cox, RD
   Lathrop, GM
   Boriraj, VV
   Chen, XN
   Cox, NJ
   Oda, Y
   Yano, H
   LeBeau, MM
   Yamada, S
   Nishigori, H
   Takeda, J
   Fajans, SS
   Hattersley, AT
   Iwasaki, N
   Hansen, T
   Pedersen, O
   Polonsky, KS
   Turner, RC
   Velho, G
   Chevre, JC
   Froguel, P
   Bell, GI
TI Mutations in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY3)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chromosome 12q; hnf1; localization; hnf-1-alpha; mellitus; subtype; cell
AB THE disease non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose resulting from a relative deficiency of insulin(1). It affects about 2% of the world's population and treatment of diabetes and its complications are an increasing health-care burden(2). Genetic factors are important in the aetiology of NIDDM, and linkage studies are starting to Localize some of the genes that influence the development of this disorder(3). Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a single-gene disorder responsible for 2-5% of NIDDM, is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and an age of onset of 25 years or younger(4-6). MODY genes have been localized to chromosomes 7, 12 and 20 (refs 5, 7, 8) and clinical studies indicate that mutations in these genes are associated with abnormal patterns of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion(1,9). The gene on chromosome 7 (MODY2) encodes the glycolytic enzyme glucokinase(5) which plays a key role in generating the metabolic signal for insulin secretion and in integrating hepatic glucose uptake. Here we show that subjects with the MODY3-form of NIDDM have mutations in the gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha, which is encoded by the gene TCF1). HNF-1 alpha is a transcription factor that helps in the tissue-specific regulation of the expression of several liver genes(10,11) and also functions as a weak transactivator of the rat insulin-I gene(12).
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   WELLCOME TRUST CTR HUMAN GENET,OXFORD OX3 7BN,ENGLAND.
   INST PASTEUR,CNRS,EP10,F-59019 LILLE,FRANCE.
   GUNMA UNIV,INST MOL & CELLULAR REGULAT,MAEBASHI,GUMMA 371,JAPAN.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV EXETER,POSTGRAD MED SCH,DEPT VASC MED & DIABET RES,EXETER EX2 5AX,DEVON,ENGLAND.
   TOKYO WOMENS MED COLL,CTR DIABET,TOKYO 162,JAPAN.
   STENO DIABET CTR,DK-2820 GENTOFTE,DENMARK.
   RADCLIFFE INFIRM,DIABET RES LABS,OXFORD OX2 6HE,ENGLAND.
   HOP ST LOUIS,INSERM,U358,F-75010 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Pasteur Network; Universite de Lille; Institut Pasteur Lille; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Gunma University; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Exeter; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Steno Diabetes Center; University of Oxford; Radcliffe Infirmary; Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1012
Z9 1118
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 455
EP 458
DI 10.1038/384455a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700060
PM 8945470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Linsley, BK
AF Linsley, BK
TI Oxygen-isotope record of sea level and climate variations in the Sulu Sea over the past 150,000 years
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mass-spectrometry; cooling event; c-14 ages; ice-core; corals; rates; ocean
AB THE Sulu Sea is located in the 'warm pool' of the western Pacific Ocean, where mean annual temperatures are the highest of anywhere on Earth. Because this large heat source supplies the atmosphere with a significant portion of its water vapour and latent heat, understanding the climate history of the region is important for reconstructing global palaeoclimate and for predicting future climate change. Changes in the oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera from Sulu Sea sediments have previously been shown to reflect changes in the planetary ice volume at glacial-interglacial and millenial timescales, and such records have been obtained for the late Pleistocene epoch and the last deglaciation(1-3). Here I present results that extend the millenial time resolution record back to 150,000 years before present. On timescales of around 10,000 years, the Sulu Sea oxygen-isotope record matches changes in sea level deduced from coral terraces on the Huon peninsula(4). This is particularly the case during isotope stage 3 (an interglacial period 23,000 to 58,000 years ago) where the Sulu Sea oxygen-isotope record deviates from the SPECMAP deep-ocean oxygen-isotope record(5). Thus these results support the ideal(4,6) that there were higher sea levels and less continental ice during stage 3 than the SPECMAP record implies and that sea level during this interglacial was just 40-50 metres below present levels, The subsequent rate of increase in continental ice volume during the return to full glacial conditions was correspondingly faster than previously thought.
C1 RICE UNIV,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,HOUSTON,TX 77251.
C3 Rice University
NR 34
TC 189
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 234
EP 237
DI 10.1038/380234a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erickson, JC
   Clegg, KE
   Palmiter, RD
AF Erickson, JC
   Clegg, KE
   Palmiter, RD
TI Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat hippocampal slice; presynaptic inhibition; food-deprivation; feeding-behavior; receptor; neurons; mechanism; invitro; brain
AB NEUROPEPTIDE Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid transmitter distributed throughout the nervous system(1,2), is thought to function as a central stimulator of feeding behaviour(1-4). NPY has also been implicated in the modulation of mood(5), cerebrocortical excitability(6), hypothalamic-pituitary signalling(7), cardiovascular physiology(1,8) and sympathetic function(9,10). However, the biological significance of NPY has been difficult to establish owing to a lack of pharmacological antagonists, We report here that mice deficient for NPY have normal food intake and body weight, and become hyperphagic following food deprivation. Mutant mice decrease their food intake and lose weight, initially to a greater extent than controls, when treated with recombinant leptin. Occasional, mild seizures occur in NPY-deficient mice and mutants are more susceptible to seizures induced by a GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) antagonist, These results indicate that NPY is not essential for certain feeding responses or leptin actions but is an important modulator of excitability in the central nervous system.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BIOCHEM,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 29
TC 916
Z9 989
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 415
EP 418
DI 10.1038/381415a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900049
PM 8632796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Colas, P
   Cohen, B
   Jessen, T
   Grishina, I
   McCoy, J
   Brent, R
AF Colas, P
   Cohen, B
   Jessen, T
   Grishina, I
   McCoy, J
   Brent, R
TI Genetic selection of peptide aptamers that recognize and inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase 2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding; library; ligands
AB A NETWORK of interacting proteins controls the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) (refs 1, 2) and governs the entry of higher eukaryotic cells into S phase. Analysis of this and other genetic regulatory networks would be facilitated by intracellular reagents that recognize specific targets and inhibit specific network connections. We report here the expression of a combinatorial library of constrained 20-residue peptides displayed by the active-site loop of Escherichia coli thioredoxin, and the use of a two-hybrid system to select those that bind human Cdk2. These peptide aptamers were designed to mimic the recognition function of the complementarity-determining regions of immunoglobulins. The aptamers recognized different epitopes on the Cdk2 surface with equilibrium dissociation constant in the nanomolar range; those tested inhibited Cdk2 activity. Our results show that peptide aptamers bear some analogies with monoclonal antibodies, with the advantages that they are isolated together with their coding genes, that their small sizes should allow their structures to be solved, and that they are designated to function inside cells.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, DEPT BIOL MOLEC, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   GENET INST INC, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 26
TC 358
Z9 485
U1 0
U2 40
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 548
EP 550
DI 10.1038/380548a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300056
PM 8606778
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennett, VC
   Esat, TM
   Norman, MD
AF Bennett, VC
   Esat, TM
   Norman, MD
TI Two mantle-plume components in Hawaiian picrites inferred from correlated Os-Pb isotopes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID constraints; basalts; glasses; origin; element; ocean; himu
AB OCEAN island basalts (OIBs) are thought to result from the melting of plumes rising from a boundary layer in the mantle, such as the core-mantle boundary or that between the upper and lower mantle at 660 km depth(1,2). OIBs display considerable compositional heterogeneity, generally attributed to mixing between components such as depleted mantle, subducted oceanic crust, continental lithospheric mantle and primitive mantle(3-8), Although the existence of multiple endmembers in the OIB array is now well established, the relationships between crustal recycling, plume volcanism and deep mantle structure and composition are controversial, We present isotope data for picritic lavas from seven volcanic centres, sampling 2 million years of Hawaiian plume activity(9), and show that the osmium and lead isotopic compositions form remarkably linear, negative arrays. These correlations are indicative of binary mixing, but are difficult to explain by combining recycled oceanic crust with depleted mantle. We argue that mixing between two distinct mantle components, within the Hawaiian plume provides a better explanation of the isotopic variations of the picrites.
C1 MACQUARIE UNIV,SCH EARTH SCI,GEMOC,N RYDE,NSW 2109,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Macquarie University
RP Bennett, VC (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
NR 37
TC 99
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 221
EP 224
DI 10.1038/381221a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Muchmore, SW
   Sattler, M
   Liang, H
   Meadows, RP
   Harlan, JE
   Yoon, HS
   Nettesheim, D
   Chang, BS
   Thompson, CB
   Wong, SL
   Ng, SC
   Fesik, SW
AF Muchmore, SW
   Sattler, M
   Liang, H
   Meadows, RP
   Harlan, JE
   Yoon, HS
   Nettesheim, D
   Chang, BS
   Thompson, CB
   Wong, SL
   Ng, SC
   Fesik, SW
TI X-ray and NMR structure of human Bcl-x(L), an inhibitor of programmed cell death
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID diphtheria-toxin; assignments; models
AB THE Bcl-2 family of proteins regulate programmed cell death by an unknown mechanism(1). Here we describe the crystal and solution structures of a Bcl-2 family member, Bcl-x(L) (ref. 2). The structures consist of two central, primarily hydrophobic alpha-helices, which are surrounded by amphipathic helices. A 60-residue loop connecting helices alpha 1 and alpha 2 was found to be flexible and non-essential for anti-apoptotic activity. The three functionally important Bcl-2 homology regions (BH1, BH2 and BH3)(3-5) are in close spatial proximity and form an elongated hydrophobic cleft that may represent the binding site for other Bcl-2 family members. The arrangement of the alpha-helices in Bcl-x(L) is reminiscent of the membrane translocation domain of bacterial toxins, in particular diphtheria toxin and the colicins(6). The structural similarity may provide a clue to the mechanism of action of the Bcl-2 family of proteins.
C1 ABBOTT LABS,DIV PHARMACEUT DISCOVERY,PROT CRYSTALLOG,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064.
   ABBOTT LABS,DIV PHARMACEUT DISCOVERY,NMR RES,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064.
   ABBOTT LABS,DIV PHARMACEUT DISCOVERY,RES COMP & INFORMAT SCI,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064.
   ABBOTT LABS,DIV PHARMACEUT DISCOVERY,AGING & DEGENERAT DIS RES,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064.
   UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MOLEC GENET,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT CELL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Laboratories; University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Muchmore, SW (corresponding author), ABBOTT LABS,PROT CRYSTALLOG,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064, USA.
NR 30
TC 1286
Z9 1580
U1 0
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 335
EP 341
DI 10.1038/381335a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300060
PM 8692274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foulkes, NS
   Duval, G
   SassoneCorsi, P
AF Foulkes, NS
   Duval, G
   SassoneCorsi, P
TI Adaptive inducibility of CREM as transcriptional memory of circadian rhythms
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pineal n-acetyltransferase; beta-adrenergic-receptor; gland; spermatogenesis; expression; repressor; directs; switch
AB THE CREM gene(1-4) encodes the transcriptional repressor ICER(3,5), which has been implicated in the molecular mechanisms controlling circadian rhythms in mammals(4-6). ICER is rhythmically expressed in the pineal gland, with peak levels occurring at night(5). ICER levels are regulated by light by means of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN); transcription is induced during darkness by adrenergic input to the pineal gland from the SCN, which activates the ICER promoter using cyclic AMP and the transcriptional activator CREB. This induction is transient because ICER represses its own transcription(3), Here we show that the response of the CREM gene to adrenergic stimulation is determined by night length, Depending on the photoperiod of the prior entraining cycles, the CREM gene is either subsensitive or supersensitive to induction. This differential responsiveness is controlled by the changing balance between positive (CREB) and negative (ICER) transcriptional regulators. Thus, the transcriptional response of the CREM gene is determined by the memory of past photoperiods.
C1 INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
NR 30
TC 86
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 83
EP 85
DI 10.1038/381083a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300062
PM 8609995
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinervo, B
   Lively, CM
AF Sinervo, B
   Lively, CM
TI The rock-paper-scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reproductive strategy; hormonal-control; selection; sex
AB MANY species exhibit colour polymorphisms associated with alternative male reproductive strategies, including territorial males and 'sneaker males' that behave and look like females(1-3). The prevalence of multiple morphs is a challenge to evolutionary theory because a single strategy should prevail unless morphs have exactly equal fitness(4,5) or a fitness advantage when rare(6,7). We report here the application of an evolutionary stable strategy model to a three-morph mating system in the side-blotched lizard. Using parameter estimates from field data, the model predicted oscillations in morph frequency, and the frequencies of the three male morphs were found to oscillate over a six-year period in the field. The fitnesses of each morph relative to other morphs were non-transitive in that each morph could invade another morph when rare, but was itself invadable by another morph when common. Concordance between frequency-dependent selection and the among-year changes in morph fitnesses suggest that male interactions drive a dynamic 'rock-paper-scissors' game(7).
C1 INDIANA UNIV, CTR INTERGRAT STUDY ANIM BEHAV, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Sinervo, B (corresponding author), INDIANA UNIV, DEPT BIOL, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA.
NR 18
TC 1243
Z9 1396
U1 6
U2 508
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 240
EP 243
DI 10.1038/380240a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimakawa, Y
   Kubo, Y
   Manako, T
AF Shimakawa, Y
   Kubo, Y
   Manako, T
TI Giant magnetoresistance in Tl2Mn2O7 with the pyrochlore structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MATERIALS exhibiting giant magnetoresistance (GMR) undergo a large change in electrical resistance in response to an applied magnetic field. This effect is of technological interest as it can be exploited for the sensitive detection of magnetic fields in magnetic memory devices. A range of compounds have now been found to exhibit intrinsic GMR-these are all perovskites based on manganese oxide(1-4). Here we report the observation of GMR in Tl2Mn2O7, which has a pyrochlore structure and thus differs both structurally and electronically from perovskites. At 135 K the magnetoresistance ratio (the change in resistance) reaches -86% at 7 tesla, comparable to the GMR response of perovskite materials. In contrast to the hole-doped perovskites, the charge carriers in our material are electrons, as determined from measurements of the Hall coefficient. The discovery of GMR in a second class of material expands the options for optimizing magnetoresistive properties for specific technological applications.
RP Shimakawa, Y (corresponding author), NEC CORP LTD,FUNDAMENTAL RES LABS,34 MIYUKIGAOKA,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
NR 15
TC 347
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 81
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 53
EP 55
DI 10.1038/379053a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Svetsov, VV
AF Svetsov, VV
TI Total ablation of the debris from the 1908 Tunguska explosion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths atmosphere; entry
AB THE Origin of the explosion over Tunguska, central Siberia, in 1908 has long been an enigma. Models(1-3) of the disruption of solid objects entering the atmosphere indicate that the Tunguska explosion occurred at an altitude of 6-10 km, and that the source object was probably a stony asteroid(4). But important questions concerning the nature of the object remain(5,6), particularly as no fragments have been identified in the area of the explosion. Unlike smaller objects (such as meteorites), which decelerate high in the atmosphere and can thus escape complete ablation and/or pulverization(7), a Tunguska-sized object penetrates deeper into the atmosphere, where it will experience a greater aerodynamic load: the object should be disrupted into a vast number of fragments, each no larger than about 10 cm (ref. 2), which are then widely dispersed. Here I calculate the flux of radiation both inside and outside the fireball associated with the fragmenting object, and show that this is sufficient to totally ablate the dispersing fragments. The apparent absence of solid debris is therefore to be expected following the atmospheric fragmentation of a large stony asteroid.
RP Svetsov, VV (corresponding author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST DYNAM GEOSPHERES,38 LENINSKII PROSPECT,MOSCOW 117979,RUSSIA.
NR 31
TC 38
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 697
EP 699
DI 10.1038/383697a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Damasio, H
   Grabowski, TJ
   Tranel, D
   Hichwa, RD
   Damasio, AR
AF Damasio, H
   Grabowski, TJ
   Tranel, D
   Hichwa, RD
   Damasio, AR
TI A neural basis for lexical retrieval
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brain; systems; organization; recognition; language; aphasia; anatomy; speech; nouns; verbs
AB Two parallel studies using positron emission tomography, one conducted in neurological patients with brain lesions, the other in normal individuals, indicate that the normal process of retrieving words that denote concrete entities depends in part on multiple regions of the left cerebral hemisphere, located outside the classic language areas. Moreover, anatomically separable regions tend to process words for distinct kinds of items.
C1 UNIV IOWA, COLL MED, DEPT NEUROL, DIV BEHAV NEUROL & COGNIT NEUROSCI, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
   UNIV IOWA, COLL MED, POSITRON EMISS TOMOG IMAGING CTR, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, LA JOLLA, CA 92186 USA.
C3 University of Iowa; University of Iowa; Salk Institute
NR 49
TC 1132
Z9 1248
U1 0
U2 153
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 499
EP 505
DI 10.1038/380499a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300041
PM 8606767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daltry, JC
   Wuster, W
   Thorpe, RS
AF Daltry, JC
   Wuster, W
   Thorpe, RS
TI Diet and snake venom evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rattlesnake venom; russell viper; island; prey
AB VENOM composition within snake species can show considerable geographical variation(1), an important consideration because bites by conspecific populations may differ in symptomatology and require different treatments(2-5). The underlying causes of this phenomenon have never been explained, Here we present evidence that the variation in the venom of the pitviper Calloselasma rhodostoma (Serpentes: Viperidae) is closely associated with its diet, We also evaluated other possible causes of geographic variation in venom using partial Mantel tests(6-10) and independent contrasts(11), but rejected both contemporary gene flow (estimated from geographical proximity) and the phylogenetic relationships (assessed by analysis of mitochondrial DNA) among populations as important influences upon venom evolution, As the primary function of viperid venom is to immobilize and digest prey(12-14) and prey animals vary in their susceptibility to venom(15,16), we suggest that geographical variation in venom composition reflects natural selection for feeding on local prey.
C1 UNIV COLL N WALES, SCH BIOL SCI, BANGOR LL57 2UW, GWYNEDD, WALES.
C3 Bangor University
NR 29
TC 565
Z9 621
U1 0
U2 167
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 537
EP 540
DI 10.1038/379537a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300049
PM 8596631
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Doerner, P
   Jorgensen, JE
   You, R
   Steppuhn, J
   Lamb, C
AF Doerner, P
   Jorgensen, JE
   You, R
   Steppuhn, J
   Lamb, C
TI Control of root growth and development by cyclin expression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arabidopsis-thaliana; cell-proliferation; gene; fibroblasts; oncogene; g(1)
AB ROOT development is plastic, with post-embryonic organogenesis being mediated by meristems(1), Although cell division is intrinsic to meristem initiation, maintenance and proliferative growth, the role of the cell cycle in regulating growth and development is unclear, To address this question, we examined the expression of cdc2 and eye genes, which encode the catalytic and regulatory subunits, respectively, of cyclin-dependent protein kinases that control progression through the cell cycle(2). Unlike cdc2, which is expressed not only in apical meristems but also before lateral root initiation(3) in quiescent, pericycle cells arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle(4), cyc1At transcripts accumulate specifically in dividing cells immediately before cytokinesis. Ectopic expression of cyc1At under the control of the cdc2aAt promoter in Arabidopsis plants markedly accelerates growth without altering the pattern of lateral root development or inducing neoplasia. Thus cyclin expression is a limiting factor for growth, which in turn drives indeterminate development of the root system.
RP Doerner, P (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,PLANT BIOL LAB,10010 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 30
TC 318
Z9 363
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 520
EP 523
DI 10.1038/380520a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300047
PM 8606769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shieh, HS
   Kurumbail, RG
   Stevens, AM
   Stegeman, RA
   Sturman, EJ
   Pak, JY
   Wittwer, AJ
   Palmier, MO
   Wiegand, RC
   Holwerda, BC
   Stallings, WC
AF Shieh, HS
   Kurumbail, RG
   Stevens, AM
   Stegeman, RA
   Sturman, EJ
   Pak, JY
   Wittwer, AJ
   Palmier, MO
   Wiegand, RC
   Holwerda, BC
   Stallings, WC
TI Three dimensional structure of human cytomegalovirus protease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID herpes-simplex virus; maturational proteinase; interface peptides; cleavage sites; identification; resolution; gene; refinement; expression; substrate
AB HERPESVIRUSES encode a serine protease(1,2) that specifically cleaves assembly protein(3). This protease is critical for replication(4), and represents a new target for antiviral drug design(5). Here we report the three-dimensional structure of the protease from human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) at 2.27 Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a unique fold and new catalytic strategy for cleavage. The monomer fold of the enzyme, a seven-stranded beta-barrel encircled by a chain of helices that form the carboxy terminus of the molecule, is unrelated to those observed in classic serine proteases such as chymotrypsin and subtilisin. The serine nucleophile at position 132 is activated by two juxtaposed histidine residues at positions 63 and 157. Dimerization, which seems to be necessary for activity(6,7), is observed in the crystals. Correlations of the structure with the sequences of herpesvirus proteases(1,5,8) suggest that dimerization may confer specificity and recognition in substrate binding.
C1 MONSANTO SEARLE,SEARLE DISCOVERY RES,DEPT INFECT DIS,ST LOUIS,MO 63198.
   MONSANTO SEARLE,SEARLE DISCOVERY RES,DEPT BIOL SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63198.
C3 Monsanto; Monsanto
RP Shieh, HS (corresponding author), MONSANTO SEARLE,SEARLE DISCOVERY RES,DEPT MED & STRUCT CHEM,700 CHESTERFIELD PKWY N,ST LOUIS,MO 63198, USA.
NR 30
TC 162
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/383279a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500060
PM 8805708
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stratford, KJ
   TarczyHornoch, K
   Martin, KAC
   Bannister, NJ
   Jack, JJB
AF Stratford, KJ
   TarczyHornoch, K
   Martin, KAC
   Bannister, NJ
   Jack, JJB
TI Excitatory synaptic inputs to spiny stellate cells in cat visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orientation selectivity; geniculocortical afferents; neurons; transmission; projections; monkey
AB IN layer 4 of cat visual cortex, the monocular, concentric receptive fields of thalamic neurons, which relay retinal input to the cortex, are transformed into 'simple' cortical receptive fields that are binocular and selective for the precise orientation, direction of motion, and size of the visual stimulus(1). These properties are thought to arise from the pattern of connections from thalamic neurons(1-6), although anatomical studies show that most excitatory inputs to layer 4 simple cells are from recurrently connected circuits of cortical neurons(7-9). We examined single fibre inputs to spiny stellate neurons in slices of cat visual cortex, and conclude that thalamocortical synapses are powerful and the responses they evoke are unusually invariant for central synapses. However, the responses to intracortical inputs, although less invariant, are strong enough to provide most of the excitation to simple tells in vivo. Our results suggest that the recurrent excitatory circuits of cortex may amplify the initial feedforward thalamic signal, subserving dynamic modifications of the functional properties of cortical neurons(10-12).
C1 ETH ZURICH,INST NEUROINFORMAT,CH-8006 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,CH-8006 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich; University of Zurich
RP Stratford, KJ (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD,PHYSIOL LAB,PARKS RD,OXFORD OX1 3PT,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 29
TC 336
Z9 369
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 258
EP 261
DI 10.1038/382258a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000051
PM 8717041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rossi, F
   Labourier, E
   Forne, T
   Divita, G
   Derancourt, J
   Riou, JF
   Antoine, E
   Cathala, G
   Brunel, C
   Tazi, J
AF Rossi, F
   Labourier, E
   Forne, T
   Divita, G
   Derancourt, J
   Riou, JF
   Antoine, E
   Cathala, G
   Brunel, C
   Tazi, J
TI Specific phosphorylation of SR proteins by mammalian DNA topoisomerase I
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID splicing factor; conserved family; rna; domains; regulators; expression; particles; cloning; u1-70k
AB SEVERAL metazoan splicing factors are characterized by ribonucleoprotein (RNP) consensus sequences and arginine-serine repeats (RS domain)(1-8) which are essential for their function in splicing(5,9,10). These include members of the SR-protein family (SC35, SF2/ASF), the U1 small nuclear (sn)RNP protein (U1-70K) and the U2 snRNP auxiliary factor (U2AF). SR proteins are phosphorylated in vivo(11) and the phosphorylation state of U1-70K's RS domain influences its splicing activity(12). Here we report the purification of a protein kinase that is specific for SR proteins and show that it is DNA topoisomerase I. This enzyme lacks a canonical ATP-binding motif hut hinds ATP with a dissociation constant of 50 nM. Camptothecin and derivatives, known to be specific inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase I, strongly inhibit the kinase activity in the presence of DNA and affect the phosphorylation state of SR proteins. Thus, DNA topoisomerase I may well be one of the SR protein kinases operating in vivo.
C1 CNRS,CTR RECH BIOCHIM MACROMOLEC,LP 9008,INSERM,U249,F-34033 MONTPELLIER 1,FRANCE.
   RHONE POULENC RORER SA,CTR RECH VITRY ALFORTVILLE,UNITE CANCEROL,DEPT BIOL,F-94403 VITRY,FRANCE.
C3 Universite de Montpellier; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Sanofi-Aventis
NR 30
TC 284
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 80
EP 82
DI 10.1038/381080a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300061
PM 8609994
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daniels, SE
   Bhattacharrya, S
   James, A
   Leaves, NI
   Young, A
   Hill, MR
   Faux, JA
   Ryan, GF
   leSouef, PN
   Lathrop, GM
   Musk, AW
   Cookson, WOCM
AF Daniels, SE
   Bhattacharrya, S
   James, A
   Leaves, NI
   Young, A
   Hill, MR
   Faux, JA
   Ryan, GF
   leSouef, PN
   Lathrop, GM
   Musk, AW
   Cookson, WOCM
TI A genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci underlying asthma
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fc-epsilon-ri; immunoglobulin-e; population-sample; genetic-linkage; ige levels; serum ige; chromosome-11q; atopy; polymorphism; allergens
AB ASTHMA now affects one child in seven in the United Kingdom(1). Most cases (95%) of childhood asthma are associated with atopy, the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated familial syndrome of allergic asthma, eczema and rhinitis. Segregation analysis has consistently suggested the presence of major genes influencing atopy and IgE levels(2-4), with the expectation that these genes may be identified by positional cloning or the examination of candidate genes. Here we report the results of a genome wide search for linkage to one qualitative and four quantitative traits associated with allergic (atopic) asthma. We have identified six potential linkages (P < 0.001), five of which are to quantitative traits. Monte Carlo simulations show that 1.6 false-positive linkages at this level of significance would be expected from the data. One linkage, to chromosome 11q13, has been established previously(5). Three of the new loci show evidence of linkage to a second panel of families, in which maternal effects and pleiotropy of linked phenotypes are seen. The results demonstrate the extent and the complexity of the genetic predisposition to asthma.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,WELLCOME TRUST CTR HUMAN GENET DIS,OXFORD OX3 7BN,ENGLAND.
   SIR CHARLES GAIRDNER HOSP,DEPT RESP MED,PERTH,WA,AUSTRALIA.
   RADCLIFFE INFIRM,CTSU,OXFORD OX2 6HE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD,JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,NUFFIELD DEPT CLIN MED,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
   PRINCESS MARGARET HOSP CHILDREN,UNIV DEPT PAEDIAT,PERTH,WA,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Oxford; Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; University of Western Australia; University of Oxford; Radcliffe Infirmary; University of Oxford; Perth Childrens Hospital; University of Western Australia
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 633
Z9 684
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 247
EP 250
DI 10.1038/383247a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500050
PM 8805698
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tegze, M
   Faigel, G
AF Tegze, M
   Faigel, G
TI X-ray holography with atomic resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoelectron diffraction; auger-electron; crystallography; scattering; patterns
AB Diffraction methods for crystallographic structure determination suffer from the so-called 'phase problem'; a diffraction pattern provides intensity but not phase information for the scattered beams, and therefore cannot be uniquely inverted to obtain the crystal structure of a sample. Holographic methods', on the other hand, offer a means of extracting both intensity and phase information. To be useful for crystallographic applications, holography must be implemented with radiation of sufficiently small wavelength to resolve atomic-scale features(2). One method, electron-emission holography(3-9), uses electron waves and is a powerful tool for studying surface structure; but it cannot image the internal structure of solids because of complications arising from the highly anisotropic nature of electron scattering processes. A proposed alternative method uses X-rays(2,10-13), which scatter more isotropically than electrons. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of atomic-scale X-ray holography by obtaining direct images of the three-dimensional arrangement of strontium atoms in the cubic perovskite SrTiO3. With more intense synchrotron sources for illumination, and with the development of improved X-ray detectors, X-ray holography should become a powerful general technique for unambiguous structure determination in condensed matter systems.
RP Tegze, M (corresponding author), HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,SOLID STATE PHYS RES INST,POB 49,H-1525 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
NR 20
TC 339
Z9 353
U1 2
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/380049a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kraut, R
   Chia, W
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
   Knoblich, JA
AF Kraut, R
   Chia, W
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
   Knoblich, JA
TI Role of inscuteable in orienting asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans embryos; caenorhabditis-elegans; confocal microscopy; spindle orientation; genetic-control; nervous-system; prospero; protein; numb; polarity
AB Drosophila neuroblasts and epithelial cells in the procephalic neurogenic region divide perpendicular to the surface, and segregate the proteins Numb and Prospero into the basal daughter cell. We demonstrate here that orientation of the mitotic spindle and correct localization of Numb and Prospero in these cells require the inscuteable gone. Moreover, ectopic expression of inscuteable in other epithelial cells leads to spindle reorientation. the Inscuteable protein localizes to the apical cell cortex before mitosis, suggesting that Inscuteable functions in establishing polarity for asymmetric cell division.
C1 NATL UNIV SINGAPORE, INST MOL & CELL BIOL, SINGAPORE 119260, SINGAPORE.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT BIOCHEM, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT BIOPHYS, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 National University of Singapore; Agency for Science Technology & Research (A*STAR); A*STAR - Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology (IMCB); University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 34
TC 345
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 9
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 50
EP 55
DI 10.1038/383050a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500041
PM 8779714
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Katritch, V
   Bednar, J
   Michoud, D
   Scharein, RG
   Dubochet, J
   Stasiak, A
AF Katritch, V
   Bednar, J
   Michoud, D
   Scharein, RG
   Dubochet, J
   Stasiak, A
TI Geometry and physics of knots
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polynomial invariant; supercoiled dna; links
AB KNOTS are usually categorized in terms of topological properties that are invariant under changes in a knot's spatial configuration(1-4). Here we approach knot identification from a different angle, by considering the properties of particular geometrical forms which we define as 'ideal'. For a knot with a given topology and assembled from a tube of uniform diameter, the ideal form is the geometrical configuration having the highest ratio of volume to surface area. Practically, this is equivalent to determining the shortest piece of tube that can be closed to form the knot. Because the notion of an ideal form is independent of absolute spatial scale, the length-to-diameter ratio of a tube providing an ideal representation is constant, irrespective of the tube's actual dimensions. We report the results of computer simulations which show that these ideal representations of knots have surprisingly simple geometrical properties. In particular, there is a simple linear relationship between the length-to-diameter ratio and the crossing number-the number of intersections in a two-dimensional projection of the knot averaged over all directions. We have also found that the average shape of knotted polymeric chains in thermal equilibrium is closely related to the ideal representation of the corresponding knot type. Our observations provide a link between ideal geometrical objects and the behaviour of seemingly disordered systems, and allow the prediction of properties of knotted polymers such as their electrophoretic mobility(5).
C1 UNIV LAUSANNE,LAB ANAL ULTRASTRUCT,CH-1015 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT COMP SCI,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1W5,CANADA.
C3 University of Lausanne; University of British Columbia
NR 19
TC 254
Z9 260
U1 1
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 142
EP 145
DI 10.1038/384142a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vervoort, JD
   Patchett, PJ
   Gehrels, GE
   Nutman, AP
AF Vervoort, JD
   Patchett, PJ
   Gehrels, GE
   Nutman, AP
TI Constraints on early Earth differentiation from hafnium and neodymium isotopes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern west-greenland; crust-mantle evolution; early archean mantle; superior-province; trace-elements; nd isotopes; canada; fractionation; heterogeneity; systematics
AB INFERENCES about the early evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle have come largely from the study of isotope systematics-in particular, those of neodymium(1-5), Neodymium isotope data from the oldest preserved rocks have been interpreted(4,6-8) as reflecting early large-scale chemical depletion of the mantle (presumably resulting from the extraction of continental crust), but these data have remained controversial, in view of the potential for disturbances to the samarium-neodymium system during these rocks' long history(9-11). Here we provide an independent evaluation of the Nd isotope compositions of ten early Archaean (3.6-3.8 Gyr old) gneisses, by investigating the hafnium isotope systematics of zircons from these rocks, The Hf data are consistent with the Nd record in indicating early depletion of the mantle, but fail to verify the scale and variability of this depletion, We conclude that Nd isotopes of early Archaean gneisses do not faithfully record isotopic variations in the early Earth, and therefore that these data need to be examined more critically before they can be used to constrain the early history of crust-mantle differentiation.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV, RES SCH EARTH SCI, CANBERRA, ACT 0200, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP Vervoort, JD (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT GEOSCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 40
TC 378
Z9 542
U1 1
U2 61
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 624
EP 627
DI 10.1038/379624a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Durbec, P
   MarcosGutierrez, CV
   Kilkenny, C
   Grigoriou, M
   Wartiovaara, K
   Suvanto, P
   Smith, D
   Ponder, B
   Costantini, F
   Saarma, M
   Sariola, H
   Pachnis, V
AF Durbec, P
   MarcosGutierrez, CV
   Kilkenny, C
   Grigoriou, M
   Wartiovaara, K
   Suvanto, P
   Smith, D
   Ponder, B
   Costantini, F
   Saarma, M
   Sariola, H
   Pachnis, V
TI GDNF signalling through the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression
AB MUTATIONAL analysis in humans and mice has demonstrated that Ret, the product of the c-ret proto-oncogene, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) superfamily(1), is essential for development of the enteric nervous system and kidney(2-6). Despite the established role of Ret in mammalian embryogenesis, its cognate ligand(s) is currently unknown. Here we demonstrate, by using a Xenopus embryo bioassay, that glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)(7), a distant member of the transforming growth factor(TGF)-beta superfamily, signals through the Ret RTK. Furthermore, using explant cultures from wild-type and Ret-deficient mouse embryos(4), we show that normal c-ret function is necessary for GDNF signalling in the peripheral nervous system, Our data strongly suggest that Ret is a functional receptor for GDNF, and that GDNF, in addition to its potential role in the differentiation and survival of central nervous system neurons(8-12), has profound effects on kidney organogenesis and the development of the peripheral nervous system.
C1 NATL INST MED RES, DIV DEV NEUROBIOL, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
   UNIV HELSINKI, BIOCTR 1, INST BIOTECHNOL, FIN-00014 HELSINKI, FINLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, ADDENBROOKES HOSP, CRC, HUMAN CANC GENET RES GRP, CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QQ, ENGLAND.
   COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG, DEPT GENET & DEV, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
   HELSINKI UNIV, CHILDRENS HOSP, FIN-000290 HELSINKI, FINLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Helsinki; University of Cambridge; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Addenbrooke's Hospital; Columbia University; University of Helsinki
NR 30
TC 711
Z9 805
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 789
EP 793
DI 10.1038/381789a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600061
PM 8657282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilmore, AP
   Burridge, K
AF Gilmore, AP
   Burridge, K
TI Regulation of vinculin binding to talin and actin by phosphatidyl-inositol-4-5-bisphosphate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate; tyrosine phosphorylation; extracellular-matrix; purification; proteins
AB VINCULIN, a prominent cytoskeletal protein at cell-substrate adhesions (focal adhesions) and cell-cell adhesions (adherens junctions)(1), interacts with other cytoskeletal proteins, including talin and actin(2,3). An intramolecular interaction between the head and tail domains of vinculin masks the binding sites for both proteins(4,5). The exposure of cryptic binding sites may be important for promoting focal adhesion assembly. Several agents that induce the formation of focal adhesions act through the GTP-binding protein Rho(6-9), which elevates phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP(2)) levels by activating phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate-5-OH kinase (PtdIns-5-OH kinase)(10). PtdInsP(2) regulates several actin-binding proteins, including profilin(11), gelsolin(12) and alpha-actinin(13), and interacts with vinculin(14,15). Here we report that PtdInsP(2) dissociates vinculin's head-tail interaction, unmasking its talin- and actin-binding sites. Microinjection of antibodies against PtdInsP(2) inhibit assembly of stress fibres and focal adhesions.
RP Gilmore, AP (corresponding author), UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA.
NR 30
TC 457
Z9 523
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 531
EP 535
DI 10.1038/381531a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500063
PM 8632828
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nantel, F
   Monaco, L
   Foulkes, NS
   Masquilier, D
   LeMeur, M
   Henriksen, K
   Dierich, A
   Parvinen, M
   SassoneCorsi, P
AF Nantel, F
   Monaco, L
   Foulkes, NS
   Masquilier, D
   LeMeur, M
   Henriksen, K
   Dierich, A
   Parvinen, M
   SassoneCorsi, P
TI Spermiogenesis deficiency and germ-cell apoptosis in CREM-mutant mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-sequence; mouse protamine-1; protein; spermatogenesis; transcription; expression; activator; directs; switch; genes
AB Spermiogenesis is a complex process by which postmeiotic male germ cells differentiate into mature spermatozoa. This process involves remarkable structural and biochemical changes including nuclear DNA compaction and acrosome formation(1,2). Transcriptional activator CREM (cyclic AMP-responsive element modulator) is highly expressed in postmeiotic cells(3-5), and CREM may be responsible for the activation of several haploid germ cell-specific genes involved in the structuring of the spermatozoon(5-7). The specific role of CREM in spermiogenesis was addressed using CREM-mutant mice generated by homologous recombination. Analysis of the seminiferous epithelium in mutant male mice reveals postmeiotic arrest at the first step of spermiogenesis. Late spermatids are completely absent, and there is a significant increase in apoptotic germ cells. We show that CREM deficiency results in the lack of postmeiotic cell-specific gene expression. The complete lack of spermatozoa in the mutant mice is reminiscent of cases of human infertility.
C1 INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,CNRS,INSERM,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
   TURKU UNIV,DEPT ANAT,SF-20520 TURKU,FINLAND.
C3 Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Turku
NR 30
TC 499
Z9 539
U1 2
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/380159a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800051
PM 8600390
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kirkwood, A
   Rioult, MG
   Bear, MF
AF Kirkwood, A
   Rioult, MG
   Bear, MF
TI Experience-dependent modification of synaptic plasticity in visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term depression; area ca1; hippocampus; neurons; rat
AB IN many regions of the cerebral cortex, Ca2+ influx through NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) sensitive glutamate receptors (NMDA receptors) can trigger two forms of synaptic plasticity: long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP)(1). LTD is induced by low levels of postsynaptic NMDA-receptor activation, for instance in response to low-frequency stimulation, whereas LTP is induced by the stronger activation that occurs following high-frequency stimulation(2-4). Theoretical studies have shown that the properties of synaptic LTD and LTP can account for many aspects of experience-dependent plasticity in the developing visual cortex, provided that the LTD-LTP crossover point (the modification threshold, theta(m)) varies as a function of the history of cortical activity(5-7). Here we provide direct experimental evidence that the value of theta(m) depends on sensory experience. We find in visual cortex of light-deprived rats that LTP is enhanced and LTD diminished over a range of stimulation frequencies, and that these effects can be reversed by as little as two days of light exposure. Our findings support the idea that a variable synaptic-modification threshold allows synaptic weights in neural networks to achieve a stable equilibrium.
C1 BROWN UNIV,DEPT NEUROSCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
   BROWN UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
C3 Brown University; Brown University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 30
TC 507
Z9 594
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 526
EP 528
DI 10.1038/381526a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500061
PM 8632826
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, MSY
AF Lee, MSY
TI Correlated progression and the origin of turtles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID body plan
AB Turtles exhibit some of the most extreme postcranial modifications found in vertebrates. The dorsal vertebrae and ribs have fused with dermal armour, forming a totally rigid box-like trunk region's Our understanding of chelonian origins has been restricted by a paucity of information on intermediate forms(3,4), however, and it is often assumed that they must have evolved saltationally(5). It has been suggested that pareiasaurs, a group of large herbivorous anapsid reptiles, are the sister-group of turtles(6). Here I show that certain pareiasaurs--dwarf, heavily armoured forms such a Nanoparin--approach the chelonian morphology even more closely than previously thought. Evolutionary trends within pareiasaurs, such as the elaboration of the dermal armour, shortening and stiffening of the presacral region, and increased reliance on limb-driven as opposed to axial-driven locomotion, suggest that the rigid armoured body of turtles evolved gradually, through 'correlated progression'(7).
RP Lee, MSY (corresponding author), UNIV SYDNEY,SCH BIOL SCI,ZOOL BLDG A08,SYDNEY,NSW 2006,AUSTRALIA.
NR 25
TC 89
Z9 103
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 812
EP 815
DI 10.1038/379812a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, L
   Lionti, F
   Ballou, R
   Gatteschi, D
   Sessoli, R
   Barbara, B
AF Thomas, L
   Lionti, F
   Ballou, R
   Gatteschi, D
   Sessoli, R
   Barbara, B
TI Macroscopic quantum tunnelling of magnetization in a single crystal of nanomagnets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particles; proteins
AB THE precise manner in which quantum-mechanical behaviour at the microscopic level underlies classical behaviour at the macroscopic level remains unclear, despite seventy years of theoretical investigation. Experimentally, the crossover between these regimes can be explored by looking for signatures of quantum-mechanical behaviour-such as tunnelling-in macroscopic systems(1). Magnetic systems (such as small grains, spin glasses and thin films) are often investigated in this way(2-12) because transitions between different magnetic states can be closely monitored. But transitions between states can be induced by thermal fluctuations, as well as by tunnelling, and definitive identification of macroscopic tunnelling events in these complex systems is therefore difficult(13). Here we report the results of low-temperature experiments on a single crystal composed of superparamagnetic manganese clusters (Mn-12-ac), which clearly demonstrate the existence of quantum-mechanical tunnelling of the bulk magnetization. In an applied magnetic field, the magnetization shows hysteresis loops with a distinct 'staircase' structure: the steps occur at values of the applied field where the energies of different collective spin states of the manganese clusters coincide. At these special values of the held, relaxation from one spin state to another is enhanced above the thermally activated rate by the action of resonant quantum-mechanical tunnelling. These observations corroborate the results of similar experiments performed recently on a system of oriented crystallites made from a powdered sample(4).
C1 CNRS,LAB MAGNETISME LOUIS NEEL,F-38042 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   UNIV FLORENCE,DEPT CHEM,I-50144 FLORENCE,ITALY.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Florence
NR 21
TC 1859
Z9 1947
U1 6
U2 281
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 145
EP 147
DI 10.1038/383145a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haag, J
   Borst, A
AF Haag, J
   Borst, A
TI Amplification of high-frequency synaptic inputs by active dendritic membrane processes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motion sensitive interneurons; horizontal cells; optomotor system; lobula plate; neurons; fly; organization; information
AB ACTIVE membrane mechanisms have been found in the dendrites of many nerve cells(1-7). Their contribution to dendritic signal processing, however, remains unclear(8) because few experimental preparations allow for detailed characterization of dendritic physiology under normal conditions, To investigate the functional implications of active dendritic processes in an in vivo preparation, we compared the response properties of different types of non-spiking, motion-sensitive interneurons of the fly visual system, only one of which is equipped with a fast sodium inward current in its axon as well as in its dendrite. We report here that cells with fast activating sodium currents can respond to temporal changes in their synaptic input signals up to much higher frequencies than can those which lack such currents. Thus fast sodium currents lead to a frequency-dependent amplification of synaptic signals, enhancing cellular responses specifically to transient inputs which otherwise would be attenuated because of the passive properties of the dendritic tree.
C1 MAX PLANCK GESELL, FRIEDRICH MIESCHER LAB, D-72076 TUBINGEN, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
NR 25
TC 89
Z9 89
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 639
EP 641
DI 10.1038/379639a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Deng, HK
   Liu, R
   Ellmeier, W
   Choe, S
   Unutmaz, D
   Burkhart, M
   DiMarzio, P
   Marmon, S
   Sutton, RE
   Hill, CM
   Davis, CB
   Peiper, SC
   Schall, TJ
   Littman, DR
   Landau, NR
AF Deng, HK
   Liu, R
   Ellmeier, W
   Choe, S
   Unutmaz, D
   Burkhart, M
   DiMarzio, P
   Marmon, S
   Sutton, RE
   Hill, CM
   Davis, CB
   Peiper, SC
   Schall, TJ
   Littman, DR
   Landau, NR
TI Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; envelope glycoprotein; mononuclear phagocytes; aids virus; infection; tropism; domain; phenotype; system; brain
AB Entry of HIV-1 into target cells requires cell-surface CD4 and additional host cell cofactors. A cofactor required for infection with virus adapted for growth in transformed T-cell lines was recently identified and named fusin. However, fusin does not promote entry of macrophage-tropic viruses, which are believed to be the key pathogenic strains in vivo. The principal cofactor for entry mediated by the envelope glycoproteins of primary macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1 is CC-CKR-5, a receptor for the beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta.
C1 NYU,MED CTR,SKIRBALL INST BIOMOL MED,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NYU,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,AARON DIAMOND AIDS RES CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   UNIV LOUISVILLE,SCH MED,JAMES GRAHAM BROWN CANC CTR,LOUISVILLE,KY 40207.
   DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC,DEPT IMMUNOL,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
C3 New York University; New York University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Stanford University; University of Louisville; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
NR 44
TC 3204
Z9 3858
U1 1
U2 262
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 661
EP 666
DI 10.1038/381661a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900041
PM 8649511
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Logothetis, NK
   Leopold, DA
   Sheinberg, DL
AF Logothetis, NK
   Leopold, DA
   Sheinberg, DL
TI What is rivalling during binocular rivalry?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spatial-frequency; suppression; perception; duration; stimuli
AB When different images are presented to the two eyes, they compete for perceptual dominance, such that one image is visible while the other is suppressed. This binocular rivalry is thought to reflect competition between monocular neurons within the primary visual cortex(1). However, neurons whose activity correlates with perception during rivalry are found mainly in higher cortical areas, and respond to input from both eyes(2,3). Thus rivalry may involve competition between alternative perceptual interpretations at a higher level of analysis. To investigate this, we tested the effect of rapidly alternating the rival stimuli between the two eyes. Under these conditions, the perceptual alternations exhibit the same temporal dynamics as with static patterns, and a single phase of perceptual dominance can span multiple alternations of the stimuli. Thus neural representations of the two stimuli compete for visual awareness independently of the eye through which they reach the higher visual areas. This finding places binocular rivalry in the general category of multistable phenomena, such as ambiguous figures, and provides a new way to study the neural cause and resolution of perceptual ambiguities.
RP Logothetis, NK (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV NEUROSCI,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA.
NR 22
TC 453
Z9 497
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 621
EP 624
DI 10.1038/380621a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100044
PM 8602261
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martini, AM
   Budai, JM
   Walter, LM
   Schoell, M
AF Martini, AM
   Budai, JM
   Walter, LM
   Schoell, M
TI Microbial generation of economic accumulations of methane within a shallow organic-rich shale
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural gases; isotopic composition; bacterial methane; hydrogen; carbon; basin; usa; geochemistry; sediments; michigan
AB ALTHOUGH methane of bacterial origin is ubiquitous in marine and feshwater sediments, economic accumulations of bacterial gases occur mainly at depths of several kilometres in Tertiary basins that had high sedimentation rates(1'2). Here we present an integration of geochemical and isotopic data from gas and water extracted from the Upper Devonian Antrim shale, along the northern margin of the Michigan basin, which demonstrates that significant volumes of bacterial gas have been generated in organic-rich shales at depths of less than 600 metres. The Antrim shale is mainly a self-sourced reservoir, in contrast to conventional gas deposits that have migrated from a source to a reservoir, and has become one of the most actively exploited gas reservoirs(3) in the United States. The gas-forming processes operating at shallow depths in the Antrim shale are noe unique(4) and an understanding of these processes should lead to the identification acid development of other economic, non-conventional gas deposits around the world.
C1 CHEVRON PETR TECHNOL CO,LA HABRA,CA 90631.
C3 Chevron
RP Martini, AM (corresponding author), UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT GEOL SCI,2534 C C LITTLE BLDG,425 E UNIV,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA.
NR 29
TC 149
Z9 185
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 155
EP 158
DI 10.1038/383155a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Echtenacher, B
   Mannel, DN
   Hultner, L
AF Echtenacher, B
   Mannel, DN
   Hultner, L
TI Critical protective role of mast cells in a model of acute septic peritonitis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; connective-tissue-type; factor-alpha; tnf-alpha; granulocyte infiltration; deficient w/wv; mice; mouse; cachectin; recruitment
AB MAST cells play a detrimental role in IgE dependent allergic reactions, In contrast, a protective function for mast cells has been proposed on the basis of some worm infection models. No reports exist on the in vivo significance of these cells in bacterial infections(1,2). Here we use congenitally mast-cell-deficient W/W-v mice and normal +/+ littermates(3,4) to analyse the role of mast cells in a model of acute septic peritonitis (caecum ligation and puncture (CLP)), Following CLP, W/W-v mice showed a significantly increased mortality compared to +/+ mice, The selective reconstitution of W/W-v mice with cultured +/+ mast cells substantially protected them from the lethal effects of CLP, whereas an anti-tumour-necrosis-factor (TNF) antibody injected immediately after CLP completely suppressed this protection, Our results reveal a previously unrecognized protective role of mast cells and mast-cell-derived TNF in acute bacterial peritonitis.
C1 GSF MUNICH,INST EXPT HAMATOL,D-81377 MUNICH,GERMANY.
   UNIV REGENSBURG,INST PATHOL TUMORIMMUNOL,D-93042 REGENSBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health; University of Regensburg
NR 30
TC 772
Z9 857
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 75
EP 77
DI 10.1038/381075a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300059
PM 8609992
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Graeber, TG
   Osmanian, C
   Jacks, T
   Housman, DE
   Koch, CJ
   Lowe, SW
   Giaccia, AJ
AF Graeber, TG
   Osmanian, C
   Jacks, T
   Housman, DE
   Koch, CJ
   Lowe, SW
   Giaccia, AJ
TI Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cancer; bcl-2; p53
AB APOPTOSIS is a genetically encoded programme of cell death that can be activated under physiological conditions(1,2) and may be an important safeguard against tumour development(3-6). Regions of low oxygen (hypoxia) and necrosis are common features of solid tumours(7,8). Here we report that hypoxia induces apoptosis in oncogenically transformed cells and that further genetic alterations, such as less of the p53 tumour-suppressor gene or overexpression of the apoptosis-inhibitor protein Bcl-2, substantially reduce hypoxia-induced cell death. Hypoxia also selects for cells with defects in apoptosis, because small numbers of transformed cells lacking p53 overtake similar cells expressing wild-type p53 when treated with hypoxia. Furthermore, highly apoptotic regions strongly correlate with hypoxic regions in transplanted tumours expressing wild-type p53, whereas little apoptosis occurs in hypoxic regions of p53-deficient tumours. We propose that hypoxia provides a physiological selective pressure in tumours for the expansion of variants that have lost their apoptotic potential, and in particular for cells acquiring p53 mutations.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT RADIAT ONCOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   UNIV PENN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB,COLD SPRING HARBOR,NY 11724.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Pennsylvania; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
NR 30
TC 2099
Z9 2327
U1 0
U2 124
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 88
EP 91
DI 10.1038/379088a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600062
PM 8538748
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kozaki, A
   Takeba, G
AF Kozaki, A
   Takeba, G
TI Photorespiration protects C3 plants from photooxidation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glutamine-synthetase; photosynthetic apparatus; chlorophyll fluorescence; lettuce seeds; photoinhibition; mutants; leaves
AB PLANTS absorb light for photosynthesis but as light can itself be dangerous to plants, they need to protect themselves against its damaging effects, Here we show that photorespiration can act as such a defence mechanism, We constructed transgenic tobacco plants enriched or reduced in plastidic glutamine synthetase (GS2), a key enzyme in photorespiration. Those transgenic plants having twice the normal amount of GS2 had an improved capacity for photorespiration and an increased tolerance to high-intensity light, whereas those with a reduced amount of GS2 had a diminished capacity for photorespiration and were photoinhibited more severely by high-intensity light compared with control plants, We conclude that photorespiration protects C3 plants from photoinhibition.
C1 KYOTO PREFECTURAL UNIV,DEPT LIFE SCI,LAB APPL BIOL,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,DEPT AGR BIOL,APPL BOT LAB,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto Prefectural University; Kyoto University
NR 29
TC 473
Z9 558
U1 9
U2 161
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/384557a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wong, GT
   Gannon, KS
   Margolskee, RF
AF Wong, GT
   Gannon, KS
   Margolskee, RF
TI Transduction of bitter and sweet taste by gustducin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor-cells; mice; disruption; expression; responses
AB SFVERAL lines of evidence suggest that both sweet and bitter tastes are transduced via receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) (reviewed in refs 1, 2). Gustducin is a taste receptor cell (TRC)-specific G protein that is closely related to the transducins(3). Gustducin and rod transducin, which is also expressed in TRCs (ref. 4), have been proposed to couple bitter-responsive receptors to TRC-specific phosphodiesterases to regulate intracellular cyclic nucleotides(2-5). Here we investigate gustducin's role in taste transduction by generating and characterizing mice deficient in the gustducin alpha-subunit (alpha gustducin). As predicted, the mutant mice showed reduced behavioural and electrophysiological responses to bitter compounds, whereas they were indistinguishable from wild-type controls in their responses to salty and sour stimuli. Unexpectedly, mutant mice also exhibited reduced behavioural and electrophysiological responses to sweet compounds. Our results suggest that gustducin is a principal mediator of both bitter and sweet signal transduction.
C1 CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED, DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10029 USA.
C3 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System
NR 30
TC 567
Z9 643
U1 2
U2 62
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 796
EP 800
DI 10.1038/381796a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600063
PM 8657284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duff, K
   Eckman, C
   Zehr, C
   Yu, X
   Prada, CM
   Pereztur, J
   Hutton, M
   Buee, L
   Harigaya, Y
   Yager, D
   Morgan, D
   Gordon, MN
   Holcomb, L
   Refolo, L
   Zenk, B
   Hardy, J
   Younkin, S
AF Duff, K
   Eckman, C
   Zehr, C
   Yu, X
   Prada, CM
   Pereztur, J
   Hutton, M
   Buee, L
   Harigaya, Y
   Yager, D
   Morgan, D
   Gordon, MN
   Holcomb, L
   Refolo, L
   Zenk, B
   Hardy, J
   Younkin, S
TI Increased amyloid-beta 42(43) in brains of mice expressing mutant presenilin 1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID familial alzheimers-disease; amyloid precursor protein; missense mutations; transgenic mice; a-beta; gene; a-beta-42(43)
AB MUTATIONS in the genes encoding amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)(1), presenilin 1 (PS1)(2) and presenilin 2 (PS2)(3,4) are known to cause early-onset, autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Studies of plasma and fibroblasts from subjects with these mutations have established that they all alter amyloid beta-protein (beta APP) processing, which normally leads to the secretion of amyloid-beta protein (relative molecular mass 4,000; M(r) 4K; similar to 90% A beta 1-40, similar to 10% A beta 1-42(43)), so that the extracellular concentration of A beta 42(43) is increased(5). This increase in A beta 42(43) is believed to be the critical change that initiates Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis because A beta 42(43) is deposited early and selectively in the senile plaques that are observed in the brains of patients with all forms of the disease. To establish that the presenilin mutations increase the amount of A beta 42(43) in the brain and to test whether presenilin mutations act as true (gain of function) dominants, we have now constructed mice expressing wild-type and mutant presenilin genes. Analysis of these mice showed that overexpression of mutant, but not wild-type, PS1 selectively increases brain A beta 42(43). These results indicate that the presenilin mutations probably cause Alzheimer's disease through a gain of deleterious function that increases the amount of A beta 42(43) in the brain.
C1 MAYO CLIN JACKSONVILLE,JACKSONVILLE,FL 32224.
   UNIV S FLORIDA,SUNCOAST ALZHEIMERS DIS LABS,TAMPA,FL 33612.
   INSERM,U422,F-50945 LILLE,FRANCE.
   UNIV S FLORIDA,ALZHEIMERS RES LAB,DEPT PHARMACOL,TAMPA,FL 33613.
C3 Mayo Clinic; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
NR 21
TC 1327
Z9 1566
U1 0
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 710
EP 713
DI 10.1038/383710a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800051
PM 8878479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Massonnet, D
   Thatcher, W
   Vadon, H
AF Massonnet, D
   Thatcher, W
   Vadon, H
TI Detection of postseismic fault-zone collapse following the Landers earthquake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radar interferometry; eureka valley; 1992 landers; deformation; california; model; field; slip
AB STRESS changes caused by fault movement in an earthquake induce transient aseismic crustal movements in the earthquake source region that continue for months to decades following large events(1-4). These motions reflect aseismic adjustments of the fault zone and/or bulk deformation of the surroundings in response to applied stresses(2,5-7), and supply information regarding the inelastic behaviour of the Earth's crust, These processes are imperfectly understood because it is difficult to infer what occurs at depth using only surface measurements(2), which are in general poorly sampled, Here we push satellite radar interferometry to near its typical artefact level, to obtain a map of the postseismic deformation field in the three years following the 28 June 1992 Landers, California earthquake, From the map, we deduce two distinct types of deformation: afterslip at depth on the fault that ruptured in the earthquake, and shortening normal to the fault zone, The latter movement may reflect the closure of dilatant cracks and fluid expulsion from a transiently over-pressured fault Zone(6-8).
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Massonnet, D (corresponding author), CTR NATL ETUD SPATIALES,18 AVE EDOUARD BELIN,F-31055 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
NR 29
TC 99
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 612
EP 616
DI 10.1038/382612a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parrington, J
   Swann, K
   Shevchenko, VI
   Sesay, AK
   Lai, FA
AF Parrington, J
   Swann, K
   Shevchenko, VI
   Sesay, AK
   Lai, FA
TI Calcium oscillations in mammalian eggs triggered by a soluble sperm protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-urchin eggs; fertilization; activation; oocytes; fusion
AB AT fertilization in mammals, the sperm induces a characteristic series of Ca2+ oscillations in the egg which serve as the essential trigger for egg activation and early development of the embryo(1-3). It is not known how the sperm initiates this fundamental process, however(4-6), nor has any pathway linking sperm-egg membrane-receptor binding with intracellular Ca2+ release been demonstrated(7-11). Microinjection of sperm extracts into mammalian eggs elicits Ca2+ oscillations identical to those occurring at fertilization(12-14), which suggests that sperm may introduce a Ca2+ oscillation-inducing factor into the egg on gamete membrane fusion(12,15-18). Here we identify a soluble sperm protein that exhibits Ca2+ oscillation-inducing ('oscillogen') activity in eggs, Sperm oscillogen exists as an oligomer with a subunit of M(r) 33K and a specific intracellular localization at the equatorial segment of the sperm head. Cloning of the 33K oscillogen complementary DNA indicates similarity with a hexose phosphate isomerase found in prokaryotes. This sperm-derived oscillogen, termed oscillin, may represent the physiological trigger for development in mammals.
C1 NATL INST MED RES, MRC, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
   ST GEORGE HOSP, SCH MED, MRC, EXPTL EMBRYOL & TERATOL UNIT, LONDON SW17 0RE, ENGLAND.
   UCL, DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; City St Georges, University of London; University of London; University College London
NR 26
TC 348
Z9 375
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 364
EP 368
DI 10.1038/379364a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300064
PM 8552195
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerstner, W
   Kempter, R
   vanHemmen, JL
   Wagner, H
AF Gerstner, W
   Kempter, R
   vanHemmen, JL
   Wagner, H
TI A neuronal learning rule for sub-millisecond temporal coding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cochlear nucleus; barn owl; brain; cells; representation; integration; hippocampus; codes
AB A PARADOX that exists in auditory and electrosensory neural systems(1,2) is that they encode behaviourally relevant signals in the range of a few microseconds with neurons that are at least one order of magnitude slower, The importance of temporal coding in neural information processing is not clear yet(3-8), A central question is whether neuronal firing can be more precise than the time constants of the neuronal processes involved(9), Here we address this problem using the auditory system of the barn owl as an example, We present a modelling study based on computer simulations of a neuron in the laminar nucleus. Three observations explain the paradox. First, spiking of an 'integrate-and-fire' neuron driven by excitatory postsynaptic potentials with a width at half-maximum height of 250 mu s, has an accuracy of 25 mu s if the presynaptic signals arrive coherently. Second, the necessary degree of coherence in the signal arrival times can be attained during ontogenetic development by virtue of an unsupervised hebbian learning rule, Learning selects connections with matching delays from a broad distribution of axons with random delays, Third, the learning rule also selects the correct delays from two independent groups of inputs, for example, from the left and right ear.
C1 TECH UNIV MUNICH,DEPT PHYS,D-85747 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   TECH UNIV MUNICH,FAK CHEM & BIOL,D-85747 GARCHING,GERMANY.
C3 Technical University of Munich; Technical University of Munich
NR 30
TC 838
Z9 938
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 76
EP 78
DI 10.1038/383076a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500050
PM 8779718
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, JY
   Clifford, J
   Zusi, C
   Starrett, J
   Tortolani, D
   Ostrowski, J
   Reczek, PR
   Chambon, P
   Gronemeyer, H
AF Chen, JY
   Clifford, J
   Zusi, C
   Starrett, J
   Tortolani, D
   Ostrowski, J
   Reczek, PR
   Chambon, P
   Gronemeyer, H
TI Two distinct actions of retinoid-receptor ligands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute promyelocytic leukemia; ligation-mediated pcr; pml-rar-alpha; t(1517) translocation; response pathways; invivo; transactivation; transcription; cells
AB SIGNALLING by all-trans retinoic acid is mediated through RXR-RAR retinoid receptor heterodimers(1,2), in which RXR has been considered to act as a transcriptionally silent partner(3-5), However, we show here that in cultured NB4 (ref. 6) human acute promyelocytic leukaemia(7-9) cells treated with either an RAR-alpha-selective agonist alone, or certain RAR-alpha antagonists in combination with an RXR agonist, receptor-DNA binding is induced in vivo, resulting in expression of the target genes of retinoic acid as well as acute promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) relocation to nuclear bodies(10-12) and differentiation before apoptosis, These results indicate that RAR-alpha ligands can induce two separate events: one enables RXR-RAR-alpha heterodimers to bind to DNA in vivo and allows RXR agonists to act; the other induces transcriptional activity of RAR-alpha. The availability of receptor-specific synthetic retinoids that can induce distinct receptor functions has potential in extending the therapeutic repertoire of retinoids.
C1 COLL FRANCE, INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,CNRS,INSERM, ULP, F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENSTADEN, FRANCE.
   BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB CO, PHARMACEUT RES INST, BUFFALO, NY 14213 USA.
C3 Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; College de France; Bristol-Myers Squibb
NR 28
TC 182
Z9 200
U1 1
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 819
EP 822
DI 10.1038/382819a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700050
PM 8752277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Danielian, PS
   McMahon, AP
AF Danielian, PS
   McMahon, AP
TI Engrailed-1 as a target of the Wnt-1 signalling pathway in vertebrate midbrain development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID int-1 protooncogene; mouse development; expression; mice; deletion; phenotype; outgrowth; embryos; domains; family
AB A SECRETED Signalling molecule encoded by the Wnt-1 gene is required for development of the central nervous system. In mouse embryos homozygous for a Wnt-1-null allele, the midbrain and anterior hindbrain fail to develop(1,2). This corresponds to the region where two transcription factors encoded by the mouse engrailed genes (En-1 and En-2) are normally expressed(3,4). Studies of the Drosophila orthologue of Wnt-1, wingless, indicate that Wingless signal is required to maintain engrailed expression in neighbouring cells of the developing epidermis(5-7). Here we report that expression of En-1 in the developing midbrain of Wnt-1 null embryos is sufficient to rescue early midbrain and anterior hindbrain development. This suggests that a key role of Wnt-1 signalling is to maintain En expression and that this aspect of the Wnt-1/engrailed interaction has been conserved from flies to mice.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, BIOL LABS, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Harvard University
NR 23
TC 245
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 332
EP 334
DI 10.1038/383332a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900043
PM 8848044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garcia, KC
   Scott, CA
   Brunmark, A
   Carbone, FR
   Peterson, PA
   Wilson, IA
   Teyton, L
AF Garcia, KC
   Scott, CA
   Brunmark, A
   Carbone, FR
   Peterson, PA
   Wilson, IA
   Teyton, L
TI CD8 enhances formation of stable T-cell receptor MHC class I molecule complexes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID toxic lymphocytes-t; antigen receptor; peptide; affinity; binding; kinetics; antibody; protein; recognition; association
AB T-CELL antigen receptors (TCR) generally interact with moderate affinity with the complex formed by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and foreign peptides(1-7), MHC/TCR recognition is followed by the generation of a signal to the T cell through a monomorphic multicomponent system that includes the CD3 complex and accessory molecules such as CD4 and CD8, The interaction between the extracellular domains of MHC and TCR molecules(1-7), and the interaction of MHC and CD4/CD8 molecules(8-10), have been considered to occur independently of one another. We report here that the affinity of CD8 dimers for MHC class I molecules is independent of haplotype and peptide content, and that the affinity of the TCR for its specific ligand is enhanced through a reduced 'off' rate in the presence of either CD8 alpha alpha homo- or CD8 alpha beta heterodimers. Moreover, CD8 seems to help recognition of the specific MHC-peptide complex either by guiding an energetically favourable docking of TCR onto MHC, or by inducing conformational changes in the MHC complex that can augment the TCR/MHC-peptide interaction. CD8 should therefore be considered as an active participant in the T-cell recognition complex, rather than simply as an accessory molecule.
C1 RW JOHNSON PHARMACEUT RES INST, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   SCRIPPS RES INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   SKAGGS INST CHEM BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   MONASH UNIV, ALFRED HOSP, MELBOURNE, VIC 3181, AUSTRALIA.
C3 Johnson & Johnson; Johnson & Johnson USA; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Monash University; Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health; Howard Florey Institute Affiliates
NR 26
TC 285
Z9 315
U1 1
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 577
EP 581
DI 10.1038/384577a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900063
PM 8955273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahlberg, PE
   Clack, JA
   Luksevics, E
AF Ahlberg, PE
   Clack, JA
   Luksevics, E
TI Rapid braincase evolution between Panderichthys and the earliest tetrapods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fossils; origin
AB THE panderichthyids (or elpistostegids) are the most tetrapod-like fishes that still retain paired fins rather than limbs, During the transition from fish to tetrapod, the braincase, previously subdivided by a joint, was remodelled into a solid structure(4). Here we present the complete braincase of the fish Panderichthys rhombolepis, a Middle Devonian(1) member of the tetrapod stemgroup(2,3). Panderichthys has an externally tetrapod-like skull(2), but we show that the braincase retained the intracranial joint, conforming wholly to the generalized pattern of lobe-finned fish, and sharing no obvious derived features with tetrapods, This places the braincase transformation between Panderichthys and the earliest tetrapods exemplified by Acanthostega(4). The timing of the braincase transformation closely matches that of the limbs. There are also striking similarities with the braincase transformation in the lungfish lineage. Both phenomena may reflect developmental linkages and canalization.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,ZOOL MUSEUM,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
   LATVIAN MUSEUM NAT HIST,RIGA,LATVIA.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Ahlberg, PE (corresponding author), NAT HIST MUSEUM,DEPT PALAEONTOL,CROMWELL RD,LONDON SW7 5BD,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 2
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/381061a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hecht, A
   StrahlBolsinger, S
   Grunstein, M
AF Hecht, A
   StrahlBolsinger, S
   Grunstein, M
TI Spreading of transcriptional repressor SIR3 from telomeric heterochromatin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID silent mating loci; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; histone h3; yeast; complex; rap1; proteins; domains; terminus
AB TELOMERIC genes and the HM loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are transcriptionally repressed and adopt a heterochromatin-like structure(1,2). The trans-acting factors RAP1, SIR3 and SIR4 are required for telomeric and HM silencing(3-5): and are thought to be chromosomal(6-8), but how they contribute to histone-dependent repression of adjacent chromatin(9-11) is unclear. SIR3 suppresses silencing defects in histones(10), is limiting for silencing adjacent to telomeres(12), and interacts with the H3 and H4 amino termini in vitro(13), Here we show that SIR3 co-immunoprecipitates SIR4, RAP1 and histones from cellular extracts, suggesting the presence of large chromatin-associated protein complexes. Crosslinking experiments show that SIR3 is present at HMRa, HML alpha and telomeres in vivo, and that it spreads from telomeric regions into adjacent chromatin when overexpressed. Thus SIR3 is a structural component of yeast heterochromatin, repressing adjacent genes as it spreads along the chromosome.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST MOL BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 26
TC 447
Z9 532
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 92
EP 96
DI 10.1038/383092a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500055
PM 8779721
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bushaw, KL
   Zepp, RG
   Tarr, MA
   SchulzJander, D
   Bourbonniere, RA
   Hodson, RE
   Miller, WL
   Bronk, DA
   Moran, MA
AF Bushaw, KL
   Zepp, RG
   Tarr, MA
   SchulzJander, D
   Bourbonniere, RA
   Hodson, RE
   Miller, WL
   Bronk, DA
   Moran, MA
TI Photochemical release of biologically available nitrogen from aquatic dissolved organic matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID natural-waters; carbon; phytoplankton; cycles
AB DISSOLVED organic material in marine and freshwater ecosystems constitutes one of the Earth's largest actively cycled reservoirs for organic matter(1). The bacterially mediated turnover of chemically identifiable, low-molecular-mass components of this pool has been studied in detail for nearly three decades, but these compounds constitute less than 20% of the total reservoir(2). In contrast, little is known about the fate of the larger, biologically more refractory molecules-including humic substances-which make up the bulk of dissolved organic matter. Here we report results from bacterial bioassays and photochemical studies indicating that exposure to sunlight causes dissolved organic matter to release nitrogen-rich compounds that are biologically available, thus enhancing the bacterial degradation of humic substances. We demonstrate that ammonium is among the nitrogenous compounds released and is produced most efficiently by ultraviolet wavelengths. Photochemical release of ammonium from dissolved organic matter has important implications for nitrogen availability in many aquatic ecosystems, including nitrogen-limited high-latitude environments and coastal oceans, where inputs of terrestrial humic substances are high.
C1 UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602.
   US EPA,NATL EXPOSURE RES LAB,ECOSYST RES DIV,ATHENS,GA 30605.
   US EPA,NATL RES COUNCIL,ATHENS,GA 30605.
   TECH UNIV MUNICH,LEHRSTUHL CHEM TECH ANAL & CHEM LEBENSMITTELTECHN,D-85350 FREISING,GERMANY.
   ENVIRONM CANADA,NATL WATER RES INST,BURLINGTON,ON L7R 4A6,CANADA.
   UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602.
   DALHOUSIE UNIV,DEPT OCEANOG,HALIFAX,NS B3H 4J1,CANADA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; United States Environmental Protection Agency; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering & Medicine; United States Environmental Protection Agency; Technical University of Munich; Environment & Climate Change Canada; National Water Research Institute; University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; Dalhousie University
NR 36
TC 333
Z9 411
U1 3
U2 188
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 404
EP 407
DI 10.1038/381404a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liston, P
   Roy, N
   Tamai, K
   Lefebvre, C
   Baird, S
   ChertonHorvat, G
   Farahani, R
   McLean, M
   Ikeda, JE
   MacKenzie, A
   Korneluk, RG
AF Liston, P
   Roy, N
   Tamai, K
   Lefebvre, C
   Baird, S
   ChertonHorvat, G
   Farahani, R
   McLean, M
   Ikeda, JE
   MacKenzie, A
   Korneluk, RG
TI Suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells by NAIP and a related family of IAP genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB DYSREGULATION Of apoptosis can result in inappropriate suppression of cell death, as occurs in the development of some cancers(1), or in failure to control the extent of cell death, as is believed to occur in acquired immunodeficiency and certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Recently, we isolated a candidate gene, encoding neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein (NAIP)(2), for SMA. This gene is homologous to two baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis proteins(3,4) (Cp-IAP and Op-IAP) and is partly deleted in individuals with type I SMA, A second SMA candidate gene encoding survival motor neuron (SMN), which is contiguous with the NAIP locus on 5q13.1, was also reported(5), Here we demonstrate a NAIP-mediated inhibition of apoptosis induced by a variety of signals, and have identified three additional human complementary DNAs and a Drosophila melanogaster sequence that are also homologous to the baculovirus IAPs, The four open reading frames (ORFs) possess three baculoviral inhibition of apoptosis protein repeat (BIR) domains and a carboxy-terminal RING zinc-finger. The human iap genes have a distinct but overlapping pattern of expression in fetal and adult tissues. These proteins significantly increase the number of known apoptotic suppressors.
C1 CHILDRENS HOSP EASTERN ONTARIO,MOLEC GENET RES LAB,OTTAWA,ON K1H 8L1,CANADA.
   UNIV OTTAWA,APOPTOGEN INC,OTTAWA,ON K1H 8L1,CANADA.
   UNIV OTTAWA,DEPT BIOCHEM,OTTAWA,ON K1H 8M5,CANADA.
   UNIV OTTAWA,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,OTTAWA,ON K1H 8M5,CANADA.
   MED & BIOL LABS CO,NAKA KU,NAGOYA,AICHI 460,JAPAN.
   TOKAI UNIV,INST MED SCI,KANAGAWA 25911,JAPAN.
C3 University of Ottawa; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa; Tokai University
NR 15
TC 872
Z9 1000
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 349
EP 353
DI 10.1038/379349a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300060
PM 8552191
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Agulnick, AD
   Taira, M
   Breen, JJ
   Tanaka, T
   Dawid, IB
   Westphal, H
AF Agulnick, AD
   Taira, M
   Breen, JJ
   Tanaka, T
   Dawid, IB
   Westphal, H
TI Interactions of the LIM-domain-binding factor Ldb1 with LIM homeodomain proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; organizer; muscle; xenopus; xlim-1; zyxin
AB THE LIM homeodomain (LIM-HD) proteins, which contain two tandem LIM domains followed by a homeodomain, are critical transcriptional regulators of embryonic development(1-5). The LIM domain is a conserved cysteine-rich zinc-binding motif found in LIM-HD and LMO (rhombotin or Ttg) proteins, cytoskeletal components, LIM kinases and other proteins(1). LIM domains are protein-protein interaction motifs(1), can binding of LIM-HD proteins to DNA(6,7) and can negatively regulate LIM-HD protein function(8). How LIM domains exert these regulatory effects is not known. We have now isolated a new LIM-domain-binding factor, LdB1, on the basis of tis ability to interact with the LIM-HD protein Lhx1 (Lim1)(9). High-affinity binding by Ldb1 requires paired LIM domains and is restricted to the related subgroup of LIM domains found in LIM-HD and LMO proteins. The highly conserved Xenopus Lbd protein XLbd1, interacts with Xlim-1, the Xenopus orthologue of Lhx1. When injected into Xenopus embryos, XLbd1 (or Lbd1) can synergize with Xlim-1 in the formation of partial secondary axes and in activation of the genes encoding goosecoid (gsc), chordin, NCAM and XCG7, demonstrating a functional as well as a physical interaction between the two proteins.
C1 NICHHD,GENET MOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
RP Agulnick, AD (corresponding author), NICHHD,LAB MAMMALIAN GENES & DEV,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 23
TC 296
Z9 340
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 270
EP 272
DI 10.1038/384270a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100053
PM 8918878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, YK
   Schnegelsberg, PNJ
   Dausman, J
   Jaenisch, R
AF Wang, YK
   Schnegelsberg, PNJ
   Dausman, J
   Jaenisch, R
TI Functional redundancy of the muscle-specific transcription factors Myf5 and myogenin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID regulatory gene; expression; myod; inactivation; lethality
AB The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Myf5, MyoD, myogenin and MRF4, play key roles in skeletal muscle development(1,2). All of them induce myogenic differentiation in cultured non-muscle cells, suggesting that they might be functionally redundant. But the genes are expressed at different times during embryogenesis(3-6) and mice carrying a mutation in any of the genes have different phenotypes(7-13). A rib cage defect was observed in Myf5-deficient mice, which die perinatally(7). We investigated whether the rib cage defect was due to the failure of the early activation of the gene or to the unique interactions of Myf5 with specific downstream targets. For this we inserted a myogenin complementary DNA into the Myf5 locus by homologous recombination ,which simultaneously disrupted Myf5 function. We report here that mice homozygous for this myogenin gene knock-in (ki) developed a normal rib cage and were viable, therefore demonstrating functional redundancy of Myf5 and myogenin for rib formation.
C1 MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
RP Wang, YK (corresponding author), MIT, WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, 9 CAMBRIDGE CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
NR 21
TC 129
Z9 159
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 823
EP 825
DI 10.1038/379823a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100058
PM 8587605
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mayhew, M
   daSilva, ACR
   Martin, J
   ErdjumentBromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Hartl, FU
AF Mayhew, M
   daSilva, ACR
   Martin, J
   ErdjumentBromage, H
   Tempst, P
   Hartl, FU
TI Protein folding in the central cavity of the GroEL-GroES chaperonin complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; dihydrofolate-reductase; atp hydrolysis; binding; substrate; cycle
AB The chaperonin GroEL is able to mediate protein folding in its central cavity. GroEL-bound dihydrofolate reductase assumes its native conformation when the GroES cofactor caps one end of the GroEL cylinder, thereby discharging the unfolded polypeptide into an enclosed cage. Folded dihydrofolate reductase emerges upon ATF-dependent GroES release. Other proteins, such as rhodanese, may leave GroEL after having attained a conformation that is committed to fold. Incompletely folded polypeptide rebinds to GroEL, resulting in structural rearrangement for another folding trial in the chaperonin cavity.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 47
TC 330
Z9 365
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 420
EP 426
DI 10.1038/379420a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400050
PM 8559246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meisel, T
   Walker, RJ
   Morgan, JW
AF Meisel, T
   Walker, RJ
   Morgan, JW
TI The osmium isotopic composition of the Earth's primitive upper mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID siderophile elements; peridotite xenoliths; trace-element; early history; systematics; os; sr; nd; differentiation; geochemistry
AB THE elevated abundances of highly siderophile elements in the Earth's mantle, relative to what would be predicted from metal-silicate equilibrium, have often been cited as evidence for the accretion to the Earth of a 'late veneer' of chondritic material following core formation(1). As rhenium and its decay-product osmium are both highly siderophile, the evolution of the Re-Os isotope system in a terrestrial reservoir provides a robust, time-averaged constraint on the siderophile abundances of the reservoir; thus, the broadly chondritic evolution of Os isotopes in the oceanic upper mantle provides strong support for the late accretion model(2,3). But the Re-Os composition of the late veneer is still poorly defined, because the mantle has differentiated into Os-187-enriched enriched and -depleted reservoirs(4-7). Here we report a value for the Os isotopic composition of the modern 'primitive upper mantle' (PUM), a hypothetical undifferentiated upper-mantle reservoir. From suites of variably melt-depleted mantle xenoliths from three continents, we derive a minimum Os-187/Os-188 ratio for PUM of 0.1290+/-0.0009, by using a correlation between Os-187/Os-188 and geochemical indices of 'fertility' to extrapolate to the Os isotope ratio of undepleted mantle. Comparing this value to the Os-187/Os-188 ratios measured in different classes of chondritic meteorite, we infer that the late veneer had siderophile element abundances similar to those of enstatite or ordinary chondrites (Os-187/Os-188 = 0.128+/-0.0010), rather than carbonaceous chondrites (0.1258 +/- 0.0005).
C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT EARTH RESOURCES, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA.
C3 Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins
RP Meisel, T (corresponding author), UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT GEOL, ISOTOPE GEOCHEM LAB, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA.
NR 37
TC 349
Z9 395
U1 6
U2 64
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 517
EP 520
DI 10.1038/383517a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hartwig, WC
   Cartelle, C
AF Hartwig, WC
   Cartelle, C
TI A complete skeleton of the giant South American primate Protopithecus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A COMPLETE Skeleton of a large-bodied New World monkey has been found in Pleistocene cave deposits in the Brazilian state of Bahia. It demonstrates an unprecedented combination of body size, locomotor and cranial morphology. Skeletal features indicate an animal of approximately 25 kg, more than twice the mass of any living South American monkey. We refer the specimen to Protopithecus brasiliensis Lund, 1838, a large Pleistocene primate originally represented by only a proximal femur and distal humerus(1-4). The skeleton resembles species of two distinct New World monkey lineages. The cranium is modified for an enlarged vocal sac typical of living howler monkeys(5-7), and the postcranium includes suspensory and brachiating components of locomotion as seen in living spider and woolly spider monkeys(8). This skeleton confirms that adaptive diversity in neotropical primates was greater in the recent past, and that current interpretations of how their distinctive adaptations evolved should be revised.
C1 UNIV FED MINAS GERAIS,INST GEOCIENCIAS,BELO HORIZONT,MG,BRAZIL.
   GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT ANTHROPOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20052.
C3 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; George Washington University
NR 15
TC 70
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 307
EP 311
DI 10.1038/381307a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300052
PM 8692267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lyne, AG
   Pritchard, RS
   GrahamSmith, F
   Camilo, F
AF Lyne, AG
   Pritchard, RS
   GrahamSmith, F
   Camilo, F
TI Very low braking index for the Vela pulsar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID timing observations; relaxation
AB THE rotation rate of a pulsar is thought to decrease with time according to a simple power law, with a 'braking index' equal to 3 if rotational energy is lost through radiation from a dipolar magnetic field(1-3). The age of the pulsar can accordingly be determined simply by measuring the current rotation rate, and its current rate of change. Here we report an analysis of the rotation rate of the Vela pulsar as observed over 25 years. We find that the braking index is 1.4+/-0.2, suggesting that the braking cannot be attributed entirely to radiation from a constant magnetic dipole but is probably due to a changing, magnetic moment or effective moment of inertia. Taken at face value, the result implies that the Vela pulsar may be much older than previously thought, and that inferred velocities of the supernova ejecta(4) and an X-ray jet from the pulsar(5) are correspondingly reduced. If other young pulsars associated with supernova remnants have similarly low braking indices, then they too may be much older than believed, thereby reducing their estimated velocities.
RP Lyne, AG (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER,NUFFIELD RADIO ASTRON LABS,JODRELL BANK,MACCLESFIELD SK11 9DL,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 254
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 497
EP 498
DI 10.1038/381497a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dale, N
   Gilday, D
AF Dale, N
   Gilday, D
TI Regulation of rhythmic movements by purinergic neurotransmitters in frog embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID swimming motor pattern; xenopus-embryos; spinal-cord; responses; stimulation; generation; invitro
AB MANY rhythmic motor behaviours, including swimming(1), walking(2) scratching(3), swallowing(4), micturition(5) and sexual climax(6), are episodic: even in the absence of sensory inputs they exhibit a gradual run-down in frequency before spontaneously terminating. We have investigated whether the purinergic transmitters, ATP and adenosine, control run-down of swimming in the Xenopus embryo(7). By using specific agonists and antagonists for the purinergic receptors, we have shown that ATP (or a related substance) is released during swimming and activates P2y receptors to reduce voltage-gated K+ currents and cause an increase in the excitability of the spinal motor circuits. Adenosine is also produced during motor activity, possibly through the actions of ectonucleotidases. The activation by adenosine of P1 receptors reduces the voltage-gated Ca2+ currents, lowers excitability of the motor circuits, and so opposes the actions of ATP. A gradually changing balance between ATP and adenosine therefore seems to underlie the run-down of the motor pattern for swimming in Xenopus. We believe this to be the first time that ATP and adenosine have been found to be involved in motor pattern these two may offer a general feedback mechanism that underlies run down of all episodic motor patterns in vertebrates.
C1 UNIV BRISTOL, SCH BIOL SCI, BRISTOL BS8 1UG, AVON, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Bristol
RP Dale, N (corresponding author), UNIV ST ANDREWS, SCH BIOL & MED SCI, BUTE MED BLDG, ST ANDREWS KY16 9RU, FIFE, SCOTLAND.
NR 17
TC 110
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 259
EP 263
DI 10.1038/383259a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500054
PM 8805702
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Behrenfeld, MJ
   Bale, AJ
   Kolber, ZS
   Aiken, J
   Falkowski, PG
AF Behrenfeld, MJ
   Bale, AJ
   Kolber, ZS
   Aiken, J
   Falkowski, PG
TI Confirmation of iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-ocean; fluorescence; productivity; hypothesis
AB THE eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is one of only three open-ocean regions where low phytoplankton chlorophyll biomass persists despite perennially high nitrate and phosphate nutrient concentrations'. In 1993, an area within this region was artificially enriched with a single dose of soluble iron to test whether phytoplankton are physiologically prevented from utilizing the available nutrients by the low natural iron concentrations(2,3). Although photosynthesis was stimulated(4), the observed lack of a bloom or a significant decrease in nutrient concentrations could not he attributed unequivocally to zooplankton grazing(5-7), further iron limitation or secondary nutrient limitation(2,4). In 1995, a second iron-enrichment experiment (IronEx II) was conducted in which the same total dosage of iron was added, but over eight days(8). A massive phytoplankton bloom developed, significantly reducing surface-water nutrient and CO2 concentrations(8-10). Here we report in situ measurements of fluorescence during IronEx II, which shelf that the iron enrichment triggered biophysical alterations of the the phytoplankton's photosynthetic apparatus, resulting in increased photosynthetic capacities throughout the experiment and, hence, the observed bloom. These results unequivocally establish physiological limitation of phytoplankton by iron as the cause of the high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll phenomenon in this ocean region.
C1 NERC, PLYMOUTH MARINE LAB, PLYMOUTH PL1 3DH, DEVON, ENGLAND.
C3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
RP Behrenfeld, MJ (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DIV OCEANOG & ATMOSPHER SCI, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 31
TC 372
Z9 412
U1 3
U2 117
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 508
EP 511
DI 10.1038/383508a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MacLeod, KG
   Huber, BT
AF MacLeod, KG
   Huber, BT
TI Reorganization of deep ocean circulation accompanying a Late Cretaceous extinction event
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID harbored chemosynthetic symbionts; inoceramid bivalves; sea; climates; atlantic; pacific; water
AB DEEP ocean circulation may be a significant factor in determining global climate(1-5). Increases in the flux of warm, saline waters from low to high latitudes would enhance the poleward transport of heat and, thus, help maintain the warm conditions at high latitudes typical of globally warm 'greenhouse' periods, But controversy exists(1,2) as to whether the ocean's thermohaline circulation can transport enough heat to bring about the temperature distributions of these times, such as the mid-Cretaceous and early Eocene, Here we present stable-isotope records of ocean temperature and salinity that indicate that bottom waters in Late Cretaceous oceans of the Southern Hemisphere became cooler and less saline at the same time (about 70 Myr ago) as widespread biotic changes(3,6-8). These findings support the idea that changes in deep ocean circulation can act as a climate switch.
RP MacLeod, KG (corresponding author), SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT PALEOBIOL,MRC NHB 121,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA.
NR 30
TC 78
Z9 81
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 422
EP 425
DI 10.1038/380422a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prakash, N
   CohenCory, S
   Frostig, RD
AF Prakash, N
   CohenCory, S
   Frostig, RD
TI Rapid and opposite effects of BDNF and NGF on the functional organization of the adult cortex in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intrinsic signals; messenger-rna; visual-cortex; architecture
AB THE adult cortex is thought to undergo plastic changes that are closely dependent on neuronal activity (reviewed in ref. 1), although it is not yet known what molecules are involved. Neurotrophins and their receptors have been implicated in several aspects of developmental plasticity(2-4), and their expression in the adult cortex suggests additional roles in adult plasticity(5-9). To examine these potential roles in viva, we used intrinsic-signal optical imaging to quantify the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the functional representation of a stimulated whisker in the 'barrel' subdivision of the rat somatosensory cortex. Topical application of BDNF resulted in a rapid and long-lasting decrease in the size of a whisker representation, and a decrease in the amplitude of the activity-dependent intrinsic signal, In contrast, NGF application resulted in a rapid but transient increase in the size of a representation, and an increase in the amplitude of the activity-dependent intrinsic signal. These results demonstrate that neurotrophins can rapidly modulate stimulus-dependent activity in adult cortex, and suggest a role for neurotrophins in regulating adult cortical plasticity.
C1 UNIV CALIF IRVINE, DEPT PSYCHOBIOL, IRVINE, CA 92717 USA.
   UNIV CALIF IRVINE, CTR LEARNING & MEMORY, IRVINE, CA 92717 USA.
   CALTECH, DIV BIOL, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of California System; University of California Irvine; California Institute of Technology
NR 30
TC 97
Z9 104
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 702
EP 706
DI 10.1038/381702a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900054
PM 8649516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jarvis, SP
   Yamada, H
   Yamamoto, SL
   Tokumoto, H
   Pethica, JB
AF Jarvis, SP
   Yamada, H
   Yamamoto, SL
   Tokumoto, H
   Pethica, JB
TI Direct mechanical measurement of interatomic potentials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force microscopy; scanning tunneling microscope; surface; adhesion; solids; contact
AB THE bonding potential between atoms determines all the key properties of matter. It is usually deduced from a nide variety of experimental parameters such as elastic moduli, binding energy and vibrational nonlinearities. These provide an indirect route to quantities such as virial coefficients which characterize the variation of potential energy,vith interatomic spacing(1). Here we report use of a modified atomic force microscope(2) to measure mechanically the interatomic forces between a tip and the sample surface as a function of separation. We use a magnetically controlled feedback mechanism to resist the 'jump to contact' that commonly occurs in mechanical force measurements at small separations, enabling us to map out reversible curves to separations closer than the point of inflection in the potential-energy curve. This method provides a direct means for continuous measurement of forces between atoms as they approach towards contact.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT MAT,OXFORD OX1 3PH,ENGLAND.
   JRCAT,NAIR,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   ELECTROTECH LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
C3 University of Oxford; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST); National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST)
RP Jarvis, SP (corresponding author), JRCAT,ATP,1-1-4 HIGASHI,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
NR 23
TC 111
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 247
EP 249
DI 10.1038/384247a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lovley, DR
   Coates, JD
   BluntHarris, EL
   Phillips, EJP
   Woodward, JC
AF Lovley, DR
   Coates, JD
   BluntHarris, EL
   Phillips, EJP
   Woodward, JC
TI Humic substances as electron acceptors for microbial respiration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic-matter; reduction; acid; iron; manganese; sediments; metals
AB HUMIC substances are heterogeneous high molecular-weight organic materials which are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic environments. They are resistant to microbial degradation(1) and thus are not generally considered to be dynamically involved in microbial metabolism, especially in anoxic habitats. However, we show here that some microorganisms found in soils and sediments are able to use humic substances as an electron acceptor for the anaerobic oxidation of organic compounds and hydrogen. This electron transport yields energy to support growth. Microbial humic reduction also enhances the capacity for microorganisms to reduce other, less accessible electron accepters, such as insoluble Fe(III) oxides, because humic substances can shuttle electrons between the humic-reducing microorganisms and the Fe(III) oxide. The finding that microorganisms can donate electrons to humic acids has important implications for the mechanisms by which microorganisms oxidize both natural and contaminant organics in anaerobic soils and sediments, and suggests a biological source of electrons for humics-mediated reduction of contaminant metals and organics.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY, DIV WATER RESOURCES, RESTON, VA 22092 USA.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Lovley, DR (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, DEPT MICROBIOL, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA.
NR 22
TC 1466
Z9 1804
U1 20
U2 1169
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 445
EP 448
DI 10.1038/382445a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU BrashersKrug, T
   Shadmehr, R
   Bizzi, E
AF BrashersKrug, T
   Shadmehr, R
   Bizzi, E
TI Consolidation in human motor memory
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; amnesia; monkeys; lesions
AB LEARNING a motor skill sets in motion neural processes that continue to evolve after practice has ended, a phenomenon known as consolidation(1-4). Here we present psychophysical evidence for this, and show that consolidation of a motor skill was disrupted when a second motor task was learned immediately after the first. There was no disruption if four hours elapsed between learning the two motor skills, with consolidation occuring gradually over this period. Previous studies in humans and other primates have found this time-dependent disruption of consolidation only in explicit memory tasks(5-12), which rely on brain structures in the medial temporal lobe(9,13,14). Our results indicate that motor memories, which do not depend on the medial temporal lobe(8,15), can be transformed by a similar process of consolidation. By extending the phenomenon of consolidation to motor memory, our results indicate that distinct neural systems share similar characteristics when encoding and storing new information.
C1 MIT,DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Johns Hopkins University
NR 30
TC 763
Z9 923
U1 3
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 252
EP 255
DI 10.1038/382252a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000049
PM 8717039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bottke, WF
   Melosh, HJ
AF Bottke, WF
   Melosh, HJ
TI Formation of asteroid satellites and doublet craters by planetary tidal forces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB APPROXIMATELY ten per cent of the impact structures on the Earth and Venus are doublets(1,2)-pairs of craters formed by the near-simultaneous impact of asteroids of comparable size, It has been suggested that these doublet craters form from asteroid fragments dispersed by aerodynamic forces during atmospheric entry(1,3), or from asteroids that were tidally disrupted by gravitational forces shortly before impact(4-6), But to form a doublet, the progenitors of the craters must have been well separated before final impact(1), which poses problems for both mechanisms, Here we argue that a hitherto undetected population of well separated binary asteroids can explain the occurrence of doublet craters, By modelling asteroids as weak, gravitationally bound aggregates ('rubble piles'), we show that the tidal forces experienced during close encounters with the Earth can generate binarg asteroids, in a process similar to that which fragmented the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (ref, 7) as it passed by Jupiter, Although the resulting binary asteroids may eventually separate or coalesce before colliding with a planet, repeated close encounters with the Earth maintain a steady-state population that is sufficiently large to explain the observed number of doubler craters.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA, LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
C3 University of Arizona
RP Bottke, WF (corresponding author), CALTECH, DIV GEOL & PLANETARY SCI, MS 17025, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 17
TC 68
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 7
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 51
EP 53
DI 10.1038/381051a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lohse, PA
   Szostak, JW
AF Lohse, PA
   Szostak, JW
TI Ribozyme-catalysed amino-acid transfer reactions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna
AB THE 'RNA world' hypothesis proposes an early stage in the evolution of life in which both genomic and catalytic functions were fulfilled by RNA(1). The evolution of RNA-catalysed protein synthesis would have been a necessary step in the transition from such an RNA world to modern protein-dominated biology, For this to have been possible, RNA must be capable of catalysing amide-bond formation using acylated carrier RNA substrates as amino-acid donors. We have used in vitro selection and evolution to isolate ribozymes with acyl transferase activity from a pool of random RNA sequences. One of these acyl transferases with a 5'-amino group transfers an amino acid to itself in a reaction that we propose to be analogous to peptidyl transfer on the ribosome.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT GENET, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02114 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 10
TC 186
Z9 262
U1 0
U2 26
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 442
EP 444
DI 10.1038/381442a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900056
PM 8632803
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, DR
   Schmidt, B
   Kretzschmar, HA
AF Brown, DR
   Schmidt, B
   Kretzschmar, HA
TI Role of microglia and host prion protein in neurotoxicity of a prion protein fragment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID scrapie prion; nitric-oxide; brain; prp; superoxide; resistant
AB THE prion protein PrPc is a glycoprotein of unknown function(1) normally found in neurons(2) and glia(3). It is involved in diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(4). PrPSc, an altered isoform of PrPc that is associated with disease, shows greater protease resistance and is part of the infectious agent, the prion(5,6). Prion diseases are characterized by neuronal degeneration, gliosis and accumulation of PrPSc (ref. 7). Mice devoid of PrPc are resistant to scrapie(8). A fragment of human PrP consisting of amino acids 106-126 that forms fibrils in vitro is toxic to cultured neurons(9-11). Here we show that this toxic effect requires the presence of microglia which respond to PrP106-126 by increasing their oxygen radical production, The combined direct and microglia-mediated effects of PrP106-126 are toxic to normal neurons but are insufficient to destroy neurons from mice not expressing PrPc.
C1 UNIV GOTTINGEN,INST NEUROPATHOL,D-37075 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV GOTTINGEN,ZENTRUM BIOCHEM & MOL ZELLBIOL,D-37075 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Gottingen; University of Gottingen
NR 22
TC 489
Z9 518
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 345
EP 347
DI 10.1038/380345a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900060
PM 8598929
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Treue, S
   Maunsell, JHR
AF Treue, S
   Maunsell, JHR
TI Attentional modulation of visual motion processing in cortical areas MT and MST
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID posterior parietal cortex; superior temporal sulcus; functional-property; focal attention; macaque monkey; neurons; v1; connections; responses; field
AB THE visual system is constantly inundated with information received by the eyes, only a fraction of which seems to reach visual awareness. This selection process is one of the functions ascribed to visual attention(1-6). Although many studies have investigated the role of attention in shaping neuronal representations in the visual cortex, few have focused on attentional modulation of neuronal signals related to visual motion. Here we report that the responses of direction-selective neurons in monkey visual cortex are greatly influenced by attention, and that this modulation occurs as early in the cortical hierarchy as the level of the middle temporal visual area (MT). Our finding demonstrates a stronger and earlier influence of attention on motion processing along the dorsal visual pathway than previously recognized.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV NEUROSCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine
RP Treue, S (corresponding author), UNIV TUBINGEN,DEPT NEUROL,COGNIT NEUROSCI LAB,MORGENSTELLE 15,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY005911] Funding Source: Medline
NR 26
TC 808
Z9 928
U1 1
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 539
EP 541
DI 10.1038/382539a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800050
PM 8700227
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weidenschilling, SJ
   Marzari, F
AF Weidenschilling, SJ
   Marzari, F
TI Gravitational scattering as a possible origin for giant planets at small stellar distances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jupiter; companion; systems; disk
AB THE recent discoveries(1-4) of massive planetary companions orbiting several solar-type stars pose a conundrum, Conventional models(5,6) for the formation of giant planets (such as Jupiter and Saturn) place such objects at distances of several astronomical units from the parent star, whereas all but one of the new objects are on orbits well inside 1 AU; these planets must therefore have originated at larger distances and subsequently migrated inwards. One suggested migration mechanism invokes tidal interactions between the planet and the evolving circumstellar disk(7). Such a mechanism results in planets with small, essentially circular orbits, which appears to be the case for many of the new planets. But two of the objects have substantial orbital eccentricities, which are difficult to reconcile with a tidal-linkage model, Here we describe an alternative model for planetary migration that can account for these large orbital eccentricities, If a system of three or more giant planets form about a star, their orbits may become unstable as they gain mass by accreting gas from the circumstellar disk; subsequent gravitational encounters among these planets can eject one from the system while placing the others into highly eccentric orbits both closer and farther from the star.
C1 UNIV PADUA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-35131 PADUA,ITALY.
C3 University of Padua
RP Weidenschilling, SJ (corresponding author), PLANETARY SCI INST,SJI,620 N 6TH AVE,TUCSON,AZ 85705, USA.
NR 20
TC 432
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 619
EP 621
DI 10.1038/384619a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600026
PM 8967949
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wu, LJ
   Gerard, NP
   Wyatt, R
   Choe, H
   Parolin, C
   Ruffing, N
   Borsetti, A
   Cardoso, AA
   Desjardin, E
   Newman, W
   Gerard, C
   Sodroski, J
AF Wu, LJ
   Gerard, NP
   Wyatt, R
   Choe, H
   Parolin, C
   Ruffing, N
   Borsetti, A
   Cardoso, AA
   Desjardin, E
   Newman, W
   Gerard, C
   Sodroski, J
TI CD4-induced interaction of primary HIV-1 gp120 glycoproteins with the chemokine receptor CCR-5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; human monoclonal-antibody; envelope glycoproteins; t-cell; binding; cd4; infection; identification; epitopes; fusion
AB FOR efficient entry into target cells, primary macrophage-tropic and laboratory-adapted human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV-1) require particular chemokine receptors, CCR-5 and CXCR-4, respectively, as well as the primary receptor CD4 (refs 1-6). Here we show that a complex of gp120, the exterior envelope glycoprotein, of macrophage-tropic primary HIV-1 and soluble CD4 interacts specifically with CCR-5 and inhibits the binding of the natural CCR-5 ligands, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha and MLP-1 beta (refs 7, 8). The apparent affinity of the interaction between gp120 and CCR-5 was dramatically lower in the absence of soluble CD4. Additionally, in the absence of gp120, an interaction between a two-domain CD4 fragment and CCR-5 was observed. A gp120 fragment retaining the CD4-binding site and overlapping epitopes was able to interact with CCR-5 only if the V3 loop, which can specify HIV-1 tropism and chemokine receptor choice(2,9-11), was also present on the molecule. Neutralizing antibodies directed against either CD4-induced or V3 epitopes on gp120 blocked the interaction of gp120-CD4 complexes with CCR-5. These results suggest that HIV-1 attachment to CD4 creates a high-affinity binding site for CCR-5, leading to membrane fusion and virus entry.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DEPT PATHOL,DIV HUMAN RETROVIOROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   LEUKOSITE INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   CHILDRENS HOSP,INA SUE PERLMUTTER LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV PADUA,INST MICROBIOL,I-35121 PADUA,ITALY.
   DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV HEMATOL MALIGNANCIES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT CANC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; University of Padua; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
NR 29
TC 1084
Z9 1289
U1 1
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 179
EP 183
DI 10.1038/384179a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600069
PM 8906795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huiberts, JN
   Griessen, R
   Rector, JH
   Wijngaarden, RJ
   Dekker, JP
   deGroot, DG
   Koeman, NJ
AF Huiberts, JN
   Griessen, R
   Rector, JH
   Wijngaarden, RJ
   Dekker, JP
   deGroot, DG
   Koeman, NJ
TI Yttrium and lanthanum hydride films with switchable optical properties
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electronic-structure; transitions; hydrogen; metal
AB IN many substances, changes in chemical composition, pressure or temperature can induce metal-to-insulator transitions(1). Although dramatic changes in optical and electrical properties accompany such transitions, their interpretation is often complicated by attendant changes in crystallographic structure(2). Yttrium, lanthanum and the trivalent rare-earth elements form hydrides that also exhibit metal-insulator transitions(3-5), but the extreme reactivity and fragility of these materials hinder experimental studies(5,6). To overcome these difficulties, we have coated thin films of yttrium and lanthanum with a layer of palladium through which hydrogen can diffuse. Real-time transitions from metallic (YH2 or LaH2) to semiconducting (YH3 or LaH3) behaviour occur in these films during continuous absorption of hydrogen, accompanied by pronounced changes in their optical properties, Although the timescale on which this transition occurs is at present rather slow (a few seconds), there appears to be considerable scope for improvement through the choice of rare-earth element and by adopting electrochemical means for driving the transition, In view of the spectacular changes in optical properties-yttrium hydride, for example, changes from a shiny mirror to a yellow, transparent window-metal hydrides might find important technological applications.
RP Huiberts, JN (corresponding author), VRIJE UNIV AMSTERDAM, FAC PHYS & ASTRON, DE BOELELAAN 1081, 1081 HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
NR 28
TC 854
Z9 903
U1 2
U2 239
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 231
EP 234
DI 10.1038/380231a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagasawa, T
   Hirota, S
   Tachibana, K
   Takakura, N
   Nishikawa, S
   Kitamura, Y
   Yoshida, N
   Kikutani, H
   Kishimoto, T
AF Nagasawa, T
   Hirota, S
   Tachibana, K
   Takakura, N
   Nishikawa, S
   Kitamura, Y
   Yoshida, N
   Kikutani, H
   Kishimoto, T
TI Defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID murine embryo; rxr-alpha; c-kit; gene; morphogenesis; requirement; receptors; lineages; cloning; heart
AB THE chemokines are a large family of small, structurally related cytokines(1,2). The physiological importance of most members of this family has yet to be elucidated, although some are inducible inflammatory mediators that determine leukocyte chemotaxis(1-5). Pre-B-cell growth-stimulating factor/stromal cell-derived factor-1 (PBSF/SDF-1) is a member of the CXC group of chemokines(6,7). PBSF/SDF-1 stimulates proliferation of B-cell progenitors in vitro(6) and is constitutively expressed in bone-marrow-derived stromal cells(6,7). Here we investigate the physiological roles of PBSF/SDF-1 by generating mutant mice with a targeted disruption of the gene encoding PBSF/SDF-1, We found that mite lacking PBSF/SDF-1 died perinatally and that although the numbers of B-cell progenitors in mutant embryos were severely reduced in fetal liver and bone marrow, myeloid progenitors were reduced only in the hone marrow but not in the fetal liver, indicating that PBSF/SDF-1 is responsible for B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis. In addition, the mutants had a cardiac ventricular septal defect, Hence, we have shown that the chemokine PBSF/SDF-1 has several essential functions in development.
C1 OSAKA UNIV,INST MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT MOL GENET,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED 3,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Kyoto University; University of Osaka
RP Nagasawa, T (corresponding author), OSAKA MED CTR MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,RES INST,DEPT IMMUNOL,840 MURODO CHO,IZUMI,OSAKA 59002,JAPAN.
NR 25
TC 1980
Z9 2313
U1 1
U2 62
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/382635a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300055
PM 8757135
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sokolik, IN
   Toon, OB
AF Sokolik, IN
   Toon, OB
TI Direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic airborne mineral aerosols
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric dust aerosols; saharan dust; distributions; transport; budget
AB AIRBORNE mineral dust can have a significant effect on the Earth's radiation budget, as it can both scatter sunlight back to space (leading to negative radiative forcing), and absorb solar and infrared radiation (leading to positive forcing)(1,2). The effects of mineral aerosols on the radiation budget are important relative to those of other types of aerosols-such as sulphate and smoke particles-due to the widespread distribution and large optical depth of mineral dust, Various human activities, such as land use practices, can result in additional loading of dust, increasing the radiative forcing, Previous studies have attempted to estimate the radiative effects of both the natural and anthropogenic components of the dust(3,4). Here we use estimates of anthropogenic dust inputs and observations of dust optical properties to show that although the key quantities contributing to the evaluation of the direct solar radiative forcing by dust generated through human activities have a wide range of uncertainty, the forcing by anthropogenically generated mineral aerosols may be comparable to the forcing by other anthropogenic aerosols, On a regional scale the forcing due to mineral aerosols can greatly exceed that due to sulphate aerosols and can be comparable to that of clouds, Our analysis enables us to highlight the key quantities that need to be better characterized to reduce the (currently large) uncertainties in these estimates.
RP Sokolik, IN (corresponding author), NASA, AMES RES CTR, DIV EARTH SCI, MAIL STOP 245-4, MOFFETT FIELD, CA 94035 USA.
NR 34
TC 619
Z9 723
U1 2
U2 122
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 681
EP 683
DI 10.1038/381681a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaplan, MH
   Sun, YL
   Hoey, T
   Grusby, MJ
AF Kaplan, MH
   Sun, YL
   Hoey, T
   Grusby, MJ
TI Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stimulatory factor
AB INTERACTIONS between cytokine and receptor lead to the activation of multiple signalling molecules, including the family of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins(1,2). Stat4 is one member of this family(3,4), and is activated only in response to the cytokine interleukin(IL)-12, (refs 5, 6). By gene targeting, we have generated mice deficient in Stat4 to determine whether the function of this transcription factor is redundant with other signalling molecules activated by IL-12. IL-12-induced increases in the production of interferon(IFN)-gamma cellular proliferation and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity are abrogated in lymphocytes from Statil-deficient mice. The development of Th1 cells in response to either IL-12 or Listeria monocytogenes is also impaired in the absence of Stat4. Furthermore, Stat4-deficient lymphocytes demonstrate a propensity towards the development of Th2 cells. These results demonstrate that Stat4 is essential for mediating responses to IL-12 in lymphocytes, and regulating the differentiation of both Th1 and Th2 cells.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT CANC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   TULARIK INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Tularik, Inc.; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 22
TC 1055
Z9 1212
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/382174a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200052
PM 8700209
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chen, X
   Rubock, MJ
   Whitman, M
AF Chen, X
   Rubock, MJ
   Whitman, M
TI A transcriptional partner for MAD proteins in TGF-beta signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoderm induction; xenopus embryos; truncated activin; axial mesoderm; family; identification; receptors; member; responses; inducers
AB The transforming-growth-factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily is critical for establishing mesoderm during early embryogenesis in Xenopus. The transcriptional activation of Mix.2, an immediate-early response gene specific to activin-like members of the TGF-beta superfamily, is associated with the rapid appearance of a site-specific DNA-binding activity that recognizes a fifty-basepair regulatory element known as ARE in the Mix.2 promoter. Cloning of the site-specific DNA-binding component of this activity revealed it to be a new winged-helix transcription factor and a direct target for signalling by the TGF-beta superfamily. XMAD2, a recently identified TGF-beta signal transducer, forms a complex with the transcription factor in an activin-dependent fashion to generate an activated ARE-binding complex. A model is proposed to explain how TGF-beta superfamily signals might regulate the expression of specific genes in the early embryo.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 52
TC 625
Z9 708
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 691
EP 696
DI 10.1038/383691a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800045
PM 8878477
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Birch, DE
   Kolmodin, L
   Laird, WJ
   McKinney, N
   Wong, J
   Young, KKY
   Zangenberg, GA
   Zoccoli, MA
AF Birch, DE
   Kolmodin, L
   Laird, WJ
   McKinney, N
   Wong, J
   Young, KKY
   Zangenberg, GA
   Zoccoli, MA
TI Simplified hot start PCR
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID escherichia-coli; gene; dna
C1 ROCHE MOL SYST,DEPT INFECT DIS,ALAMEDA,CA 94501.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA
RP Birch, DE (corresponding author), ROCHE MOL SYST,DEPT PROD DEV,ALAMEDA,CA 94501, USA.
NR 10
TC 111
Z9 135
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 445
EP 446
DI 10.1038/381445a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900057
PM 8632804
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cropper, SJ
   Derrington, AM
AF Cropper, SJ
   Derrington, AM
TI Rapid colour-specific detection of motion in human vision
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus-monkey; visual-cortex; perception; gratings; movement; stimuli; macaque; input
AB THE human visual system is much better at analysing the motion of luminance (black and white) patterns than it is at analysing the motion of colour patterns(1-4), especially if the pattern is presented very briefly(5) or moves rapidly(6). We report here that observers reliably distinguish the direction of motion of a colour pattern presented for only 17 milliseconds, provided that the contrast is several times the threshold value (the contrast needed to detect the presence of the pattern). A control experiment, in which a static luminance 'mask' is added to the moving colour pattern, proves that discrimination of the direction of motion of these brief stimuli is colour-specific. The mask drastically impairs discrimination of the direction of motion of a luminance pattern, but it has little effect on a colour pattern. We conclude that the human visual system contains colour-specific motion-detection mechanisms that are capable of analysing very brief signals.
C1 UNIV NOTTINGHAM,DEPT PSYCHOL,NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Nottingham
RP Cropper, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF,SCH PSYCHOL,CARDIFF CF1 3YG,S GLAM,WALES.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 92
Z9 96
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/379072a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600057
PM 8538743
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Battle, M
   Bender, M
   Sowers, T
   Tans, PP
   Butler, JH
   Elkins, JW
   Ellis, JT
   Conway, T
   Zhang, N
   Lang, P
   Clarke, AD
AF Battle, M
   Bender, M
   Sowers, T
   Tans, PP
   Butler, JH
   Elkins, JW
   Ellis, JT
   Conway, T
   Zhang, N
   Lang, P
   Clarke, AD
TI Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antarctic ice core; nitrous-oxide; o-2; ratio; co2; n-2; n2o; methane; model
AB The extraction and analysis of air from the snowpack (firn) at the South Pole provides atmospheric concentration histories of biogenic greenhouse gases since the beginning of the present century which confirm and expand on those derived from studies of air trapped in ice cores. Furthermore, calculations based on the inferred atmospheric concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide indicate that-in contrast to the past few years-the terrestrial biosphere was neither a source nor sink of CO2 between similar to 1977 and 1985.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOSCI, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
   NOAA, CLIMATE MONITORING & DIAGNOST LAB, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM STUDIES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Battle, M (corresponding author), UNIV RHODE ISL, GRAD SCH OCEANOG, NARRAGANSETT, RI 02882 USA.
NR 51
TC 231
Z9 265
U1 1
U2 54
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 231
EP 235
DI 10.1038/383231a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jones, CH
   Unruh, JR
   Sonder, LJ
AF Jones, CH
   Unruh, JR
   Sonder, LJ
TI The role of gravitational potential energy in active deformation in the southwestern United States
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental lithosphere; extensional collapse; rocky mountains; range province; heat-flow; earthquakes; crustal; basin; temperature; dynamics
AB In orogenic belts, intrinsic (buoyancy) and extrinsic (boundary) forces act on the continental lithosphere; determining the relative importance of these forces is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of continental deformation. In the western United States, estimates of gravitational potential energy show that, given available constraints on rheology, buoyancy forces are sufficient to produce the wide variety of rates and styles of observed deformation, including absence of deformation. This underscores the importance of gravitational potential energy for deformation in orogenic belts.
C1 WILLIAM LETTIS & ASSOCIATES,WALNUT CREEK,CA 94596.
   DARTMOUTH COLL,DEPT EARTH SCI,FAIRCHILD SCI CTR 6105,HANOVER,NH 03755.
C3 Dartmouth College
RP Jones, CH (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,CAMPUS BOX 216,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 52
TC 186
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 37
EP 41
DI 10.1038/381037a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Banner, DW
   DArcy, A
   Chene, C
   Winkler, FK
   Guha, A
   Konigsberg, WH
   Nemerson, Y
   Kirchhofer, D
AF Banner, DW
   DArcy, A
   Chene, C
   Winkler, FK
   Guha, A
   Konigsberg, WH
   Nemerson, Y
   Kirchhofer, D
TI The crystal structure of the complex of blood coagulation factor VIIa with soluble tissue factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID egf-like domain; human factor-ix; active-site; factor-x; calcium-binding; ca2+ ion; resolution; surface; localization; fluorescence
AB Blood coagulation is initiated when tissue factor binds to coagulation factor VIIa to give an enzymatically active complex which then activates factors IX and X, leading too thrombin generation and clot formation. We have determined the crystal structure at 2.0-Angstrom resolution of active-site-inhibited factor VIIa complexed with the cleaved extracellular domain of tissue factor. In the complex, factor VIIa adopts an extended conformation. This structure provides a basis for understanding many molecular aspects of the initiation of coagulation.
C1 CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED, DEPT MED, NEW YORK, NY 10029 USA.
   CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, NEW YORK, NY 10029 USA.
   YALE UNIV, DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Yale University
RP Banner, DW (corresponding author), F HOFFMANN LA ROCHE & CO LTD, DIV PHARMA, GRENZACHERSTR 124, CH-4002 BASEL, SWITZERLAND.
NR 51
TC 691
Z9 763
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 41
EP 46
DI 10.1038/380041a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700048
PM 8598903
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meydan, N
   Grunberger, T
   Dadi, H
   Shahar, M
   Arpaia, E
   Lapidot, Z
   Leeder, JS
   Freedman, M
   Cohen, A
   Gazit, A
   Levitzki, A
   Roifman, CM
AF Meydan, N
   Grunberger, T
   Dadi, H
   Shahar, M
   Arpaia, E
   Lapidot, Z
   Leeder, JS
   Freedman, M
   Cohen, A
   Gazit, A
   Levitzki, A
   Roifman, CM
TI Inhibition of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia by a Jak-2 inhibitor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tyrosine kinases; deficient scid mice; src family; leukemia; lymphocytes; cells; phosphorylation; interleukin-7; expression; activation
AB ACUTE lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common cancer of childhood. Despite the progress achieved in its treatment, 20% of cases relapse and no longer respond to chemotherapy. The most common phenotype of ALL cells share surface antigens with very early precursors of B cells and are therefore believed to originate from this lineage(1,3). Characterization of the growth requirement of ALL cells indicated that they were dependent on various cytokines, suggesting paracrine and/or autocrine growth regulation(4-6). Because many cytokines induce tyrosine phosphorylation in lymphoid progenitor cells, and constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation is commonly observed in B-lineage leukaemias(7,8), attempts have been made to develop protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) blockers of leukaemia cell growth(9,10). Here we show that leukaemic cells from patients in relapse have constitutively activated Jak-2 PTK. Inhibition of Jak-2 activity by a specific tyrosine kinase blocker, AG-490, selectively blocks leukaemic cell growth in vitro and in vivo by inducing programmed cell death, with no deleterious effect on normal haematopoiesis.
C1 HOSP SICK CHILDREN, DIV ALLERGY IMMUNOL, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X8, CANADA.
   HOSP SICK CHILDREN, DIV HAEMATOL, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X8, CANADA.
   HOSP SICK CHILDREN, DIV PHARMACOL, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X8, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT PEDIAT, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X8, CANADA.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT IMMUNOL, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
   HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, INST LIFE SCI, DEPT BIOL CHEM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto; Weizmann Institute of Science; Hebrew University of Jerusalem
NR 30
TC 854
Z9 1007
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 645
EP 648
DI 10.1038/379645a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800054
PM 8628398
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sokol, PE
   Gibbs, MR
   Stirling, WG
   Azuah, RT
   Adams, MA
AF Sokol, PE
   Gibbs, MR
   Stirling, WG
   Azuah, RT
   Adams, MA
TI Microscopic origins of superfluidity in confined geometries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID critical-behavior; liquid-he-4; he-4; universality; excitations; transition; disorder; aerogel; glass; media
AB LIQUID helium provides a convenient model system in which to study the effects of disorder on strongly interacting media such as superfluids(1,2) and superconductors(3). Confinement of liquid helium in porous glasses profoundly affects its behaviour, even to the extent of changing the universality class of the normal-to-superfluid phase transition(1,4,5). Although the effects of disorder on macroscopic fluid properties (such as the superfluid fraction) have been studied extensively(6-11), the microscopic processes underlying these effects have received much less attention. For example, little is known theoretically(12) or experimentally(13,14) about the effects of disorder on the spectrum of elementary superfluid excitations, which reflects the dynamics of the system on a microscopic scale, Here we report inelastic neutron scattering measurements of the collective excitation spectrum for He-4 confined in porous aerogel glass. Near the superfluid transition temperature, the behaviour of the superfluid phase is governed by rotons (elementary excitations that are often compared to microscopic vortex rings), which we find to exhibit an increased effective mass and a decreased lifetime in the disordered system, relative to the unconfined superfluid. No theoretical predictions for these changes exist, and their origin is unclear; nevertheless, the disorder-induced changes in the microscopic collective excitation spectrum account fully for the observed changes in macroscopic fluid behaviour.
C1 UNIV KEELE, DEPT PHYS, KEELE ST5 5BG, STAFFS, ENGLAND.
   RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB, ISIS DIV, DIDCOT OX11 0QX, OXON, ENGLAND.
C3 Keele University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Sokol, PE (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT PHYS, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA.
NR 27
TC 36
Z9 37
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 616
EP 618
DI 10.1038/379616a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Furukawa, K
   Barger, SW
   Blalock, EM
   Mattson, MP
AF Furukawa, K
   Barger, SW
   Blalock, EM
   Mattson, MP
TI Activation of K+ channels and suppression of neuronal activity by secreted beta-amyloid-precursor protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potassium channel; alzheimers-disease; rat; modulation; gene
AB THE Alzheimer's beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) is widely expressed in neural cells, and in neurons secreted forms of beta-APP (sAPPs) are released from membrane-spanning holo-beta APP in an activity-dependent manner(1,2). Secreted APPs can modulate neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity and cell survival(3,9); a signal transduction mechanism of sAPPs may involve modulation of intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+](i))(4,10). Here we use whole-cell perforated patch and single-channel patch-clamp analysis of hippocampal neurons to demonstrate that sAPPs suppress action potentials and hyperpolarize neurons by activating high-conductance, charybdotoxin-sensitive K+ channels. Activation of K+ channels by sAPPs was mimicked by a cyclic GMP analogue and sodium nitroprusside and blocked by an antagonist of cGMP-dependent kinase and a phosphatase inhibitor, suggesting that the effect is mediated by cGMP and protein dephosphorylation. Calcium imaging studies indicate that activation of K+ channels mediates the ability of sAPPs to decrease [Ca-2](i). Modulation of neuronal excitability may be a major mechanism by which beta-APP regulates developmental and synaptic plasticity in the nervous system.
C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,SANDERS BROWN RES CTR AGING,LEXINGTON,KY 40536.
   UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT PHARMACOL,LEXINGTON,KY 40536.
   UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,LEXINGTON,KY 40536.
C3 University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky; University of Kentucky
NR 29
TC 297
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 74
EP 78
DI 10.1038/379074a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600058
PM 8538744
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Belcher, AM
   Wu, XH
   Christensen, RJ
   Hansma, PK
   Stucky, GD
   Morse, DE
AF Belcher, AM
   Wu, XH
   Christensen, RJ
   Hansma, PK
   Stucky, GD
   Morse, DE
TI Control of crystal phase switching and orientation by soluble mollusc-shell proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IN the initial stages of the biomineralization of abalone shells, a primer layer of oriented calcite crystals grows on a nucleating protein sheet(1,2), The deposition of this primer is followed by an abrupt transition to c-axis-oriented crystals of aragonite, another crystalline form of calcium carbonate, The formation of each of the two crystal types is accompanied by the synthesis of specific polyanionic proteins(1-3), suggesting that cooperative interactions between these proteins and the inorganic ions during crystal nucleation and growth control the phase of the deposited mineral and that differential expression of the proteins allo,rs the organism to induce phase changes, It is known that soluble shell proteins can control crystal morphology(4-10), but it has been suspected that the switch in phase-from calcite to aragonite-might require the deposition of a new nucleating protein sheet. Here we describe in vitro studies of the crystallization of calcium carbonate in the presence of soluble polyanionic proteins extracted from abalone shell, We find that these proteins alone are sufficient to control the crystal phase, allowing us to switch abruptly and sequentially between aragonite and calcite without the need for deposition of an intervening protein sheet. These results show that soluble organic components can exert greater control over hierarchical biomineral growth than hitherto suspected, offering the prospect of similar phase control in materials chemistry.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,MAT RES LAB,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,CTR MARINE BIOTECHNOL,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MAT,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT PHYS,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MOLEC CELLULAR & DEV BIOL,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
NR 19
TC 1082
Z9 1186
U1 7
U2 396
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 56
EP 58
DI 10.1038/381056a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zheng, B
   Han, SH
   Zhu, Q
   Goldsby, R
   Kelsoe, G
AF Zheng, B
   Han, SH
   Zhu, Q
   Goldsby, R
   Kelsoe, G
TI Alternative pathways for the selection of antigen-specific peripheral T cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID germinal-centers; in-vivo; b-cells; receptor; death; apoptosis; antibody; immunity; invivo; nur77
AB IN the thymus, maturing lymphocytes receive activation signals mediated by the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) that either promote clonal survival (positive selection) or induce apoptosis (negative selection), This balance between life and death is mirrored by the sensitivity of cortical thymocytes to apoptotic death induced by antibodies against the CD3 component of the TCR signal-transduction complex, bacterial superantigens that bind to the TCR beta-chain, and corticosteroids(1-3). In contrast, mature peripheral T cells are positively activated by anti-CD3 antibody or superantigens and are resistant to steroid-induced death(4,5). Here we show that in splenic germinal centres, T cells regain thymocyte-like sensitivity to TCR- and steroid-induced apoptosis and undergo antigen-driven positive and negative selection, T-cell responses elsewhere in the spleen are unaccompanied by programmed cell death, Our observations define a new differentiation pathway for peripheral T cells and suggest that germinal centres induce a lymphocyte phenotype necessary for the maintenance of self-tolerance.
C1 UNIV MARYLAND, SCH MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA.
   AMHERST COLL, DEPT BIOL, AMHERST, MA 01002 USA.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; Amherst College
NR 29
TC 77
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/384263a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100051
PM 8918876
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dade, WB
   Huppert, HE
AF Dade, WB
   Huppert, HE
TI Emplacement of the Taupo ignimbrite by a dilute turbulent flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID new-zealand; eruption; currents
AB AN ignimbrite is a pumice-rich deposit that records the passage of a ground-hugging ash flow (a 'pyroclastic flow') generated by the collapse of a volcanic eruption column(1). Geologists study such deposits to reconstruct the parent eruptions and to predict the consequences of future eruptions. The 1,800-yr-old Taupo ignimbrite of New Zealand has been interpreted to represent en masse emplacement by an avalanche-like flow with a volumetric solids concentration in excess of 30% (ref. 2). The evidence for this is equivocal, however, and here we propose the alternative view that the deposit was emplaced by a relatively dilute and turbulent density current(3). We present an isothermal, hydraulic model, the results of which, taken together with existing observations, suggest that the total flow rate of solids and gas was about 40 km(3) s(-1) for around 15 minutes. This intense flux resulted in a flow which had a near-vent solids concentration of 0.3% by volume, was about 1 km thick, and travelled outward from the vent with a typical speed of 200 m s(-1). In view of the good agreement between predicted and observed radial trends in the Taupo deposit, we suggest that the origin of other ignimbrites with similar characteristics should be reconsidered.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT APPL MATH & THEORET PHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Dade, WB (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,INST THEORET GEOPHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 106
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/381509a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goodie, AS
   Fantino, E
AF Goodie, AS
   Fantino, E
TI Learning to commit or avoid the base-rate error
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID category
AB WHEN predicting an event, people neglect overall frequencies (base rates) of various possibilities(1). We have previously shown(2) that this base-rate occurs not only with word problems, but also in a procedure with repeated trials: a sample cue followed by two choice options, one of which the subject must choose, with feedback regarding the correctness of the choice. Perhaps this base-rate error depends on people's histories of matching physically similar items. In support of this suggestion, we begin by showing that the base-rate error is eliminated with physically unrelated items. We then show that when the relation between items is again arbitrary, but is a relation that subjects already know, the error reappears. Finally we show that teaching subjects new arbitrary relations reintroduces the error in later testing. These experiments demonstrate a fundamental base-rate error dependent on learned relationships: without interference from pre-existing associations between cues and options, predictions may be made more optimally.
RP Goodie, AS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT PSYCHOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 12
TC 75
Z9 79
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 247
EP 249
DI 10.1038/380247a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700051
PM 8637572
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matthes, HWD
   Maldonado, R
   Simonin, F
   Valverde, O
   Slowe, S
   Kitchen, I
   Befort, K
   Dierich, A
   LeMeur, M
   Dolle, P
   Tzavara, E
   Hanoune, J
   Roques, BP
   Kieffer, BL
AF Matthes, HWD
   Maldonado, R
   Simonin, F
   Valverde, O
   Slowe, S
   Kitchen, I
   Befort, K
   Dierich, A
   LeMeur, M
   Dolle, P
   Tzavara, E
   Hanoune, J
   Roques, BP
   Kieffer, BL
TI Loss of morphine-induced analgesia, reward effect and withdrawal symptoms in mice lacking the mu-opioid-receptor gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptides; pharmacology; mechanisms; activation; dependence; opiates; abuse; drugs; rats
AB DESPITE tremendous efforts in the search for safe, efficacious and non-addictive opioids for pain treatment, morphine remains the most valuable painkiller in contemporary medicine. Opioids exert their pharmacological actions through three opioid-receptor classes(1,2), mu, delta and kappa, whose genes have been cloned(3). Genetic approaches are now available to delineate the contribution of each receptor in opioid function in vivo. Here we disrupt the mu-opioid-receptor gene in mice by homologous recombination and find that there are no overt behavioural abnormalities or major compensatory changes within the opioid system in these animals. Investigation of the behavioural effects of morphine reveals that a lack of mu receptors abolishes the analgesic effect of morphine, as well as place-preference activity and physical dependence. We observed no behavioural responses related to delta- or kappa-receptor activation with morphine, although these receptors are present and bind opioid ligands. We conclude that the mu-opioid-receptor gene product is the molecular target of morphine in vivo and that it is a mandatory component of the opioid system for morphine action.
C1 UNIV STRASBOURG 1,ESBS,CNRS,UPR 9050,F-67400 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
   UNIV PARIS 05,CNRS,URA D1500,INSERM,U266,DEPT PHARMACOCHIM MOL & STRUCT,F-75270 PARIS,FRANCE.
   UNIV SURREY,SCH BIOL SCI,RECEPTORS & CELLULAR REGULAT RES GRP,GUILDFORD GU2 5XH,SURREY,ENGLAND.
   INST GENET & BIOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,F-67404 ILLKIRCH GRAFFENS,FRANCE.
   HOP HENRI MONDOR,INSERM,U99,UNITE RECH,F-94010 CRETEIL,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universites de Strasbourg Etablissements Associes; Universite de Strasbourg; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of Surrey; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite Paris-Est-Creteil-Val-de-Marne (UPEC); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Henri-Mondor - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm)
NR 29
TC 1442
Z9 1671
U1 2
U2 187
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 819
EP 823
DI 10.1038/383819a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400062
PM 8893006
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, JZ
   Tissenbaum, HA
   Ruvkun, G
AF Morris, JZ
   Tissenbaum, HA
   Ruvkun, G
TI A phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase family member regulating longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID controlling dauer formation; protein-kinase; interacting genes; 3-kinase; wortmannin; cells; inhibition; receptor; subunit; daf-2
AB A PHEROMONE-INDUCED neurosecretory pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans triggers developmental arrest and an increase in longevity at the dauer diapause stage. The gene age-1 is required for non-dauer development and normal senescence. age-1 encodes a homologue of mammalian phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) catalytic subunits. Lack of both maternal and zygotic age-1 activity causes dauer formation, whereas animals with maternal but not zygotic age-1 activity develop as non-dauers that live more than twice as long as normal. These data suggest that phosphatidylinositol signalling mediated by AGE-1 protein controls lifespan and the dauer diapause decision.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT MOL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 30
TC 696
Z9 849
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 536
EP 539
DI 10.1038/382536a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800049
PM 8700226
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metzstein, MM
   Hengartner, MO
   Tsung, N
   Ellis, RE
   Horvitz, HR
AF Metzstein, MM
   Hengartner, MO
   Tsung, N
   Ellis, RE
   Horvitz, HR
TI Transcriptional regulator of programmed cell death encoded by Caenorhabditis elegans gene ces-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute lymphoblastic-leukemia; dna-binding specificity; c-elegans; crystal-structure; basic region; protein; hlf; fusion; e2a; drosophila
AB THE ces (for cell-death specification) genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans the cell-death fate of individual cell types and are candidates for being the regulators of an evolutionarily conserved general pathway of programmed cell death(1-4). Here we present what we believe is the first molecular characterization of a ces gene. We cloned the gene ces-2, which is required to activate programmed cell death in the sister cells of the serotoninergic neurosecretory motor (NSM) neurons, and found that ces-2 encodes a basic region leucine-zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. The CES-2 protein is most similar to members of the PAR (proline- and acid-rich) subfamily of bZIP proteins and has DNA-binding specificity like that of PAR-family proteins. An oncogenic form of the mammalian PAR-family protein, hepatic leukaemia factor (HLF), is reported to effect programmed cell death in mammalian cells(5). On the basis of these observations, we suggest that some CES-2/PAR family transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved regulators of programmed cell death.
C1 MIT,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 26
TC 143
Z9 163
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 545
EP 547
DI 10.1038/382545a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800052
PM 8700229
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI Redesigning drug discovery
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 4
Z9 4
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 1
EP 5
DI 
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR392
UT WOS:A1996VR39200002
PM 8895591
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Suhonen, JO
   Peterson, DA
   Ray, J
   Gage, FH
AF Suhonen, JO
   Peterson, DA
   Ray, J
   Gage, FH
TI Differentiation of adult hippocampus-derived progenitors into olfactory neurons in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID subventricular zone; n-cam; nervous-system; dentate gyrus; cells; rat; brain; precursors; forebrain; astrocytes
AB NEUROGENESIS continues throughout adulthood in discrete regions. Proliferative zones include the subependymal zone(1-4), from where progenitors migrate along the rostral migratory pathway to differentiate into neurons in the olfactory bulb(4), and the hippocampal subgranular zone, where they migrate and differentiate into granule neurons(5-7). Progenitors isolated from adult subependymal zone exhibit in vitro neurogenesis when stimulated with epidermals(8,9) or fibroblast growth factor(10). Cultured adult rat hippocampal progenitors (AHPs) grafted to adult rat hippocampus show site specific neuronal differentiation(11). Were we investigate determinants of multipotentiality in the adult central nervous system, by grafting AHPs into homotypic (hippocampus) or heterotypic (the rostral migratory pathway) neurogenic sites or a heterotypic, non-neurogenic site (the cerebellum). We found that grafts into neurogenic, but not non-neurogenic sites, showed neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, AHPs grafted in the rostral migratory pathway migrated into the olfactory bulb, differentiating into tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive neurons, a non-hippocampus phenotype. These results reveal that AHP populations can respond to persistent neuronal differentiation cues in the adult central nervous system.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, GENET LAB, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Salk Institute
NR 30
TC 495
Z9 584
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 624
EP 627
DI 10.1038/383624a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500054
PM 8857538
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Herlitze, S
   Garcia, DE
   Mackie, K
   Hille, B
   Scheuer, T
   Catterall, WA
AF Herlitze, S
   Garcia, DE
   Mackie, K
   Hille, B
   Scheuer, T
   Catterall, WA
TI Modulation of Ca2+ channels by G-protein beta gamma subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium channels; synaptic transmission; sympathetic neurons; receptors; inhibition
AB CALCIUM ions entering cells through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels initiate rapid release of neurotransmitters and secretion of hormones. Ca2+ currents can be inhibited in many cell types by neurotransmitters acting through G proteins via a membrane-delimited pathway independently of soluble intracellular messengers(1-4). Inhibition is typically caused by a positive shift in the voltage dependence and a slowing of channel activation and is relieved by strong depolarization resulting in facilitation of Ca2+ currents(1,4-6). This pathway regulates the activity of N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels(1,2,7), which are localized in presynaptic terminals(8,9) and participate in neurotransmitter release(10-13). Synaptic transmission is inhibited by neurotransmitters through this mechanism(1,4). G-protein alpha subunits confer specificity in receptor coupling(1-4,14-17), but it is not known whether the G alpha or G beta gamma subunits are responsible for modulation of Ca2+ channels. Here we report that G beta gamma subunits can modulate Ca2+ channels. Transfection of G beta gamma into cells expressing P/Q-type Ca2+ channels induces modulation like that caused by activation of G protein-coupled receptors, but G alpha subunits do not. Similarly, injection or expression of G beta gamma subunits in sympathetic ganglion neurons induces facilitation and occludes modulation of N-type channels by noradrenaline, but G alpha subunits do not. In both cases, the G gamma subunit is ineffective by itself, but overexpression of exogenous G beta subunits is sufficient to cause channel modulation.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   NATL AUTONOMOUS UNIV MEXICO,FAC MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
RP Herlitze, S (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PHARMACOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 30
TC 698
Z9 799
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 258
EP 262
DI 10.1038/380258a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700055
PM 8637576
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Durand, GM
   Kovalchuk, Y
   Konnerth, A
AF Durand, GM
   Kovalchuk, Y
   Konnerth, A
TI Long-term potentiation and functional synapse induction in developing hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID excitatory synapses; dentate gyrus; rat; slices; receptors; region
AB LONG-TERM potentiation (LTP) is a cellular mechanism that potentially underlies learning and memory(1). To test the hypothesis that LTP is involved in activity-dependent synapse formation, we combined whole-cell recordings and confocal microscopy to investigate hippocampal glutamatergic synapses at their earliest stages of development. Here we report that, during the first postnatal week, the hippocampal glutamatergic network becomes gradually functional owing to the transformation of precursor, pure NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-receptor-based synaptic contacts into conducting AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxyd-methylisoxazole-4-proprionate)/NMDA-receptor-type synapses. This functional synapse induction is caused by an associative form of LTP, so it is input-specific and easily triggered experimentally by pairing presynaptic stimulation with postsynaptic depolarization. Our results challenge previous views that LTP occurs in the hippocampus only at later stages of development(2-6) and that its induction requires dendritic spines(7). They also provide direct evidence that LTP is important for the activity-dependent formation of conducting glutamatergic synapses in the developing mammalian brain.
C1 UNIV SAARLAND, INST PHYSIOL, D-66421 HOMBURG, GERMANY.
C3 Saarland University
NR 25
TC 666
Z9 748
U1 1
U2 27
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 71
EP 75
DI 10.1038/381071a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300058
PM 8609991
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ceuleneer, G
   Monnereau, M
   Amri, I
AF Ceuleneer, G
   Monnereau, M
   Amri, I
TI Thermal structure of a fossil mantle diapir inferred from the distribution of mafic cumulates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; melt segregation; spreading centers; extraction; magma; flow; petrogenesis; peridotites; model
AB MAFIC lithologies constitute a minor but ubiquitous component of the mantle section of ophiolites; they are currently viewed as cumulates left by basaltic melts travelling from the melting region to the surface. These features may be used to constrain the mechanisms of melt migration in the mantle, provided their geophysical context of emplacement can be established in some detail. Here we report on the nature and distribution of mafic cumulates in the harzburgites of the Oman ophiolite, within and around a mantle diapir frozen beneath a spreading axis(1-6). We show that their composition, texture and field characteristics are systematically related and display a concentric zoning centred on the diapir. We propose that this zoning reflects the thermal structure of the diapir and of the associated melt plumbing system. Assuming a parental liquid with the composition of mid-ocean-ridge basalt(7-9), the cumulate compositions show that the melt temperature exceeded 1,230 degrees C in the innermost part of the diapir and decreased progressively down to <1,100 degrees C in the surrounding lithospheric mantle. The transition between channelled porous flow and dyking is observed in an outer shell of the diapir, where the melt crystallized along the plagioclase-olivine cotectic (temperature ranging from 1,180 to 1,210 degrees C).
RP Ceuleneer, G (corresponding author), OBSERV MIDI PYRENEES, UPR 234, CNRS, 14 AVE EDOUARD BELIN, F-31400 TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
NR 34
TC 59
Z9 59
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 149
EP 153
DI 10.1038/379149a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghashghaie, S
   Breymann, W
   Peinke, J
   Talkner, P
   Dodge, Y
AF Ghashghaie, S
   Breymann, W
   Peinke, J
   Talkner, P
   Dodge, Y
TI Turbulent cascades in foreign exchange markets
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID empirical-evidence; variance; rates; intraday
AB The availability of high-frequency data for financial markets has made it possible to study market dynamics on timescales of less than a day(1). For foreign exchange (FX) rates Muller et al.(2) have shown that there is a net flow of information from long to short timescales: the behaviour of long-term traders (who watch the markets only from time to time) influences the behaviour of short-term traders (who watch the markets continuously). Motivated by this hierarchical feature, we have studied FX market dynamics in more detail, and report here an analogy between these dynamics and hydrodynamic turbulence(3-8). Specifically, the relationship between the probability density of FX price changes (Delta x) and the time delay (Delta t) (Fig. 1a) is much the same as the relationship between the probability density of the velocity differences (Delta x) of two points in a turbulent how and their spatial separation Delta r (Fig. 1b). Guided by this similarity we claim that there is an information cascade in FX market dynamics that corresponds to the energy cascade in hydrodynamic turbulence, On the basis of this analogy we can now rationalize the statistics of FX price differences at different time delays, which is important for, for example, option pricing. The analogy also provides a conceptual framework for understanding the short-term dynamics of speculative markets.
C1 UNIV BASEL, INST PHYS, CH-4056 BASEL, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV BAYREUTH, D-95440 BAYREUTH, GERMANY.
   PAUL SCHERRER INST, CH-5232 VILLIGEN, SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV NEUCHATEL, GRP STAT, CH-2000 NEUCHATEL, SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Basel; University of Bayreuth; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Paul Scherrer Institute; University of Neuchatel
NR 26
TC 489
Z9 532
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 767
EP 770
DI 10.1038/381767a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blendy, JA
   Kaestner, KH
   Weinbauer, GF
   Nieschlag, E
   Schutz, G
AF Blendy, JA
   Kaestner, KH
   Weinbauer, GF
   Nieschlag, E
   Schutz, G
TI Severe impairment of spermatogenesis in mice lacking the CREM gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID major chromosomal protein; cdna clone; mitochondrial capsule; mammalian spermatids; transition protein-1; nucleotide-sequence; mouse protamine-1; messenger-rnas; seleno-protein; expression
AB Spermatogenesis is a complex developmental process that occurs in several phases. A large number of genes have been identified that are expressed during spermatogenesis(1,2), but the biological significance of many of these is not yet known. We have used gene targeting to selectively eliminate the transcription factor CREM (cyclic AMP-responsive element modulator), which is thought to be important for mammalian spermatogenesis(3-5). Male mice deficient for all CREM proteins are sterile, as their developing spermatids fail to differentiate into sperm, and postmeiotic gene expression in the testis declines dramatically. The cessation of sperm development is not accompanied by decreases in the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone or testosterone. Our findings indicate that the CREM gene is essential for spermatogenesis, and mice deficient for this transcription factor could serve as a model system for the study of idiopathic infertility in men.
C1 GERMAN CANC RES CTR,MOL BIOL CELL DIV 1,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV MUNSTER,INST REPROD MED,D-48149 MUNSTER,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); University of Munster
NR 31
TC 446
Z9 491
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/380162a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800052
PM 8600391
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stone, RC
   Hammer, GL
   Marcussen, T
AF Stone, RC
   Hammer, GL
   Marcussen, T
TI Prediction of global rainfall probabilities using phases of the southern oscillation index
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID impact
AB THE El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a quasi-periodic interannual variation in global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns, known to be correlated with variations in the global pattern of rainfall(1-3), Good predictive models for ENSO, if they existed, would allow accurate prediction of global rainfall variations, thus leading to better management of world agricultural production(4,5), as well as improving profits and reducing risks for farmers(6,7). But our current ability to predict ENSO variation is limited, Here we describe a probabilistic rainfall 'forecasting' system that does not require ENSO predictive ability, but is instead based on the identification of lag-relationships between values of the Southern Oscillation Index, which provides a quantitative measure of the phase of the ENSO cycle, and future rainfall, The system provides rainfall probability distributions three to six months in advance for regions worldwide, and is simple enough to be incorporated into management systems now.
C1 CSIRO,TOOWOOMBA,QLD 4350,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
RP Stone, RC (corresponding author), QUEENSLAND DEPT PRIMARY IND,AGR PROD SYST RES UNIT,POB 102,TOOWOOMBA,QLD 4350,AUSTRALIA.
NR 19
TC 299
Z9 311
U1 1
U2 39
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 252
EP 255
DI 10.1038/384252a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, ND
   Keller, W
   Scully, NM
   Lean, DRS
   Dillon, PJ
AF Yan, ND
   Keller, W
   Scully, NM
   Lean, DRS
   Dillon, PJ
TI Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced acidification
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID water-quality; ontario; sudbury; canada; trends; area
AB CLIMATE change, acid deposition and increasing solar ultraviolet irradiance(1) have all combined to produce marked effects on lake waters and their ecosystems, Schindler et al.(2) have shown that both climate warming and lake acidification have led to decreases in dissolved organic carbon concentrations in North American boreal lakes, resulting in a markedly increased exposure of the upper water column to solar ultraviolet radiation, Here we report ten years of observations of rainfall and lake chemistry at Swan Lake, Canada, that suggest that a fall in dissolved organic carbon concentrations can also occur by a different combination of climate change and acidification. In this boreal fresh water, a drought decreased lakewater levels, thus exposing to the atmosphere littoral sediments containing reduced sulphur from the previous atmospheric deposition of industrial sulphur dioxide into the lake and its catchment. This exposure caused a reoxidation of sediment sulphur, resulting in a remobilization of acid into the lake water, and thus a decrease in dissolved organic carbon concentrations sufficient to increase by three-fold the depth to which ultraviolet radiation can penetrate.
C1 ONTARIO MINIST ENVIRONM & ENERGY,COOPERAT FRESHWATER ECOL UNIT,SUDBURY,ON P3E 5P9,CANADA.
   YORK UNIV,DEPT BIOL,DOWNSVIEW,ON M3J 1P3,CANADA.
   NATL WATER RES INST BRANCH,BURLINGTON,ON L7R 4A6,CANADA.
C3 York University - Canada; Environment & Climate Change Canada; National Water Research Institute
RP Yan, ND (corresponding author), ONTARIO MINIST ENVIRONM & ENERGY,SCI & TECHNOL BRANCH,DORSET RES CTR,BOX 39,DORSET,ON P0A 1E0,CANADA.
NR 28
TC 231
Z9 251
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 141
EP 143
DI 10.1038/381141a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eckart, A
   Genzel, R
AF Eckart, A
   Genzel, R
TI Observations of stellar proper motions near the Galactic Centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID velocity dispersion; mass-distribution; central parsec; star-formation; galaxy; gas; disk
AB EVIDENCE for a massive black hole at the centre of our Galaxy has been accumulating for the past two decades(1-7). Estimates of the mass of this region have hitherto been based on the spectroscopic determination of radial velocities for stars and gas near the Galactic Centre, combined with the assumption that the stars are moving on largely circular, isotropically distributed orbits, But if this assumption is incorrect, the observations can be explained with a much smaller central mass, perhaps obviating the need for a massive black hole. Here we report the proper motions (motions in the plane of the sky) of 39 stars located between 0.04 and 0.4 pc from the Galactic Centre. We find that the velocity dispersion estimated from the proper motions is in excellent agreement with that obtained from the radial velocities, indicating that the average velocity field is close to isotropic. Taken together, the observations provide strong evidence for a central dark mass of 2.45 +/- 0.4 x 10(6) solar masses (M(.)) located within 0.015 pc of the compact radio source Sgr A*. We place a lower limit of 6.5 x 10(9) M(.) pc(-3) on the density of the central region, suggesting that it is most probably occupied by a massive black hole.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS, D-85740 GARCHING, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 25
TC 361
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 415
EP 417
DI 10.1038/383415a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Triolo, T
   Sternglanz, R
AF Triolo, T
   Sternglanz, R
TI Role of interactions between the origin recognition complex and SIR1 in transcriptional silencing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-replication; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast; protein; states; loci
AB TRANSCRIPTIONAL silencing of the HM mating-type loci in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is caused by the localized formation of an altered chromatin structure, analogous to heterochromatin in higher eukaryotes. Silencing depends on cis-acting sequences, termed silencers, as well as several trans-acting factors, including histones H4 and H3, proteins RAP1 and ABF1, and the four SIR proteins (SIR1-4)(1). Each of the four HM silencers contains an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) to which the origin replication complex (ORC)(2) binds. This six-protein complex is required for initiation of DNA replication, as well as for silencing(3-7). Efficient establishment of the silenced state requires both passage through the S phase of the cell cycle(8) and SIR1 protein(9,10). Previous experiments suggested that SIR1 might be localized to the silencers by binding to ORC and/or RAP1 (ref. 11). Here we report that SIR1 can bind directly to ORC1, the largest of the ORC subunits, and that targeting of SIR1 to ORC1 at a silencer is sufficient to establish a silenced state.
C1 SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT BIOCHEM & CELL BIOL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
C3 State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University
NR 18
TC 245
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 251
EP 253
DI 10.1038/381251a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900059
PM 8622770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kawabata, S
   Tsutsumi, R
   Kohara, A
   Yamaguchi, T
   Nakanishi, S
   Okada, M
AF Kawabata, S
   Tsutsumi, R
   Kohara, A
   Yamaguchi, T
   Nakanishi, S
   Okada, M
TI Control of calcium oscillations by phosphorylation of metabotropic glutamate receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-kinase-c; inositol trisphosphate; substrate-specificity; signal transduction; phorbol esters; hamster eggs; cells; expression; activation; astrocytes
AB STIMULATION of two metabotropic glutamate-receptor subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5, triggers the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores through the inositol-(1,4,5)trisphosphate (InsP(3)) pathway(1-3). Here rye report that glutamate induces single-peaked intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in mGluR1 alpha-transfected cells but elicits Ca2+ oscillations in mGluR5a-transfected cells, The response patterns of the intracellular Ca2+ increase depend upon the identity of a single amino acid, aspartate (at position 854) or threonine (at position 840), located within the G-protein-interacting domains of mGluR1 alpha and mGluR5a, respectively, Pharmacological and peptide mapping analyses indicated that phosphorylation of the threonine residue at position 840 of mGluR5a by protein kinase C (PKC) is responsible for the generation of Ca2+ oscillations in mGluR5a-expressing cells, To our knowledge this is the first evidence that PKC phosphorylation of G-protein-coupled receptors is important in producing oscillations in intracellular Ca2+ signalling.
C1 YAMANOUCHI PHARMACEUT CO LTD,NEUROSCI & GASTROINTESTINAL RES LAB,INST DRUG DISCOVERY RES,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT BIOL SCI,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
C3 Astellas Pharmaceuticals; Kyoto University
NR 29
TC 244
Z9 274
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 89
EP 92
DI 10.1038/383089a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500054
PM 8779726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harvey, RP
   McSween, HY
AF Harvey, RP
   McSween, HY
TI A possible high-temperature origin for the carbonates in the Martian meteorite ALH84001
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID norway
AB THE meteorite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001, commonly accepted to be of martian origin, is unique among known martian meteorites in containing abundant, zoned, pre-terrestrial carbonate minerals(1-9). Previous studies of the oxygen isotope compositions of these minerals(5,6,8) have suggested that they precipitated from a low-temperature (0-80 degrees C) aqueous fluid in the martian crust-perhaps in a near-surface hydrothermal system, Here we report analyses of the major-element compositions of the carbonates, which provide an independent constraint on the composition and temperature of the fluid from which they formed. We argue that the most likely explanation for the observed compositions, and for the absence of co-existing hydrous minerals, is that the carbonates were formed by reactions between hot (>650 degrees C), CO2-rich fluids and the ultramafic host rock during an impact event, Impact processes on the martian surface can produce both the hot, CO2-rich fluid (by volatilization of surface carbonates or other CO2 sources) and-by brecciation-the conduits through which it flowed, Impact metasomatism is also consistent with the observed oxygen isotope disequilibrium, sequence of mineral formation, and carbonate mineral zoning, reflecting carbonate formation during rapid cooling from high temperatures rather than prolonged exposure to low-temperature fluids(6,8).
C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT GEOL SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville
RP Harvey, RP (corresponding author), CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,CLEVELAND,OH 44106, USA.
NR 22
TC 171
Z9 179
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/382049a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300048
PM 8657303
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Inaba, T
   Inukai, T
   Yoshihara, T
   Seyschab, H
   Ashmun, RA
   Canman, CE
   Laken, SJ
   Kastan, MB
   Look, AT
AF Inaba, T
   Inukai, T
   Yoshihara, T
   Seyschab, H
   Ashmun, RA
   Canman, CE
   Laken, SJ
   Kastan, MB
   Look, AT
TI Reversal of apoptosis by the leukaemia-associated E2A-HLF chimaeric transcription factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID acute lymphoblastic-leukemia; programmed cell-death; dna-binding; e2a gene; bcl-2; survival; elegans; protein; fusion; hlf
AB THE E2A-HLF (for hepatic leukaemia factor) fusion gene, formed by action of the t(17;19) (q22;p13) chromosomal translocation, drives the leukaemic transformation of early B-cell precursors(1-4), but the mechanism of this activity remains unknown. Here we report that human leukaemia cells carrying the translocation t(17;19) rapidly died by apoptosis when programmed to express a dominant-negative suppressor of the fusion protein E2A-HLF, indicating that the chimaeric oncoprotein probably affects cell survival rather than cell growth. Moreover, when introduced into murine pro-B lymphocytes, the oncogenic E2A-HLF fusion protein reversed both interleukin-3-dependent and p53-mediated apoptosis. The close homology of the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding and dimerization domain of HLF to that of the CES-2 cell death specification protein of Caenorhabditis elegans(5) suggests a model of leukaemogenesis in which E2A-HLF blocks an early step within an evolutionarily conserved cell-death pathway(6-9).
C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT EXPTL ONCOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   UNIV TENNESSEE, COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, MEMPHIS, TN 38163 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS ONCOL CTR, BALTIMORE, MD 21287 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine
NR 26
TC 116
Z9 121
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 541
EP 544
DI 10.1038/382541a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800051
PM 8700228
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grouard, G
   Durand, I
   Filgueira, L
   Banchereau, J
   Liu, YJ
AF Grouard, G
   Durand, I
   Filgueira, L
   Banchereau, J
   Liu, YJ
TI Dendritic cells capable of stimulating T cells in germinal centres
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID aids-related lymphadenopathy; virus-like particles; reticulum cells; lymphoid-tissue; human blood; b-cells; centers; antigen; infection; lymphocytes
AB THE B cells within the germinal centres of lymphoid organs undergo affinity maturation of their antigen receptors, a critical event for antibody memory(1-3). Follicular dendritic cells within the germinal centres retain immune complexes(4-6) that select the developing B cells for which they have a higher affinity(7). We have now identified a subset of CD4(+)CD11c(+)CD3(-) dendritic cells in the germinal centres. These are strong antigen-presenting cells for T cells, but do not co-stimulate CD40-activated B cells, These dendritic cells probably stimulate germinal centre T cells and aid the complicated processes that are required for the generation of memory B cells.
C1 SCHERING PLOUGH CORP,LAB IMMUNOL RES,F-69571 DARDILLY,FRANCE.
   UNIV ZURICH IRCHEL,DIV CELL BIOL,INST ANAT,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Merck & Company; Schering Plough Corporation; University of Zurich
NR 32
TC 239
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 364
EP 367
DI 10.1038/384364a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100051
PM 8934523
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tinsley, JM
   Potter, AC
   Phelps, SR
   Fisher, R
   Trickett, JI
   Davies, KE
AF Tinsley, JM
   Potter, AC
   Phelps, SR
   Fisher, R
   Trickett, JI
   Davies, KE
TI Amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype of mdx mice using a truncated utrophin transgene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID duchenne muscular-dystrophy; oral sodium phenylbutyrate; muscle-specific expression; skeletal actin gene; extracellular-matrix; full-length; therapy; protein; complex; mouse
AB DUCHENNE muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive muscle-wasting disease that causes cardiac or respiratory failure(1,2) and results in death at about 20 years of age, Replacement of the missing protein, dystrophin, using myoblast transfer in humans or viral/liposomal delivery in the mouse DMD model is inefficient and short-lived(3,4). One alternative approach to treatment would be to upregulate the closely related protein, utrophin(5,6), which might be able to compensate for the dystrophin deficiency in all relevant muscles(7,8). As a first step to this approach, we have expressed a utrophin transgene at high levels in the dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse. Our results indicate that high expression of the utrophin transgene in skeletal and diaphragm muscle can markedly reduce the dystrophic pathology. These data suggest that systemic upregulation of utrophin in DMD patients may lead to the development of an effective treatment for this devastating disorder.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT BIOCHEM,GENET LAB,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
NR 27
TC 408
Z9 489
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 349
EP 353
DI 10.1038/384349a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100046
PM 8934518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sumarsono, SH
   Wilson, TJ
   Tymms, MJ
   Venter, DJ
   Corrick, CM
   Kola, R
   Lahoud, MH
   Papas, TS
   Seth, A
   Kola, I
AF Sumarsono, SH
   Wilson, TJ
   Tymms, MJ
   Venter, DJ
   Corrick, CM
   Kola, R
   Lahoud, MH
   Papas, TS
   Seth, A
   Kola, I
TI Down's syndrome-like skeletal abnormalities in Ets2 transgenic mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding; mouse
AB EXPRESSION of Ets2, a proto-oncogene(1) and transcription factor(2-5), occurs in a variety of cell types(6), During murine development it is highly expressed in newly forming cartilage, including In the skull precursor cells and vertebral primordia(7), Ets(2) is located on human chromosome 21 (ref. 8) and is overexpressed in Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)(9), Here we generate transgenic mice to Investigate the consequences of overexpression of Ets2, We find that mice with less than 2-fold Ets2 overexpression in particular organs develop neurocranial, viscerocranial and cervical skeletal abnormalities, These abnormalities have similarities with the skeletal anomalies found in trisomy-16 mice and humans with Down's syndrome, in which the gene dosage of Ets2 is increased(10,12), Our results indicate that Ets2 has a role in skeletal development and implicate the overexpression of Ets2 in the genesis of some skeletal abnormalities that occur in Down's syndrome.
C1 MONASH UNIV, MONASH MED CTR, INST REPROD & DEV, MOLEC GENET & DEV GRP, CLAYTON, VIC 3168, AUSTRALIA.
   PETER MACCALLUM CANC INST, MELBOURNE, VIC 3002, AUSTRALIA.
   MED UNIV S CAROLINA, HOLLINGS CANC CTR, CTR MOLEC & STRUCT BIOL, CHARLESTON, SC 29425 USA.
   UNIV TORONTO, FAC MED, DEPT PATHOL, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, FAC DENT, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA.
   WOMENS COLL HOSP, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA.
C3 Monash Health; Monash Medical Centre; Monash University; Peter Maccallum Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; Womens College Hospital
NR 23
TC 173
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 534
EP 537
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300048
PM 8596630
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Naya, JE
   Barthelmy, SD
   Bartlett, LM
   Gehrels, N
   Leventhal, M
   Parsons, A
   Teegarden, BJ
   Tueller, J
AF Naya, JE
   Barthelmy, SD
   Bartlett, LM
   Gehrels, N
   Leventhal, M
   Parsons, A
   Teegarden, BJ
   Tueller, J
TI Detection of high-velocity Al-26 towards the Galactic Centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray line; center region; emission; radiation; plane; map
AB THEORY predicts(1) that radioactive Al-26 (which has a half-life of 0.72 Myr) is released into the interstellar medium by nova and supernova explosions, from the winds of massive stars in the Wolf-Rayet phase, and from less-massive giant stars in very late stages of the asymptotic giant branch phase. Observations of 1,809-keV gamma-ray emission line from Al-26 can therefore be used as a tracer of Galactic nucleosynthesis during the past million years(2,3). The irregularity of the emission in the plane of the Galaxy(4-7) suggests that the dominant sources are likely to be massive stars and supernovae; the other predicted sources are older, and therefore expected to be distributed more uniformly. Here we report the detection of the 1,809-keV emission line from the direction of the Galactic Centre, and we show that the line width is approximately three times that expected(8,9) from the effect of Doppler broadening due to Galactic rotation. The high velocities inferred from the line width favour an origin of the Al-26 in supernovae or Wolf-Rayet stars. Moreover, the fact that the Al-26 has maintained such high velocities is difficult to reconcile with our current understanding of the propagation of material in the interstellar medium.
C1 UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC, SEABROOK, MD 20706 USA.
   UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ASTRON, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA.
C3 Universities Space Research Association (USRA); University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park
RP Naya, JE (corresponding author), NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA.
NR 26
TC 73
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 44
EP 46
DI 10.1038/384044a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guo, S
   Kemphues, KJ
AF Guo, S
   Kemphues, KJ
TI A non-muscle myosin required for embryonic polarity in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-chain function; c-elegans; cytoplasmic localization; protein; genes; drosophila; sequence; encodes; identification; microfilaments
AB DAUGHTER cells with distinct fates can arise through intrinsically asymmetrical divisions'. Before such divisions, factors crucial for determining cell fates become asymmetrically localized in the mother cell(2,3). In Caenorhabditis elegans, PAR proteins are required for the early asymmetrical divisions that establish embryonic polarity(4,8), and are asymmetrically localized in early blastomeres(9,10), although the mechanism of their distribution is not known. Here we report the identification in C. elegans of a nonmuscle myosin II heavy chain (designated NMY-2) by means of its interaction with the PAR-1 protein, a putative Ser/Thr protein kinase. Furthermore, injections of nmy-2 antisense RNA into ovaries of adult worms cause embryonic partitioning defects and lead to mislocalization of PAR proteins. We therefore conclude that NMY-2 is required for establishing cellular polarity in C. elegans embryos.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,GENET & DEV SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 Cornell University
NR 26
TC 232
Z9 276
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 455
EP 458
DI 10.1038/382455a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100058
PM 8684486
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gershon, D
AF Gershon, D
TI Counselling comes of age
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 741
EP 742
DI 10.1038/383741a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800061
PM 8878489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, DH
   Granja, JR
   Martinez, JA
   Severin, K
   Ghadiri, MR
AF Lee, DH
   Granja, JR
   Martinez, JA
   Severin, K
   Ghadiri, MR
TI A self-replicating peptide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coiled-coils; hexadeoxynucleotide; proteins; system; architecture; stability; mechanism; linkage; model
AB THE production of amino acids and their condensation to polypeptides under plausibly prebiotic conditions have long been known(1,2). But despite the central importance of molecular self-replication in the origin of life, the feasibility of peptide self-replication has not been established experimentally(3-6). Here we report an example of a self-replicating peptide. We show that a 32-residue alpha-helical peptide based on the leucine-zipper domain of the yeast transcription factor GCN4 can act autocatalytically in templating its own synthesis by accelerating the thioester-promoted amide-bond condensation of 15- and 17-residue fragments in neutral, dilute aqueous solutions. The self-replication process displays parabolic growth pattern with the initial rates of product formation correlating with the square-root of initial template concentration.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, SKAGGS INST CHEM BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 25
TC 548
Z9 596
U1 2
U2 148
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 525
EP 528
DI 10.1038/382525a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800045
PM 8700225
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alatalo, RV
   Mappes, J
AF Alatalo, RV
   Mappes, J
TI Tracking the evolution of warning signals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coral-snake pattern; aposematic coloration; distasteful prey; individual selection; kin selection; butterfly; recognition; predation; survival; chicks
AB EVOLUTIONARY studies are hampered by a lack of experimental ways in which to test past events such as the origination of aposematism(1-7), whereby unpalatable or poisonous prey signal their unprofitability, often by being warningly coloured, Inexperienced predators do learn to avoid unpalatable prey as a result of such signals(8-10), hut in addition there may be an inherited cautiousness about attacking when common or conspicuous warning signals are evident(11-16). As current predators are not naive in the evolutionary sense, it is still not resolved(3-7,17,18) whether aposematism originated only in aggregations of prey(19,20) or among solitary prey as well(21-23). Here we explore this controversy in evolutionarily naive predators by creating a novel world with warning signals not found in the environment. Initially, the aggregation of prey favoured the warning signals supporting Fisher's view(24) of kin aggregations as the evolutionary starting point of aposematism, However, once predators had experienced warning signals, pre-existing avoidance seemed to facilitate evolution of Mullerian mimicry complexes(25) with similar types of signals even among solitary prey.
RP Alatalo, RV (corresponding author), UNIV JYVASKYLA,DEPT BIOL & ENVIRONM SCI,KONNEVESI RES STN,POB 35,FIN-40351 JYVASKYLA,FINLAND.
NR 28
TC 212
Z9 230
U1 3
U2 201
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 708
EP 710
DI 10.1038/382708a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mutter, JC
   Mutter, CZ
   Fang, J
AF Mutter, JC
   Mutter, CZ
   Fang, J
TI Analogies to oceanic behaviour in the continental breakup of the western Woodlark basin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID papua-new-guinea; metamorphic core complexes; dentrecasteaux islands; sea region; evolution; extension; afar; propagation; tectonics; bearing
AB THE Woodlark basin/D'Entrecasteaux Island region off northeast Papua New Guinea (Fig. 1) offers a rare glimpse of the propagation of active rifting and continental breakup(1) into orogenically thickened (and subsequently extended) lithosphere(2-10). Rifting, continental breakup, and the subsequent formation of oceanic lithosphere by sea-floor spreading often involve rupture controlled by propagation of a rift tip(11-20). We recognize several tectonic elements in the evolving western Woodlark intracontinental system that are close geometric analogues of wholly oceanic propagators, and a kinematic development that can be viewed as an extrapolation of oceanic tectonics. The response to deformational stresses in the final stages of breakup in a thick, relatively hot, and hence weak continental lithosphere appears akin to that of oceanic lithosphere.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 Columbia University
RP Mutter, JC (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 31
TC 30
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 333
EP 336
DI 10.1038/380333a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Enari, M
   Talanian, RV
   Wong, WW
   Nagata, S
AF Enari, M
   Talanian, RV
   Wong, WW
   Nagata, S
TI Sequential activation of ICE-like and CPP32-like proteases during Fas-mediated apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB BINDING of Fas ligand or an agonistic anti-Fas antibody induces apoptosis in Fas-bearing cells(1). The interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) is a cysteine protease(2) that is involved in apoptosis induced by various stimuli, including Fas-mediated apoptosis(3-8). Several ICE homologues have been identified, and these are subdivided into three groups (ICE-, CPP32- and Ich-1-like proteases)(9-18). We show here that specific inhibitors of ICE- or CPP32-like proteases can inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis. Transient ICE-like activity was found in the cytosolic fraction of Fas-activated cells, whereas ICE-dependent, CPP32-like activity gradually accumulated in the cytosol. Cell lysates from mouse lymphoma supplemented with either recombinant ICE or CPP32 induced apoptosis of nuclei. The CPP32 inhibitor inhibited ICE- or CPP32-induced apoptosis in the cell-free system, whereas the ICE-inhibitor only inhibited ICE-induced apoptosis. Cell extracts from thymocytes from ICE-null mice induced apoptosis in the cell-free system when it was supplemented with CPP32. These results indicate that Fas sequentially activates ICE- and CPP32-like proteases, and that downstream CPP32, together with a component(s) in the cytoplasm, causes apoptosis of nuclei.
C1 OSAKA BIOSCI INST,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   BASF BIORES CORP,WORCESTER,MA 01605.
   OSAKA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
C3 BASF; University of Osaka
NR 30
TC 965
Z9 1019
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 723
EP 726
DI 10.1038/380723a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700055
PM 8614469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vandenHeuvel, M
   Ingham, PW
AF vandenHeuvel, M
   Ingham, PW
TI smoothened encodes a serpentine protein required for hedgehog signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila patched gene; wingless transcription; polarity gene; expression; mutations; embryos; larval; pattern; cuticle; family
AB MEMBERS of the Hedgehog family of secreted proteins control a number of important inductive interactions in the development of both vertebrates and Drosophila(1), but little is known about the ways in which their signalling activities are transduced. In Drosophila, hedgehog is one of the segment-polarity genes, mutations of which disrupt the pattern and polarity of individual embryonic segments(2) and their adult derivatives(3); several of these genes have been implicated in transduction of the hedgehog signal(4-6). Here we show that the segment-polarity gene smoothened is required for the response of cells to hedgehog signalling during the development of both the embryonic segments and imaginal discs. Sequence analysis of the smoothened transcription unit reveals a single open reading frame encoding a protein with seven putative transmembrane domains. This structure is typical of G-protein-coupled receptors, suggesting that the Smoothened protein may act as a receptor for the Hedgehog ligand.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,MOL EMBRYOL LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK
NR 32
TC 413
Z9 522
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 547
EP 551
DI 10.1038/382547a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800053
PM 8700230
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferrara, N
   CarverMoore, K
   Chen, H
   Dowd, M
   Lu, L
   OShea, KS
   PowellBraxton, L
   Hillan, KJ
   Moore, MW
AF Ferrara, N
   CarverMoore, K
   Chen, H
   Dowd, M
   Lu, L
   OShea, KS
   PowellBraxton, L
   Hillan, KJ
   Moore, MW
TI Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; es cells; angiogenesis; differentiation; expression; receptor; vasculogenesis; disruption; suggests; oncogene
AB ANGIOGENESIS is required for a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes(1). The endothelial cell-specific mitogen vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(2,3) is a major mediator of pathological angiogenesis(4-6). Also, the expression of VEGF and its two receptors, Flt-1 and Flk-1/KDR, is related to the formation of blood vessels in mouse and rat embryos(7-10). Mice homozygous for mutations that inactivate either receptor die in utero between days 8.5 and 9.5 (refs 11,12). However, ligand(s) other than VEGF might activate such receptors(13,14). To assess the role of VEGF directly, we disrupted the VEGF gene in embryonic stem cells. Here we report the unexpected finding that loss of a single VEGF allele is lethal in the mouse embryo between days 11 and 12. Angiogenesis and blood-island formation were impaired, resulting in several developmental anomalies. Furthermore, VEGF-null embryonic stem cells exhibit a dramatically reduced ability to form tumours in nude mice.
C1 GENENTECH INC,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT BIOANALYT TECHNOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Ferrara, N (corresponding author), GENENTECH INC,DEPT CARDIOVASC RES,4600 POINT SAN BRUNO BLVD,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080, USA.
NR 30
TC 2894
Z9 3445
U1 0
U2 97
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 439
EP 442
DI 10.1038/380439a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000062
PM 8602242
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Felsenfeld, DP
   Choquet, D
   Sheetz, MP
AF Felsenfeld, DP
   Choquet, D
   Sheetz, MP
TI Ligand binding regulates the directed movement of beta 1 integrins on fibroblasts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomoting cells; fibronectin; associations; expression; contacts; subunit
AB To enable cells to crawl, adhesion receptors such as integrins most bind to extracellular molecules and simultaneously interact with force-generating components of the cytoskeleton(1,2). We show here that the binding of extracellular ligand in living cells induces the attachment of beta 1 integrins to the retrograde-snoring cytoskeleton, Unliganded integrins are not associated with the rearward-moving cytoskeleton: gold particles attached to beta 1 integrin by a monoclonal antibody diffuse inn the membrane, However, addition of soluble RGD peptide (single-letter amino-acid code) or the use of fibronectin-coated gold particles causes the attachment of integrins to the rearward-moving cytoskeleton. Deletion of the beta 1 cytoplasmic tail blocks cytoskeletal attachment. The directed movement of integrins in response to ligand indicates that ligand binding is the critical step in regulating organized receptor movement on the cell surface and the migration of adherent cells.
C1 DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT CELL BIOL, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA.
C3 Duke University
NR 22
TC 198
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 438
EP 440
DI 10.1038/383438a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300062
PM 8837776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuo, MH
   Brownell, JE
   Sobel, RE
   Ranalli, TA
   Cook, RG
   Edmondson, DG
   Roth, SY
   Allis, CD
AF Kuo, MH
   Brownell, JE
   Sobel, RE
   Ranalli, TA
   Cook, RG
   Edmondson, DG
   Roth, SY
   Allis, CD
TI Transcription-linked acetylation by Gcn5p of histones H3 and H4 at specific lysines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID site-specific antibody; tetrahymena macronuclei; ada2; acetyltransferase; frequency; adapter; domains
AB THE yeast transcriptional adaptor(1-3), Gcn5p, is a catalytic subunit of a nuclear (type A) histone acetyltransferase linking histone acetylation to gene activation(4-6). Here we report that Gcn5p acetylates histones H3 and H4 non-randomly at specific lysines in the amino-terminal domains. Lysine 14 of H3 and lysines 8 and 16 of H4 are highly preferred acetylation sites for Gcn5p. We also demonstrate that lysine 9 is the preferred position of acetylation in newly synthesized yeast H3 in vivo. This finding, along with the fact that lysines 5 and 12 in H4 are predominant acetylation sites during chromatin assembly of many organisms(7-11), indicates that Gcn5p acetylates a distinct set of lysines that do not overlap with those sites characteristically used by type B histone acetyltransferases for histone deposition and chromatin assembly.
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT BIOL,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 University of Rochester; Baylor College of Medicine; University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center
NR 23
TC 499
Z9 618
U1 1
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 269
EP 272
DI 10.1038/383269a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500057
PM 8805705
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaidos, JA
   Akerlof, CW
   Biller, S
   Boyle, PJ
   Breslin, AC
   Buckley, JH
   CarterLewis, DA
   Catanese, M
   Cawley, MF
   Fegan, DJ
   Finley, JP
   Gordo, JB
   Hillas, AM
   Krennrich, F
   Lamb, RC
   Lessard, RW
   McEnery, JE
   Masterson, C
   Mohanty, G
   Moriarty, P
   Quinn, J
   Rodgers, AJ
   Rose, HJ
   Samuelson, F
   Schubnell, MS
   Sembroski, GH
   Srinivasan, R
   Weekes, TC
   Wilson, CL
   Zweerink, J
AF Gaidos, JA
   Akerlof, CW
   Biller, S
   Boyle, PJ
   Breslin, AC
   Buckley, JH
   CarterLewis, DA
   Catanese, M
   Cawley, MF
   Fegan, DJ
   Finley, JP
   Gordo, JB
   Hillas, AM
   Krennrich, F
   Lamb, RC
   Lessard, RW
   McEnery, JE
   Masterson, C
   Mohanty, G
   Moriarty, P
   Quinn, J
   Rodgers, AJ
   Rose, HJ
   Samuelson, F
   Schubnell, MS
   Sembroski, GH
   Srinivasan, R
   Weekes, TC
   Wilson, CL
   Zweerink, J
TI Extremely rapid bursts of TeV photons from the active galaxy Markarian 421
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray sources; relativistic jets; x-ray; emission; blazars
AB DISCRETE astronomical sources of photons in the TeV energy range are believed to be associated with regions in the relativistic outflow of particles and radiation from compact objects, such as neutron stars and black holes. The Bur from such sources, together with the timescales on which they vary, can provide strong constraints on the emission mechanisms. Here we report the observation of two dramatic outbursts of TeV photons from the active galaxy Markarian 421 (Mrk421). In the first outburst, which had a doubling time of about one hour, the flux increased above the relatively quiescent value by more than a factor of 50, briefly making Mrk421 the brightest TeV source in the sky. In the second outburst, which lasted approximately 30 minutes, the flux increased by a factor of 20-25. These data suggest that the emission region is extremely small-perhaps even smaller than our Solar System. This could prove challenging for current theoretical models of such emissions.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,DEPT PHYS,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV LEEDS,DEPT PHYS,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
   UNIV COLL DUBLIN,DEPT PHYS,BELFIELD,DUBLIN,IRELAND.
   HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CFA,WHIPPLE OBSERV,AMADO,AZ 85645.
   IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,AMES,IA 50011.
   ST PATRICKS COLL,DEPT PHYS,MAYNOOTH,KILDARE,IRELAND.
   REG TECH COLL,DEPT PHYS SCI,GALWAY,IRELAND.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Leeds; University College Dublin; Harvard University; Iowa State University; Maynooth University; Atlantic Technological University (ATU)
RP Gaidos, JA (corresponding author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA.
NR 18
TC 387
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 319
EP 320
DI 10.1038/383319a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kivelson, MG
   Khurana, KK
   Russell, CT
   Walker, RJ
   Warnecke, J
   Coroniti, FV
   Polanskey, C
   Southwood, DJ
   Schubert, G
AF Kivelson, MG
   Khurana, KK
   Russell, CT
   Walker, RJ
   Warnecke, J
   Coroniti, FV
   Polanskey, C
   Southwood, DJ
   Schubert, G
TI Discovery of Ganymede's magnetic field by the Galileo spacecraft
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID io
AB THE Galileo spacecraft has now passed close to Jupiter's largest moon-Ganymede-on two occasions, the first at an altitude of 838 km, and the second at an altitude of just 264 km. Here we report the discovery during these encounters of an internal magnetic field associated with Ganymede (the only other solid bodies in the Solar System known to have magnetic fields are Mercury, Earth and probably Io(1)), The data are consistent with a Ganymede-centred magnetic dipole tilted by similar to 10 degrees relative to the spin axis, and an equatorial surface-field strength of similar to 750 nT, The magnetic field is strong enough to carve out a magnetosphere with clearly defined boundaries within Jupiter's magnetosphere, Although the observations require an internal field, they do not indicate its source. But the existence of an internal magnetic field should in itself help constrain models of Ganymede's interior.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT PHYS,LONDON SW7 2BZ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; Imperial College London
RP Kivelson, MG (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA.
NR 14
TC 320
Z9 355
U1 2
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 537
EP 541
DI 10.1038/384537a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamagata, K
   Furuta, H
   Oda, N
   Kaisaki, PJ
   Menzel, S
   Cox, NJ
   Fajans, SS
   Signorini, S
   Stoffel, M
   Bell, GI
AF Yamagata, K
   Furuta, H
   Oda, N
   Kaisaki, PJ
   Menzel, S
   Cox, NJ
   Fajans, SS
   Signorini, S
   Stoffel, M
   Bell, GI
TI Mutations In the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha gene in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY1)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ligand-binding domain; receptor superfamily; transcription factor; crystal-structure; hormone receptor; liver; hnf-4; mellitus; subtype
AB THE disease maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a genetically heterogeneous monogenic form of non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), characterized by early onset, usually before 25 years of age and often in adolescence or childhood, and by autosomal dominant inheritance(1). It has been estimated that 2-5% of patients with NIDDM may have this form of diabetes mellitus(2,3). Clinical studies have shown that prediabetic MODY subjects have normal insulin sensitivity but suffer from a defect in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, suggesting that pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction rather than insulin resistance is the primary defect in this disorder(4,5). Linkage studies have localized the genes that are mutated in MODY on human chromosomes 20 (MODY1)(6), 7 (MODY2)(2) and 12 (MODY3)(7), with MODY2 and MODY3 being allelic with the genes encoding glucokinase(2), a key regulator of insulin secretion, and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF-1 alpha)(8), a transcription factor involved in tissue-specific regulation of liver genes but also expressed in pancreatic islets, insulinoma cells and other tissues. Here we show that MODY1 is the gene encoding HNF-4 alpha (gene symbol, TCF14), a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily and an upstream regulator of HNF-1 alpha expressiong-(9,11).
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,LAB METAB DIS,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 University of Chicago; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Rockefeller University
NR 30
TC 981
Z9 1107
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 458
EP 460
DI 10.1038/384458a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700061
PM 8945471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Borst, JGG
   Sakmann, B
AF Borst, JGG
   Sakmann, B
TI Calcium influx and transmitter release in a fast CNS synapse
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squid giant synapse; rat medial nucleus; nerve-terminals; trapezoid body; ion-binding; currents; channels; facilitation; hippocampus; exocytosis
AB CALCIUM entry through presynaptic calcium channels controls the release of neurotransmitter(1). It is not known whether the putative calcium sensor that triggers this rapid neurotransmitter release is close enough to be activated by the large increase in the Ca2+ concentration (calcium 'domain') reached within nanometres of a single calcium channel or whether many channels have to open(2), We tested this in a calyx-type synapse in the rat medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, We compared the quantal content of postsynaptic currents with the presynaptic calcium current that flows during an action potential, and the results suggest that more than 60 calcium channels open for each vesicle that is released, In addition, we dialysed terminals with the slow calcium buffer EGTA, which reduced phasic transmitter release at concentrations as low as 1 mM. These results indicate that the distance that calcium ions must diffuse to reach the calcium sensor is relatively long, and that therefore Ca2+ entry through multiple calcium channels is needed to release a vesicle.
RP Borst, JGG (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST MED RES, ZELLPHYSIOL ABT, JAHNSTR 29, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 501
Z9 575
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 431
EP 434
DI 10.1038/383431a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300060
PM 8837774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU KeshavarzK, M
   Gonzalez, R
   Hicks, RG
   Srdanov, G
   Srdanov, VI
   Collins, TG
   Hummelen, JC
   BellaviaLund, C
   Pavlovich, J
   Wudl, F
   Holczer, K
AF KeshavarzK, M
   Gonzalez, R
   Hicks, RG
   Srdanov, G
   Srdanov, VI
   Collins, TG
   Hummelen, JC
   BellaviaLund, C
   Pavlovich, J
   Wudl, F
   Holczer, K
TI Synthesis of hydroazafullerene C59HN, the parent hydroheterofullerene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-60; ion
AB THE electronic and geometric properties of C-60 can be perturbed by replacing one or more carbon atoms of the fullerene skeleton with an atom of a different element. Exchange of one carbon atom with nitrogen, a trivalent atom with a lone pair of electrons, produces the azafullerene radical C59N; which is isoelectronic with the C-60 radical anion. The process is slightly similar to doping silicon with phosphorus(1). We have previously described the synthesis of the azafullerene dimer(2); here we report the bulk preparation of the simplest azafullerene, C59HN. The electronic, vibrational and C-13 NMR spectroscopic features of C59HN are similar to those of the dimer(2), except for the signature of the sp(3) (C-H) carbon. C59HN should open the door to a new chemistry of heterofullerenes.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST POLYMERS & ORGAN SOLIDS,DEPT CHEM,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST POLYMERS & ORGAN SOLIDS,DEPT MAT,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT PHYS,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 11
TC 124
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/383147a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Courtillot, V
   Gaudemer, Y
AF Courtillot, V
   Gaudemer, Y
TI Effects of mass extinctions on biodiversity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phanerozoic taxonomic diversity; kinetic-model; family
AB QUANTITATIVE studies of patterns of diversification and extinction throughout geological time have come to rely on databases assembled by Sepkoski(1). A new database has been presented by Benton(2), who argues that the increase in diversity is exponential, that ''there is no need to assume equilibrium levels of global diversity, nor to apply logistic models to the investigation of past diversification patterns'', and that mass extinctions played no special role in the diversification of life, However, we find that diversification can be predicted by a simple model in which long periods of growth obeying a logistic equation are sporadically interrupted by brief events leading to mass extinction, The initial value of diversity immediately after a mass extinction, initial growth rate and subsequent equilibrium level determine each segment of the growth curve, The larger mass extinctions that came after long periods without one seem to have been followed by larger equilibrium levels of diversity.
C1 INST PHYS GLOBE,LAB PALEOMAGNETISME & GEODYNAM,CNRS,URA 729,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
   INST PHYS GLOBE,LAB TECTON,CNRS,URA 1093,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Courtillot, V (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 07,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
NR 7
TC 56
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/381146a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhong, SJ
   Gurnis, M
AF Zhong, SJ
   Gurnis, M
TI Interaction of weak faults and non-newtonian rheology produces plate tectonics in a 3D model of mantle flow
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID convection
AB ACCORDING to the theory of plate tectonics, relatively rigid plates are bounded by large faults; plate motion has negligible internal strain(1,2), with significant toroidal component to the velocity(3). By contrast, models of mantle flow with viscous rheology in an intact medium predict little toroidal component and substantial internal strain in surface motion(4). It has been suggested(5) that the observed characteristics of plate motion are related to faulted plate margins, which are observed to be weak(6). Here we confirm this suggestion, using three-dimensional models of mantle flow that incorporate faults and the forces exerted on plates by subducting slabs ('slab pull') and mid-ocean ridges ('ridge push'). Our models show that plate-like motion results from the interaction between weak faults and a strain-weakening power-law theology. Weak transform faults tend to guide plate motion. This guiding effect and the decoupling that occurs at thrust faults may result in oblique subduction. Convergent margins are associated with realistic trench and fore-bulge topography. By simultaneously predicting surface kinematics, topography and gravity, the models achieve a useful degree of tectonic realism.
RP Zhong, SJ (corresponding author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 14
TC 80
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 245
EP 247
DI 10.1038/383245a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dragic, T
   Litwin, V
   Allaway, GP
   Martin, SR
   Huang, YX
   Nagashima, KA
   Cayanan, C
   Maddon, PJ
   Koup, RA
   Moore, JP
   Paxton, WA
AF Dragic, T
   Litwin, V
   Allaway, GP
   Martin, SR
   Huang, YX
   Nagashima, KA
   Cayanan, C
   Maddon, PJ
   Koup, RA
   Moore, JP
   Paxton, WA
TI HIV-1 entry into CD4(+) cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus; functional expression; cd4-mediated fusion
AB The beta-chemokines MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta and RANTES inhibit infection of CD4(+) T cells by primary, non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) HIV-1 strains at the virus entry stage, and also block env-mediated cell-cell membrane fusion. CD4(+) T cells from some HIV-1-exposed uninfected individuals cannot fuse with NSI HIV-1 strains and secrete high levels of beta-chemokines. Expression of the beta-chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5 in CD4(+), non-permissive human and non-human cells renders them susceptible to infection by NSI strains, and allows env-mediated membrane fusion. CC-CKR-5 is a second receptor for NSI primary viruses.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,AARON DIAMOND AIDS RES CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   PROGEN PHARMACEUT INC,TARRYTOWN,NY 10591.
C3 Rockefeller University; Progen Pharmaceuticals Inc.
NR 29
TC 2849
Z9 3355
U1 2
U2 173
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 667
EP 673
DI 10.1038/381667a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900042
PM 8649512
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU LaRoche, J
   Boyd, PW
   McKay, RML
   Geider, RJ
AF LaRoche, J
   Boyd, PW
   McKay, RML
   Geider, RJ
TI Flavodoxin as an in situ marker for iron stress in phytoplankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; sub-arctic pacific; limitation; proteins; photosynthesis; nutrient; sea
AB A fundamental issue in marine science is the identification of the factors controlling biological uptake of CO2 in high nitrate, low-chlorophyll regions(1-10). A recent in situ iron fertilization experiment demonstrated that iron limitation is responsible for low phytoplankton stocks in the equatorial Pacific(4), Here we show that flavodoxin, a biochemical marker of iron limitation, can be used to map the degree of iron stress in natural populations. Flavodoxin assays along a 900-km east-west transect in the northeastern subarctic Pacific revealed a pronounced increase in iron stress in the region west of the 135 degrees W meridian. Addition of dissolved iron alleviated this stress. Immunostaining of single cells from the most western station showed that flavodoxin is present specifically within the chloroplasts of diatoms. Our approach provides a rapid means of defining the extent of iron stress in the ocean(5) and supports the hypothesis that diatoms are iron stressed in the northeast Pacific(6,10).
C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, DEPT OCEANOG, VANCOUVER, BC V6T 1Z4, CANADA.
   UNIV DELAWARE, COLL MARINE STUDIES, LEWES, DE 19958 USA.
   MARINE BIOL ASSOC UNITED KINGDOM, PLYMOUTH MARINE LAB, PLYMOUTH PL1 2PB, DEVON, ENGLAND.
C3 University of British Columbia; University of Delaware; Marine Biological Association United Kingdom; Plymouth Marine Laboratory
RP LaRoche, J (corresponding author), BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB, DIV OCEANOG & ATMOSPHER SCI, UPTON, NY 11973 USA.
NR 28
TC 235
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 802
EP 805
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schoener, TW
   Spiller, DA
AF Schoener, TW
   Spiller, DA
TI Devastation of prey diversity by experimentally introduced predators in the field
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lizards; competition; community; extinction; spiders; system
AB HISTORICAL ecology contains various examples of how predators introduced onto islands by man have apparently exterminated native prey species(1-6). Conversely, a pioneering experiment(7) showed an increase in number of species with predator presence. Subsequent experiments have shown both increases and decreases in prey diversity(8-10). Here we investigate how predator introduction affects one aspect of prey diversity (number of species or species richness), and prey abundance, We ran a seven-year experiment on an entirely natural system of small islands, using the commonest local lizard as the predator and web spiders as prey. Lizard introduction caused rapid and devastating effects on spider diversity and abundance: within two years, islands onto which lizards had been introduced became almost identical to islands with natural lizard populations. The proportion of species becoming extinct was 12.6 times higher on 'lizard-introduction' islands than on islands without lizards. Locally common and rare species were both reduced by the introduction of lizards, but nearly all of the latter became permanently extinct.
C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,CTR POPULAT BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Schoener, TW (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SECT EVOLUT & ECOL,STORER HALL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 122
U1 1
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 691
EP 694
DI 10.1038/381691a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shoemaker, DD
   Ross, KG
AF Shoemaker, DD
   Ross, KG
TI Effects of social organization on gene flow in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alternative adaptations; sympatric speciation; hymenoptera; formicidae; evolution; selection; insects; queens; competition; colony
AB A CONTROVERSIAL model of speciation proposes that the development of alternative social organizations within populations of group-living animals may drive the inception of reproductive isolation(1-3). The alternative social behaviours, which are selectively favoured in some social or ecological contexts, may be correlated with distinctive reproductive traits such that significant barriers to interbreeding emerge between coexisting social variants. Evidence for this mode of speciation is almost non-existent(3-8), but it provides one of the most compelling mechanisms for sympatric sepciation(3,8) and could conceivably explain many species origins. Here we examine variation in mitochondrial DNA and two unique nuclear genes to demonstrate that gene flow between sympatric social forms of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta is restricted to only one of four possible routes. The loss of the other routes results from incompatibilities in the social systems of the two forms, demonstrating the potential for social selection to generate significant barriers to gene flow and to initiate reproductive isolation.
C1 UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT ENTOMOL, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA.
   UNIV ROCHESTER, DEPT BIOL, ROCHESTER, NY 14627 USA.
C3 University System of Georgia; University of Georgia; University of Rochester
NR 28
TC 78
Z9 84
U1 0
U2 16
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 613
EP 616
DI 10.1038/383613a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Magnussen, OM
   Ocko, BM
   Deutsch, M
   Regan, MJ
   Pershan, PS
   Abernathy, D
   Grubel, G
   Legrand, JF
AF Magnussen, OM
   Ocko, BM
   Deutsch, M
   Regan, MJ
   Pershan, PS
   Abernathy, D
   Grubel, G
   Legrand, JF
TI Self-assembly of organic films on a liquid metal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray reflectivity; water-interface; surface; monolayers; mercury; diffraction; alkanes
AB THE structure and phase behaviour of organic thin films result from the subtle interplay of intermolecular Van der Waals interactions, which promote self-assembly and long-ranged order, and the more complex interactions between the end groups bf the organic chains and the substrate. The structure of molecular films of amphiphiles has been extensively studied on subphases of dielectric liquids, notably water (Langmuir monolayers) and on solid surfaces (self-assembled monolayers, SAMs)(1-4). Here we report structural studies, by synchrotron X-ray re scattering, of an Intermediate case: densely packed alkanethiol films on the surface of liquid mercury, White, like SAMs, these films form strong chemical bonds to the subphase, this subphase is smooth and unstructured, as in the case of Langmuir monolayers, But unlike either of these(1,2,5-7), our films have no inplane long-range order, We suggest that the strong interaction of the thiol group with the underlying disordered liquid dominates here over the order-promoting interactions of the alkyl chains.
C1 BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,UPTON,NY 11973.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,IL-52100 RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
   HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL,F-38041 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   UNIV GRENOBLE 1,SPECTROMETRIE PHYS LAB,F-38403 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; Bar Ilan University; Harvard University; Harvard University; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
NR 19
TC 106
Z9 117
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 250
EP 252
DI 10.1038/384250a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, AD
   Baggaley, WJ
   Steel, DI
AF Taylor, AD
   Baggaley, WJ
   Steel, DI
TI Discovery of interstellar dust entering the Earth's atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID local association; solar motion
AB ALL known asteroids and comets are believed to have been gravitationally bound to the Sun since they formed (together with the Sun and planets) from the solar nebula, This is because no such object has been observed with a speed exceeding the solar escape velocity, although some comets have been close to this limit(1). As comets are occasionally ejected from the Solar System, interstellar comets might be expected to arrive every few centuries, having been ejected from similar systems around other stars(2). The flux of interstellar dust into the Solar System should be much higher, but its detection poses significant technological challenges, Recently, the Ulysses spacecraft detected a population of dust particles near Jupiter, identified as being of interstellar origin on the basis of their speeds and trajectories(3,4). Here we report the radar detection of interstellar particles in the Earth's atmosphere, From intra-annual variations in particle flux, we infer the existence of two discrete sources, one associated with nearby A-type stars, and the other with the Sun's motion about the Galactic Centre, The data also suggest the presence of a third source, possibly associated with local B-type stars and young stellar clusters.
C1 UNIV KENT,UNIT SPACE SCI,CANTERBURY,KENT,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CANTERBURY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,CHRISTCHURCH 1,NEW ZEALAND.
   ANGLO AUSTRALIAN OBSERV,COONABARABRAN,NSW 2537,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of Kent; University of Canterbury
RP Taylor, AD (corresponding author), UNIV ADELAIDE,DEPT PHYS & MATH PHYS,GPO BOX 498,ADELAIDE,SA 5005,AUSTRALIA.
NR 16
TC 108
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 323
EP 325
DI 10.1038/380323a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takeuchi, Y
   Porter, CD
   Strahan, KM
   Preece, AF
   Gustafsson, K
   Cosset, FL
   Weiss, RA
   Collins, MKL
AF Takeuchi, Y
   Porter, CD
   Strahan, KM
   Preece, AF
   Gustafsson, K
   Cosset, FL
   Weiss, RA
   Collins, MKL
TI Sensitization of cells and retroviruses to human serum by (alpha 1-3) galactosyltransferase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complement pathway activation; rna tumor-virus; human-antibody; lysis; inactivation; oncornavirus; glycoproteins; specificity; receptor; antigen
AB MAMMALIAN C-type retroviruses are inactivated by human serum(1,2), following triggering of the classical complement cascade(3). This may have inhibited transmission to humans of C-type oncoviruses from other mammals(1). Indeed, the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus and human T-cell leukaemia virus are resistant of human C1q, the first component of the classical pathway, by retroviral envelope proteins has been described(6). However, retroviruses produced from human cells are resistant to inactivation by human complement(7,8) and human serum is known to contain antibodies directed against carbohydrates on retroviral envelopes(9-11). Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal terminal carbohydrates are expressed by most mammals but are absent in humans, which lack a functional (alpha 1-3)galactosyltransferase gene (12,13). Here, we demonstrate that anti-Gal(alpha 1-3)Gal antibodies in human serum inactivate retroviruses produced from animal cells. Expression of porcine (alpha 1-3)galactosyltransferase(14,16) in human cells renders the cells and the retroviruses they produce sensitive to human serum.
C1 UNIV LONDON,INST CHILD HLTH,LONDON WC1N 1EH,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Takeuchi, Y (corresponding author), INST CANC RES,CHESTER BEATTY LABS,237 FULHAM RD,LONDON SW3 6JB,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 241
Z9 257
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/379085a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600061
PM 8538747
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Helander, TS
   Carpen, O
   Turunen, O
   Kovanen, PE
   Vaheri, A
   Timonen, T
AF Helander, TS
   Carpen, O
   Turunen, O
   Kovanen, PE
   Vaheri, A
   Timonen, T
TI ICAM-2 redistributed by ezrin as a target for killer cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID membrane-cytoskeletal linker; erm family members; plasma-membrane; molecule; adhesion; recognition; lymphocytes; microvilli; protein; cytovillin
AB VERY little is known about the receptors and target molecules involved in natural killer (NK) cell activity. Here we present a model system in which interleukin-2-activated killing by NK cells depends on the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-2 and is regulated by the distribution of ICAM-2. The level of ICAM-2 expression in NK-sensitive and resistant cells is similar, but in sensitive cells ICAM-2 is concentrated into bud-like cellular projections known as uropods, whereas in resistant cells it is evenly distributed. The cytoskeletal-membrane linker protein ezrin is also localized in uropods. Transfection of human ezrin into NK-resistant cells induces uropod formation, redistribution of ICAM-2 and ezrin, and sensitizes target cells to interleukin-2-activated killing. These results reveal a new mechanism of target-cell recognition: cytotoxic cells recognize adhesion molecules that are already present on normal cells, but in diseased cells are concentrated into a biologically active cell-surface region by cytoskeletal reorganization. The results also highlight the importance of cytoskeletal interactions in the regulation of ICAM-2-mediated adhesive phenomena.
C1 UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT VIROL,HAARTMANN INST,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Helander, TS (corresponding author), UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT PATHOL,HAARTMANN INST,HAARTMANINKATU 3,POB 21,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
NR 29
TC 209
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 265
EP 268
DI 10.1038/382265a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000053
PM 8717043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chakravarti, D
   LaMorte, VJ
   Nelson, MC
   Nakajima, T
   Schulman, IG
   Juguilon, H
   Montminy, M
   Evans, RM
AF Chakravarti, D
   LaMorte, VJ
   Nelson, MC
   Nakajima, T
   Schulman, IG
   Juguilon, H
   Montminy, M
   Evans, RM
TI Role of CBP/P300 in nuclear receptor signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; transcriptional activation; estrogen-receptor; retinoic acid; co-repressor; protein; superfamily; mediator; pathways; binding
AB THE nuclear receptor superfamily includes receptors for steroids, retinoids, thyroid hormone and vitamin D, as well as many related proteins(1-3). An important feature of the action of the lipophilic hormones and vitamins is that the maintenance of homeostatic function requires both intrinsic positive and negative regulation(4,5). Here we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence that identifies the CREB-binding protein (CBP) and its homologue P300 (refs 6, 7) as cofactors mediating nuclear-receptor-activated gene transcription. The role of CBP/P300 in the transcriptional response to cyclic AMP, phorbol esters, serum, the lipophilic hormones and as the target of the E1A oncoprotein suggests they may serve as integrators of extracellular and intracellular signalling pathways.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,GENE EXPRESS LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,CLAYTON FDN LABS PEPTIDE BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute
NR 26
TC 833
Z9 929
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 99
EP 103
DI 10.1038/383099a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500057
PM 8779723
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mainen, ZF
   Sejnowski, TJ
AF Mainen, ZF
   Sejnowski, TJ
TI Influence of dendritic structure on firing pattern in model neocortical neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat visual-cortex; pyramidal neurons; sodium-channels; morphology; cells; electrophysiology; spiking; layer-5
AB NEOCORTICAL neurons display a wide range of dendritic morphologies, ranging from compact arborizations to highly elaborate branching patterns(1). In vitro electrical recordings from these neurons have revealed a correspondingly diverse range of intrinsic firing patterns, including non-adapting, adapting and bursting types(2,3). This heterogeneity of electrical responsivity has generally been attributed to variability in the types and densities of ionic channels. We show here, using compartmental models of reconstructed cortical neurons, that an entire spectrum of firing patterns can be reproduced in a set of neurons that share a common distribution of ion channels and differ only in their dendritic geometry. The essential behaviour of the model depends on partial electrical coupling of fast active conductances localized to the soma and axon and slow active currents located throughout the dendrites, and can be reproduced in a two-compartment model. The results suggest a causal relationship for the observed correlations between dendritic structure and firing properties(3-7) and emphasize the importance of active dendritic conductances in neuronal function(8-10).
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, COMPUTAT NEUROBIOL LAB, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Salk Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego
NR 30
TC 975
Z9 1143
U1 0
U2 73
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 363
EP 366
DI 10.1038/382363a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000055
PM 8684467
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kersh, GJ
   Allen, PM
AF Kersh, GJ
   Allen, PM
TI Essential flexibility in the T-cell recognition of antigen
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor ligand; peptide; complex; tcr; proliferation; antagonists; activation; separation; inhibition; anergy
AB alpha beta T cells specifically recognize a ligand composed of a peptide bound to a self-major-histocompatibility-complex molecule, but the recognition of slightly altered ligands by T cells can lead to a partial activation. This flexibility is crucial for T-cell development and can have both beneficial and harmful effects on peripheral T cells.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL)
RP Kersh, GJ (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,CTR IMMUNOL,660 S EUCLID AVE,ST LOUIS,MO 63110, USA.
NR 69
TC 291
Z9 310
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 495
EP 498
DI 10.1038/380495a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300040
PM 8606766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sawatari, A
   Callaway, EM
AF Sawatari, A
   Callaway, EM
TI Convergence of magno- and parvocellular pathways in layer 4B of macaque primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID slices; parallel
AB EARLY visual processing is characterized by two independent parallel pathways: the magnocellular stream, which carries information useful for motion analysis, and the parvocellular stream, which carries information useful for analyses of shape and colour(1-3). Although increasing anatomical and physiological evidence indicates some degree of convergence of the two streams, the pathway through layer 4B of primary visual cortex (V1) and on to higher cortical areas is usually considered to carry only magnocellular input(1-3). This is inferred from anatomical descriptions of local circuitry in V1, and functional studies of area MT, which receives input from layer 4B(4-7). We have directly measured the sources of local functional input to individual layer 4B neurons by combining intracellular recording and biocytin labelling with laser-scanning photostimulations(8-10). We found that most layer 4B neurons receive strong input from both magnocellular-stream-recipient layer 4C alpha neurons and parvocellular-stream-recipient layer 4C beta neurons. Thus higher cortical areas that receive input either directly or indirectly from layer 4B are likely to be more strongly influenced by the parvocellular pathway than previously believed.
RP Sawatari, A (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,MOLEC NEUROBIOL LAB,10010 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 15
TC 134
Z9 147
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 442
EP 446
DI 10.1038/380442a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000063
PM 8602243
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collignon, J
   Varlet, I
   Robertson, EJ
AF Collignon, J
   Varlet, I
   Robertson, EJ
TI Relationship between asymmetric nodal expression and the direction of embryonic turning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse embryo; autoradiographic analysis; gastrulation; mutation; ectoderm; potency; fate
AB GROWTH factors related to TGF-beta provide important signals for patterning the vertebrate body plan(1-3), One such family member, nodal, is required for formation of the primitive streak during mouse gastrulation(4-6), Here we have used a nodal-lacZ reporter allele to demonstrate asymmetric nodal expression in the mouse node, a structure thought to be the functional equivalent of the frog and chick 'organizer'(7), and in lateral plate mesoderm cells, We have also identified two additional genes acting with nodal in a pathway determining the left-right body axis. Thus we observe in inv mutant embryos(8) that the sidedness of nodal expression correlates with the direction of heart looping and embryonic turning, In contrast, HNF3-beta(+/-) nodal(lacZ/+) double-heterozygous embryos display LacZ staining on both left and right sides, and frequently exhibit defects in body situs, Taken together, these experiments, along with similar findings in chick(9), demonstrate that elements of the genetic pathway that establish the left-right body axis are conserved in vertebrates.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University
NR 29
TC 490
Z9 563
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 155
EP 158
DI 10.1038/381155a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900049
PM 8610012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Elias, SA
   Short, SK
   Nelson, CH
   Birks, HH
AF Elias, SA
   Short, SK
   Nelson, CH
   Birks, HH
TI Life and times of the Bering land bridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southwestern alaska; younger dryas; sea; record; usa
AB UNDERSTANDING the environment of the Bering land bridge and determining the timing of late Wisconsin inundation are important for several areas of study. These include: (1) the timing of the re-establishment of circulation between Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; (2) the timing of development of a northern biotic refugium and the closing of the bridge to species immigration; (3) Palaeoindian migration routes; and (4) palaeotopographic data for atmospheric general circulation models(1). Late Wisconsin palaeobotanical and fossil insect data from the central and northern sectors of the Bering land bridge indicate widespread mesic shrub tundra environments even during the last glacial maximum, Contrary to previous hypotheses, we found no evidence of steppe tundra on the land bridge, New accelerator mass spectrometer C-14 dates show much of the land bridge was above sea level and thus available for human and animal migration until 11,000 yr BP. Insect evidence suggests that summer temperatures at that time were substantially warmer than now.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
   UNIV BERGEN,INST BOT,N-5007 BERGEN,NORWAY.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Bergen
RP Elias, SA (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,CAMPUS BOX 450,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 29
TC 267
Z9 308
U1 1
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/382060a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vaughan, DG
   Doake, CSM
AF Vaughan, DG
   Doake, CSM
TI Recent atmospheric warming and retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID west
AB IN 1978 Mercer(1) discussed the probable effects of climate warming on the Antarctic Ice Sheet, predicting that one sign of a warming trend in this region would be the retreat of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula. Analyses of 50-year meteorological records have since revealed atmospheric warming on the Antarctic Peninsula(2,3), and a number of ice shelves have retreated(4-8). Here we present time-series of observations of the areal extent of nine ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, showing that five northerly ones have retreated dramatically in the past fifty years, while those further south show no clear trend. Comparison with air-temperature data shows that the pattern and magnitude of ice-shelf retreat is consistent with the existence of an abrupt thermal limit on ice-shelf viability, the isotherm associated with this limit having been driven south by the atmospheric warming. Ice shelves therefore appear to be sensitive indicators of climate change.
RP Vaughan, DG (corresponding author), BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY, NERC, MADINGLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET, ENGLAND.
NR 33
TC 430
Z9 480
U1 1
U2 65
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/379328a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruutu, VMH
   Eltsov, VB
   Gill, AJ
   Kibble, TWB
   Krusius, M
   Makhlin, YG
   Placais, B
   Volovik, GE
   Xu, W
AF Ruutu, VMH
   Eltsov, VB
   Gill, AJ
   Kibble, TWB
   Krusius, M
   Makhlin, YG
   Placais, B
   Volovik, GE
   Xu, W
TI Vortex formation in neutron-irradiated superfluid He-3 as an analogue of cosmological defect formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmic strings; liquid-crystals
AB TOPOLOGICAL defects formed during a rapid symmetry-breaking phase transition in the early Universe(1,2) could be responsible for seeding large-scale structure, for the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation, and for the predominance of matter over antimatter(3,4). The theory describing this cosmological phase transition is formally analogous to that describing the transition to the superfluid state in liquid He-3, so that in principle the process of cosmological defect formation can be modelled in the laboratory. Here we report the results of an experiment in which the 'primordial fireball' is mimicked using a neutron-induced nuclear reaction (n + He-3 --> p + He-3 + 0.76 MeV) to heat small regions of superfluid He-3 above the superfluid transition temperature. These bubbles of normal liquid cool extremely rapidly, and we find that their transition back to the superfluid state is accompanied the formation of a random network of vortices (the superfluid analogue of cosmic strings). We monitor the evolution of this defect state by rotating the superfluid sample, allowing vortices to escape from the network and thus be probed individually. Our results provide clear confirmation of the idea that topological defects form at a rapid second-order phase transition, and give quantitative support to the Kibble-Zurek mechanism(5,6) of cosmological defect formation.
C1 HELSINKI UNIV TECHNOL, LOW TEMP LAB, SF-02150 ESPOO, FINLAND.
   PL KAPITZA PHYS PROBLEMS INST, MOSCOW 117334, RUSSIA.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED, BLACKETT LAB, LONDON SW7 2BZ, ENGLAND.
   LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, DIV THEORET T6, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87545 USA.
   LD LANDAU THEORET PHYS INST, MOSCOW 117334, RUSSIA.
   ECOLE NORMALE SUPER, PHYS MAT CONDENSEE LAB, CNR, URA 1437, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
C3 Aalto University; PL Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences; Imperial College London; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Los Alamos National Laboratory; Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics
NR 17
TC 441
Z9 471
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 334
EP 336
DI 10.1038/382334a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gray, R
   Rajan, AS
   Radcliffe, KA
   Yakehiro, M
   Dani, JA
AF Gray, R
   Rajan, AS
   Radcliffe, KA
   Yakehiro, M
   Dani, JA
TI Hippocampal synaptic transmission enhanced by low concentrations of nicotine
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID high-calcium permeability; acetylcholine-receptors; alpha-bungarotoxin; neurons; rat; channel; blockade; facilitation; recordings; dendrites
AB NICOTINE obtained from tobacco can improve learning and memory on various tasks and has been linked to arousal, attention, rapid information processing, working memory, and longterm memories that can cause craving years after someone has stopped smoking(1,2). One likely target for these effects is the hippocampus, a centre for learning and memory that has rich cholinergic innervation and dense nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression(3-6). During Alzheimer's dementia there are fewer nAChRs and the cholinergic inputs to the hippocampus degenerate(7). However, there is no evidence for fast synaptic transmission mediated by nAChRs in the hippocampus, and their role is not understood(8,9). Nicotine is known to act on presynaptic nAChRs within the habenula of chick to enhance glutamatergic transmission(10); here we report that a similar mechanism operates in the hippocampus. Measurements of intracellular Ca2+ in single mossy-fibre presynaptic terminals indicate that nAChRs containing the alpha 7 subunit can mediate a Ca2+ influx that is sufficient to induce vesicular neurotransmitter release. We propose that nicotine from tobacco influences cognition by enhancing synaptic transmission. Conversely, a decreased efficacy of transmission may account for the deficits associated with the loss of cholinergic innervation during Alzheimer's disease.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DIV NEUROSCI, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT MED, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
NR 30
TC 838
Z9 924
U1 2
U2 52
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/383713a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800052
PM 8878480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gash, DM
   Zhang, ZM
   Ovadia, A
   Cass, WA
   Yi, A
   Simmerman, L
   Russell, D
   Martin, D
   Lapchak, PA
   Collins, F
   Hoffer, BJ
   Gerhardt, GA
AF Gash, DM
   Zhang, ZM
   Ovadia, A
   Cass, WA
   Yi, A
   Simmerman, L
   Russell, D
   Martin, D
   Lapchak, PA
   Collins, F
   Hoffer, BJ
   Gerhardt, GA
TI Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID l-dopa; neurons
AB PARKINSON's disease results from the progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons that innervate the striatum(1,2). In rodents, glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) stimulates an increase in midbrain dopamine levels, protects dopamine neurons from some neurotoxins, and maintains injured dopamine neurons(3-9). Here we extend the rodent studies to an animal closer to the human in brain organization and function, by evaluating the effects of GDNF injected intracerebrally into rhesus monkeys that have had the symptomatology and pathophysiological features of Parkinson's disease induced by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)(10-14). The recipients of GDNF displayed significant improvements in three of the cardinal symptoms of parkinsonism: bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability. GDNF administered every four weeks maintained functional recovery. On the lesioned side of GDNF-treated animals, dopamine levels in the midbrain and globus pallidus were twice as high, and nigral dopamine neurons were, on average, 20% larger, with an increased fibre density. The results indicate that GDNF may be of benefit in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
C1 AMGEN INC,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,NEUROSCI TRAINING PROGRAM,DENVER,CO 80262.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PSYCHIAT,NEUROSCI TRAINING PROGRAM,DENVER,CO 80262.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,ROCKY MT CTR SENSOR TECHNOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
C3 Amgen; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
RP Gash, DM (corresponding author), UNIV KENTUCKY,COLL MED,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,LEXINGTON,KY 40536, USA.
NR 22
TC 833
Z9 924
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 252
EP 255
DI 10.1038/380252a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700053
PM 8637574
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horton, B
AF Horton, B
TI Going to work in genes catches on
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Employment prospects are on the rise in genomics, genetic counselling and biotechnology. For the lucky few the rewards are great, but competition to break into the field can be tough. Nature reports trends from Europe and the United States on the eve of the American Society for Human Genetics meeting on 29 October.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 739
EP 740
DI 10.1038/383739a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800060
PM 8878488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schubart, DB
   Rolink, A
   KoscoVilbois, MH
   Botteri, F
   Matthias, P
AF Schubart, DB
   Rolink, A
   KoscoVilbois, MH
   Botteri, F
   Matthias, P
TI B-cell-specific coactivator OBF-1/OCA-B/Bob1 required for immune response and germinal centre formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding transcription factors; immunoglobulin genes; promoter activity; protein; oct-2; mice; activation; expression; mechanism; deficient
AB THE B-lymphocyte-specific transcriptional factor called Oct binding factor (OBF)-1, OCA-B or Bob1 (refs 13) is thought to be involved in the transcription of immunoglobulin genes through recruitment to the highly conserved octamer site of immunoglobulin promoters, mediated by either Oct-1 or Oct-2. To define the in vivo role of OBP-1 we have used gene targeting in embryonic stem cells to generate mice lacking the coactivator OBP-1. Such OBF-1(-/-) mice are born normally, are fertile and seem healthy, and surprisingly, rearrangement and transcription of immunoglobulin genes are largely unaffected. However, mice deficient in OBF-1 have reduced numbers of mature B cells and a severe reduction in the number of recirculating B cells, but otherwise show normal B-cell differentiation. Serum IgA and particularly IgG levels are greatly reduced. If mutant mice are immunized with either a thymus-independent or a thymus-dependent antigen, their immune responses are dramatically weakened. Strikingly, germinal centres completely fail to develop after immunization with thymus-dependent antigen. Our results demonstrate that in vivo OBF-1 is not required for initial transcription of immunoglobulin genes or for B cell development, but instead is essential for the response of B cells to antigens, and is required for the formation of germinal centres.
C1 FRIEDRICH MIESCHER INST,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   BASEL INST IMMUNOL,CH-4005 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
   GLAXO INST MOL BIOL SA,CH-1228 PLAN LES OUATES,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research; GlaxoSmithKline; GlaxoSmithKline Switzerland
NR 30
TC 252
Z9 272
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 538
EP 542
DI 10.1038/383538a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500054
PM 8849727
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hutchings, GJ
   Heneghan, CS
   Hudson, ID
   Taylor, SH
AF Hutchings, GJ
   Heneghan, CS
   Hudson, ID
   Taylor, SH
TI Uranium-oxide-based catalysts for the destruction of volatile chloro-organic compounds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chlorinated hydrocarbons; oxidation; decomposition; deactivation
AB THE industrial release of hydrocarbons and chlorine containing organic molecules into the environment continues to attract considerable public concern, which in turn has led to governmental attempts to control such emissions. The challenge is to reduce pollution without stifling economic growth(1). Chlorine-containing pollutants are known to be particularly stable, and at present the main industrial process for their destruction involves thermal oxidation at 1,000 degrees C, an expensive process that can lead to the formation of highly toxic by-products such as dioxins and dibenzofurans(2). Catalytic combustion at lower temperatures could potentially destroy pollutants more efficiently (in terms of energy requirements) and without forming toxic by-products, Current industrial catalysts are based on precious metals that are deactivated rapidly by organochlorine compounds(3). Here we report that catalysts based on uranium oxide efficiently destroy a range of hydrocarbon and chlorine-containing pollutants, and that these catalysts are resistant to deactivation, We show that benzene, toluene, chlorobutane and chlorobenzene can be destroyed at moderate temperatures (<400 degrees C) and industrially relevant flow rates.
C1 SPRINGFIELDS WORKS, BNFL, CO RES LAB, PRESTON PR4 0XJ, LANCS, ENGLAND.
RP Hutchings, GJ (corresponding author), UNIV LIVERPOOL, DEPT CHEM, LEVERHULME CTR INNOVAT CATALYSIS, LIVERPOOL L69 3BX, MERSEYSIDE, ENGLAND.
NR 12
TC 238
Z9 250
U1 1
U2 113
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 341
EP 343
DI 10.1038/384341a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lasic, DD
AF Lasic, DD
TI Doxorubicin in sterically stabilized liposomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-circulating liposm; clearance
NR 28
TC 265
Z9 305
U1 1
U2 53
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 561
EP 562
DI 10.1038/380561a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300061
PM 8606781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, CB
   Betz, WJ
AF Smith, CB
   Betz, WJ
TI Simultaneous independent measurement of endocytosis and exocytosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine chromaffin cells; capacitance measurements; secretion
AB STUDIES of membrane traffic between the cytoplasm and surface of a cell suggest that membrane internalization is tightly coupled to secretion. Studies using the capacitance technique show that endocytosis can follow evoked exocytosis within a second or less(1-3). The capacitance technique, however, measures only the net change in cell surface area, and thus separating exocytosis from endocytosis requires that the two events do not overlap in time. This condition is probably met with small, brief stimuli(1-5), but during prolonged stimulation it is more likely that exocytosis and endocytosis occur simultaneously(6). We used FM1-43 fluorescence, which provides a cumulative measure of exocytosis, independent of endocytosis, in combination with capacitance monitoring to track unidirectional movements of membrane simultaneously and in real time in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. We confirm that, with relatively small stimuli, exocytosis ceases before endocytosis begins (no overlap). In contrast, during prolonged stimulation, the onset of endocytosis is delayed by 2-3 min, but then the rate of endocytosis quickly grows to equal that of exocytosis. The delayed onset of endocytosis may be an emergency defence against catastrophic cell swelling.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
   UNIV COLORADO,SCH MED,PROGRAM NEUROSCI,DENVER,CO 80262.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver
NR 30
TC 204
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 531
EP 534
DI 10.1038/380531a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300051
PM 8606773
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vogt, R
   Crutzen, PJ
   Sander, R
AF Vogt, R
   Crutzen, PJ
   Sander, R
TI A mechanism for halogen release from sea-salt aerosol in the remote marine boundary layer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pacific air masses; photochemical history; redox kinetics; acid reactions; polar sunrise; point-arena; chlorine; ozone; bromine; troposphere
AB RECENT measurements of inorganic chlorine gases' and hydrocarbons' indicate the presence of reactive chlorine in the remote marine boundary layer; reactions involving chlorine and bromine can affect the concentrations of ozone, hydrocarbons and cloud condensation nuclei, The known formation mechanisms of reactive halogens require significant concentrations of nitrogen oxides(3-5), which are not present in the unpolluted air of the remote marine boundary layer(6). Here we propose an autocatalytic mechanism for halogen release from sea-salt aerosol: gaseous HOBr is scavenged by the aerosol and converted to only slightly soluble BrCl and Br-2, which are released into the gas phase, Depending on the sea-salt concentration and given a boundary layer that is stable for a few days, gaseous HOCl and HOBr may reach molar mixing ratios of up to 35 pmol mol(-1). We calculate that HOBr and HOCl are responsible for 20% and 40%, respectively, of the sulphur (IV) oxidation(7,8) that occurs in the aerosol phase, The additional S(IV) oxidation reduces the formation of cloud-condensation nuclei, and hence the feedback between greenhouse warming, oceanic DMS emission and cloud albedo, We also calculate significant bromine-catalysed ozone loss.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,DIV AIR CHEM,D-55020 MAINZ,GERMANY.
   YORK UNIV,DEPT CHEM,N YORK,ON M3J 1P3,CANADA.
   YORK UNIV,CTR ATMOSPHER CHEM,N YORK,ON M3J 1P3,CANADA.
C3 Max Planck Society; York University - Canada; York University - Canada
NR 30
TC 623
Z9 688
U1 1
U2 167
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 327
EP 330
DI 10.1038/383327a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Knight, RT
AF Knight, RT
TI Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intracerebral potentials; recognition memory; prefrontal cortex; visual-stimuli; rhesus-monkey; rare target; lesions; working; lobe; p300
AB THE ability to respond to unexpected stimuli (the 'orienting response') is a fundamental characteristic of mammalian behaviour(1), but the brain mechanisms by which novelty is detected remain poorly defined. Electrophysiological recordings of scalp and intracranial event-related potentials (ERPs) have shown that novel stimuli activate a distributed network involving prefrontal and posterior association cortex(2-6). In addition, ERP(7,8) and single-neuron(9,10) recordings, as well as neuroimaging(11) and modelling(12) studies, have suggested that temporal cortical regions, including the hippocampus, are also involved. To examine further the role of the medial temporal lobe in novelty processing, I measured physiological responses to novel auditory and tactile stimuli in patients with damage to the posterior hippocampal region. In normal control subjects, unexpected novel stimuli produce a characteristic ERP signal, accompanied by an autonomic skin response. Both responses are reduced in hippocampal lesion patients, whereas the response to expected control stimuli is unaffected. Thus the hippocampal region, in addition to its known role in memory formation, is an essential component of the distributed limbic-cortical network that detects and responds to novel stimuli.
RP Knight, RT (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,CTR VET MED,CTR NEUROSCI,DEPT NEUROL,150 MUIR RD,MARTINEZ,CA 94553, USA.
NR 30
TC 689
Z9 823
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 256
EP 259
DI 10.1038/383256a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500053
PM 8805701
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Parada, CA
   Roeder, RG
AF Parada, CA
   Roeder, RG
TI Enhanced processivity of RNA polymerase II triggered by Tat-induced phosphorylation of its carboxy-terminal domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor tfiih; basal transcription; elongation; kinase; initiation; binding; complex; vp16
AB THE protein Tat is encoded by the HIV-1 genome and is essential for viral replication because of its activation of viral transcription. Tat enhances the ability of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to move long distances down the DNA through a poorly understood mechanism that involves its binding the to the 5' end of the nascent HIV-1 transcript(1-5), It has been suggested(6-10) that the stimulation of transcript elongation by conventional DNA-binding activators may involve phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II by the transcription factor TFIIH11-13 through the associated CAK kinase(14-16). Here we show that Tat-enhanced HIV-1 transcription in vitro requires both TFIIH and the CTD of Pol II, In addition, Tat, through its activation domain, both interacts with a functional TFIIH-containing complex and stimulates phosphorylation of a CTD-containing substrate by the TFIIH kinase. Under conditions that jointly restrict transcriptional elongation(5,17) and TFIIH-mediated CTD phosphorylation, Tat stimulates both these activities. Furthermore, RNA synthesis is required for Tat to stimulate phosphorylation of the CTD when it is part of an initiation complex, as expected from Tat's interaction with viral transcripts(1). Thus, stimulation of Pol II elongation by Tat may involve direct effects on TFIIH-mediated CTD phosphorylation.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University
NR 30
TC 248
Z9 286
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 375
EP 378
DI 10.1038/384375a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100054
PM 8934526
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, M
AF Watanabe, M
TI Reward expectancy in primate prefrontal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unit-activity; delayed-response; monkey; cortex; memory; performance; stimuli; task
AB THE prefrontal cortex is important in the organization of goal-directed behaviour(1-3). When animals are trained to work for a particular goal or reward(4-7), reward 'expectancy' is processed by prefrontal neurons, Recent studies of the prefrontal cortex have concentrated on the role of working memory in the control of behaviour(8-10). In spatial delayed-response tasks, neurons in the prefrontal cortex shaw activity changes during the delay period between presentation of the cue and the reward(11-15), with some of the neurons being spatially specific (that is, responses vary with the cue position)(13-15). Here I report that the delay activity in prefrontal neurons is dependent also on the particular reward received for the behavioural response, and to the way the reward is given. It seems that the prefrontal cortex may monitor the outcome of goal-directed behaviour.
RP Watanabe, M (corresponding author), TOKYO METROPOLITAN INST NEUROSCI,DEPT PSYCHOL,MUSASHIDAI 2-6,FUCHU,TOKYO 183,JAPAN.
NR 24
TC 532
Z9 606
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 629
EP 632
DI 10.1038/382629a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300053
PM 8757133
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pauchard, L
   Bonn, D
   Meunier, J
AF Pauchard, L
   Bonn, D
   Meunier, J
TI Dislocation-mediated melting of a two-dimensional crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID langmuir monolayer; phase
AB MELTING of three-dimensional solids usually starts at the free surface, which typically melts at a lower temperature than the bulk material(1). In two dimensions the starting point of many studies is the Kosterlitz-Thouless theory(2,3), in which melting is initiated through dislocation unbinding. Langmuir monolayers-single layers of amphiphilic molecules formed at the air-water interface-should provide an ideal model for studying melting in two dimensions. Here we show that for monolayer crystals of fatty acids coexisting with their liquid phase, the interior melts before the edges. The melting of crystals under mechanical stress is initiated along the line at which the internal stress vanishes. We suggest that this apparently counterintuitive result arises from defect migration to the region of zero stress, where they accumulate and nucleate melting. These results support the idea that defects play a crucial role in melting of two-dimensional systems.
C1 UNIV PARIS 06,ENS,LAB PHYS STAT,CNRS,URA 1306,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
   UNIV PARIS 07,ENS,PHYS STAT LAB,CNRS,URA 1306,F-75231 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite
NR 12
TC 19
Z9 20
U1 1
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 145
EP 147
DI 10.1038/384145a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gillard, D
   Rubin, AM
   Okubo, P
AF Gillard, D
   Rubin, AM
   Okubo, P
TI Highly concentrated seismicity caused by deformation of Kilauea's deep magma system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south flank; volcano; hawaii; beneath; aftershocks; earthquake; mechanics; motion; summit
AB FREQUENT shallow earthquakes within the rift zones of the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea have been interpreted as resulting from stress changes associated with a shallow magma conduit system(1,2). Here, by using a precise earthquake relocation technique(3), we show that what had been imaged as a diffuse cloud of seismicity in the Upper East Rift in 1991 is in fact a narrow ribbon, defining vertical strike-slip faults that extend 2.5 km along the rift, but less than 100 to 200 m vertically, This extreme aspect ratio in the seismicity is unexpected and has not been recognized in other fault systems, The observed earthquake depths, left-lateral focal mechanisms, limited vertical extent and increasing moment release rate since 1983 can be explained in terms of a growing stress concentration above the deeper, aseismic portion of Kilauea's rift system, which deforms in response to the seaward displacement of the south flank of the volcano, The shallow background seismicity within Kilauea's rifts can therefore be tied to large scale motions of the volcanic edifice, and need not be interpreted as resulting from magma migration, The observed pattern of seismicity may also have implications for the mechanical erosion of locked patches along major strike-slip faults elsewhere.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT GEOSCI,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   US GEOL SURVEY,HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERV,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718.
C3 Princeton University; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
NR 26
TC 98
Z9 107
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/384343a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scanziani, M
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
AF Scanziani, M
   Malenka, RC
   Nicoll, RA
TI Role of intercellular interactions in heterosynaptic long-term depression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic plasticity; area ca1; hippocampus; potentiation; receptors; induction; rat; stimulation
AB BIDIRECTIONAL control of synaptic strength is thought to be important for the development of neuronal circuits and information storage. The demonstration of homosynaptic long-term depression(1) greatly enhances the usefulness of the synapse as a mnemonic device, but theoreticians have also seen the need for heterosynaptic decreases in synaptic efficacy, both in neuronal development(2-4) and information storage(5). Indeed, induction of long-term potentiation in one population of synapses can be associated with a modest depression at neighbouring inactive synapses in the same population of cells(6-10). Here we report that in the CA1 region of the hippocampus this heterosynaptic long-term depression has the property that its sites of induction and expression occur in different populations of cells and thus requires the spread of a signal between neurons. Such a mechanism ensures a widespread distribution of this form of plasticity.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PSYCHIAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Scanziani, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 27
TC 100
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 446
EP 450
DI 10.1038/380446a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000064
PM 8602244
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zerangue, N
   Kavanaugh, MP
AF Zerangue, N
   Kavanaugh, MP
TI Flux coupling in a neuronal glutamate transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arachidonic-acid; glial-cells; rat-brain; aspartate; synaptosm; inhibition; subtypes; ischemia; release; cortex
AB SYNAPTIC transmission is commonly terminated by diffusion and reuptake of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. Glutamate reuptake prevents neurotoxicity and sets the lower limit for the concentration of extracellular glutamate, so it is important to understand the thermodynamics of this process. Here we use voltage clamping with a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye to monitor electrical currents and pH changes associated with flux of glutamate mediated by the human neuronal glutamate transporter EAAT3. In contrast to a previous model(1), we find that three sodium ions and one proton are cotransported viith each glutamate ion into the cell, while one potassium ion is transported out of the cell. This coupling can support a transmembrane glutamate concentration gradient ([Glu](In)/[Glu](out)) exceeding 10(6) under equilibrium conditions, and would allow the transporter to continue removing glutamate over a wide range of ionic conditions.
C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University
NR 30
TC 713
Z9 820
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 634
EP 637
DI 10.1038/383634a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500057
PM 8857541
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramachandran, VS
   Tyler, CW
   Gregory, RL
   RogersRamachandran, D
   Duensing, S
   Pillsbury, C
   Ramachandran, C
AF Ramachandran, VS
   Tyler, CW
   Gregory, RL
   RogersRamachandran, D
   Duensing, S
   Pillsbury, C
   Ramachandran, C
TI Rapid adaptive camouflage in tropical flounders
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Despite the commonly held view that flatfish can change their surface markings to match their background pattern(1), there have been few systematic studies(2,3) and it has recently been claimed(4) that their capacity for such adaptive changes is minimal. Here we show that the tropical flatfish Bothus ocellatus can achieve pattern-matching with surprising fidelity. By adjusting the contrast of different sets of 'splotches' of different grain size (or spatial frequency) on the skin, the fish can blend into a wide range of background textures in just 2-8 seconds.
RP Ramachandran, VS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,BRAIN & PERCEPT LAB,0109,,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 6
TC 107
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 815
EP 818
DI 10.1038/379815a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100055
PM 8587602
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alonso, JM
   Usrey, WM
   Reid, RC
AF Alonso, JM
   Usrey, WM
   Reid, RC
TI Precisely correlated firing in cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-correlation analysis; cat striate cortex; retinal ganglion-cells; visual-cortex; geniculocortical afferents; orientation selectivity; action-potentials; receptive-fields; circuits; neurons
AB SIMPLE cells within layer IV of the cat primary visual cortex are selective for lines of a specific orientation, It has been proposed that their receptive-field properties are established by the pattern of connections that they receive from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus(1-5). Thalamic inputs, however, represent only a small proportion of the synapses made onto simple cells(6-8), and others have argued that corticocortical connections are likely to be important in shaping simple-cell response properties(9,11). Here we describe a mechanism that might be involved in selectively strengthening the effect of thalamic inputs, We show that neighbouring geniculate neurons with overlapping receptive fields of the same type (on-centre or off-centre) often fire spikes that are synchronized to within 1 millisecond, Moreover, these neurons often project to a common cortical target neuron where synchronous spikes are more effective in evoking a postsynaptic response. We propose that precisely correlated firing within a group of geniculate neurons could serve to reinforce the thalamic input to cortical simple cells.
RP Alonso, JM (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV, NEUROBIOL LAB, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
NR 30
TC 382
Z9 437
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 815
EP 819
DI 10.1038/383815a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400061
PM 8893005
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Linde, AT
   Gladwin, MT
   Johnston, MJS
   Gwyther, RL
   Bilham, RG
AF Linde, AT
   Gladwin, MT
   Johnston, MJS
   Gwyther, RL
   Bilham, RG
TI A slow earthquake sequence on the San Andreas fault
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stress redistribution; free oscillations; aseismic slip; deformation; events; japan
AB EARTHQUAKES typically release stored strain energy on timescales of the order of seconds, limited by the velocity of sound in rock Over the past 20 years, observations(1-13) and laboratory experiments(14) have indicated that rupture can also occur more slowly, with durations up to hours. Such events may be important in earthquake nucleation(15) and in accounting for the excess of plate convergence over seismic slip in subduction zones. The detection of events with larger timescales requires near-field deformation measurements. In December 1992, two borehole strainmeters close to the San Andreas fault in California recorded a slow strain event of about a week in duration, and rye show here that the strain changes were produced by a slow earthquake sequence (equivalent magnitude 4.8) with complexity similar to that of regular earthquakes. The largest earthquakes associated with these slow events were small (local magnitude 3.7) and contributed negligible strain release. The importance of slow earthquakes in the seismogenic process remains an open question, but these observations extend the observed timescale for slow events by two orders of magnitude.
C1 CSIRO,QUEENSLAND CTR ADV TECHNOL,PINJARRA,QLD 4069,AUSTRALIA.
   US GEOL SURVEY,MENLO PK,CA 94025.
   UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Linde, AT (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,5241 BROAD BRANCH RD NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20015, USA.
NR 28
TC 263
Z9 323
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 65
EP 68
DI 10.1038/383065a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bechinger, C
   Ferrer, S
   Zaban, A
   Sprague, J
   Gregg, BA
AF Bechinger, C
   Ferrer, S
   Zaban, A
   Sprague, J
   Gregg, BA
TI Photoelectrochromic windows and displays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tio2 electrodes; thin-film; light
AB PHOTOCHROMIC materials(1,2) change colour on absorption of light, whereas electrochromic materials(3,4) change colour in response to an electrically induced change in oxidation state. Both classes of materials are being investigated for potential applications in displays, imaging devices and 'smart' windows(5-8,15,16). Here we describe an alternative route to such applications, in which an electrochromic film and a photovoltaic film form the two electrodes of an electrochemical cell. The resulting structure exhibits photochromism, but unlike conventional photochromic films, the light-absorption process (in the photovoltaic film) is separate from the coloration process (in the electrochromic film): both may therefore he optimized individually. Moreover, as the coloration process in our cells requires an external electrical current between the two electrodes, the optical state of the cell-transparent, absorbing or, in the case of non-uniform illumination, patterned-can be stored when the circuit is open, or changed when the electrodes are connected.
C1 NATL RENEWABLE ENERGY LAB,GOLDEN,CO 80401.
   UNIV KONSTANZ,D-78434 CONSTANCE,GERMANY.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); National Renewable Energy Laboratory - USA; University of Konstanz
NR 16
TC 614
Z9 663
U1 2
U2 377
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 608
EP 610
DI 10.1038/383608a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chardin, P
   Paris, S
   Antonny, B
   Robineau, S
   BeraudDufour, S
   Jackson, CL
   Chabre, M
AF Chardin, P
   Paris, S
   Antonny, B
   Robineau, S
   BeraudDufour, S
   Jackson, CL
   Chabre, M
TI A human exchange factor for ARF contains Sec7- and pleckstrin-homology domains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-ribosylation factor; guanine-nucleotide; brefeldin-a; binding-site; protein; apparatus; encodes; cell
AB THE small G protein ARF1 is involved in the coating of vesicles that bud from the Golgi compartments(1,2). Its activation is controlled by as-yet unidentified guanine-nucleotide exchange factors(3,4). Gea1, the first ARF exchange factor to be discovered in yeast(5), is a large protein containing a domain of homology with Sec7, another yeast protein that is also involved in secretion(6) Here we characterized a smaller human protein (relative molecular mass 47K) named ARNO, which contains a central Sec7 domain that promotes guanine-nucleotide exchange on ARF1. ARNO also contains an amino-terminal coiled-coil motif and a carboxy-terminal pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain. The PH domain mediates an enhancement of ARNO exchange activity by negatively charged phospholipid vesicles supplemented with phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate. The exchange activity of ARNO is not inhibited by brefeldin A, an agent known to block vesicular transport and inhibit the exchange activity on ARF1 in cell extracts(7,8). This suggests that a regulatory component which is sensitive to brefeldin A associates with ARNO in vivo, possibly through the amino-terminal coiled-coil. We propose that other proteins with a Sec7 domain regulate different members of the ARF family.
C1 CEA SACLAY,SERV BIOCHIM & GENET MOL,F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; CEA
RP Chardin, P (corresponding author), CNRS,INST PHARMACOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,660 ROUTE LUCIOLES,F-06560 VALBONNE,FRANCE.
NR 19
TC 411
Z9 466
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 481
EP 484
DI 10.1038/384481a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700068
PM 8945478
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scheffzek, K
   Lautwein, A
   Kabsch, W
   Ahmadian, MR
   Wittinghofer, A
AF Scheffzek, K
   Lautwein, A
   Kabsch, W
   Ahmadian, MR
   Wittinghofer, A
TI Crystal structure of the GTPase-activating domain of human p120GAP and implications for the interaction with Ras
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID type-1 nf1 gene; protein; mechanism; gap; hydrolysis; neurofibromin; p21; differentiation; mutagenesis; stimulation
AB RAS-RELATED GTP-binding proteins function as molecular switches which cycle between GTP-bound 'on'- and GDP-bound 'off'-states(1), GTP hydrolysis is the common timing mechanism that mediates the return from the 'on' to the 'off'-state, It is usually slow but can be accelerated by orders of magnitude upon interaction with GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In the case of Ras, a major regulator of cellular growth, point mutations are found in approximately 30% of human tumours which render the protein unable to hydrolyse GTP, even in the presence of Ras-GAPs, The first structure determination of a GTPase-activating protein reveals the catalytically active fragment of the Ras-specific p120GAP (ref. 2), GAP-334, as an elongated, exclusively helical protein which appears to represent a novel protein fold, The molecule consists of two domains, one of which contains all the residues conserved among different GAPs for Ras. From the location of conserved residues around a shallow groove in the central domain we can identify the site of interaction with Ras-GTP. This leads to a model for the interaction between Ras and GAP that satisfies numerous biochemical and genetic data on this important regulatory process.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MOL PHYSIOL, D-44139 DORTMUND, GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST MED RES, D-69120 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
NR 35
TC 145
Z9 174
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 591
EP 596
DI 10.1038/384591a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900067
PM 8955277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sigmarsson, O
AF Sigmarsson, O
TI Short magma chamber residence time at an Icelandic volcano inferred from U-series disequilibria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lived radioactive disequilibria; u-238 series; sr-isotopes; systematics; eruption; lavas; constraints; dynamics; hawaii; rocks
AB THE questions of how quickly magmas can differentiate and how long they reside in magma chambers are fundamental to our understanding of magma evolution and the behaviour of volcanoes. Timescales of a few years to a few hundred years have been inferred from physical modelling of crystallization(1,2), and from variations in crystal sizes and magma compositions(3-5). Short-lived disequilibria between daughter nuclides of the U-238 decay series yield information about the processes and timescales of magma differentiation(4,6-14). Here I report excesses of Ra-226 over Th-230 and Pb-210 that decrease with differentiation, in lavas from the Vestmannaeyjar volcanic system (Iceland). The decreasing disequilibria can be explained by crystal fractionation of alkali basalt to form hawaiite and mugearite and 10-year magma chamber residence time. Such rapid differentiation and so short a residence time in a deep reservoir probably result from the injection of a small volume of alkali basalt into a relatively cold crust.
RP Sigmarsson, O (corresponding author), UNIV CLERMONT FERRAND,CNRS,CTR RECH VOLCANOL,5 RUE KESSLER,F-63038 CLERMONT FERRAN,FRANCE.
NR 33
TC 67
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 440
EP 442
DI 10.1038/382440a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ohta, K
   Yamada, T
   Nakanishi, K
   Kohno, K
   Akiyama, M
   Kawabe, R
AF Ohta, K
   Yamada, T
   Nakanishi, K
   Kohno, K
   Akiyama, M
   Kawabe, R
TI Detection of molecular gas in the quasar BR1202-0725 at redshift z=4.69
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-alpha system; co emission; iras f10214+4724; galaxy; search
AB ALTHOUGH great efforts(1-8) have been made to locate molecular gas-the material out of which stars form-in the early Universe, there have been only two firm detections at high redshift. Both are gravitationally lensed objects at redshift z approximate to 2.5 (refs 9-14). Here we report the detection of CO emission from the radio-quite quasar BR1202 - 0725, which is at redshift z approximate to 4.69. From the observed CO luminosity, we estimate that almost 10(11) solar masses of molecular hydrogen are associated with the quasar; this is comparable to the stellar mass of a present-day luminous galaxy. Our results suggest that BR1202 - 0725 is a massive galaxy, in which the gas is largely concentrated in the central region, and that it is currently undergoing a large burst of star formation.
C1 UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,HONOLULU,HI 96822.
   INST PHYS & CHEM RES,COSM RADIAT LAB,WAKO,SAITAMA 35101,JAPAN.
   NATL ASTRON OBSERV,NOBEYAMA RADIO OBSERV,MINAMISA KU,NAGANO 38413,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,DEPT ASTRON,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 University of Hawaii System; RIKEN; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ); University of Tokyo
RP Ohta, K (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV,DEPT ASTRON,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
NR 29
TC 152
Z9 155
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 426
EP 428
DI 10.1038/382426a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100048
PM 8684482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Strassman, AM
   Raymond, SA
   Burstein, R
AF Strassman, AM
   Raymond, SA
   Burstein, R
TI Sensitization of meningeal sensory neurons and the origin of headaches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sagittal sinus; trigeminovascular system; thalamic neurons; stimulation; migraine; cat; artery; rat; bradykinin; mechanisms
AB THE headaches that accompany certain intracranial pathologies (such as meningitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage and tumour) have been considered to result from mechanical or chemical stimulation of pain-sensitive structures of the intracranial meninges(1,2). Although the recurrent headache of migraine is of unknown origin and is not accompanied by an identifiable pathology, it shares with intracranial headaches features that suggest an exaggerated intracranial mechanosensititivity (worsening of the pain by coughing, breath-holding or sudden head movement(1,3)). One possible basis for such symptoms would be a sensitization of meningeal afferents to mechanical stimuli. Previous studies of neuronal responses to meningeal stimulation have focused primarily on cells in the central portion of the trigeminal pathway, and have not investigated the possible occurrence of sensitization(4-12). We have recorded the activity of primary afferent neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion that innervate the dural venous sinuses. Chemical stimulation of their dural receptive fields with inflammatory mediators both directly excited the neurons and enhanced their mechanical sensitivity, such that they were strongly activated by mechanical stimuli that initially had evoked little or no response, These properties of meningeal afferents (chemosensitivity and sensitization) may contribute to the intracranial mechanical hypersensitivity that is characteristic of some types of clinically occurring headaches, and may also contribute to the throbbing pain of migraine.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANESTHESIA,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,INST MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT ANESTHESIA,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
RP Strassman, AM (corresponding author), BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MED CTR,DEPT ANESTHESIA & CRIT CARE,330 BROOKLINE AVE,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 30
TC 555
Z9 634
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 560
EP 564
DI 10.1038/384560a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900058
PM 8955268
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirschman, KD
   Tsybeskov, L
   Duttagupta, SP
   Fauchet, PM
AF Hirschman, KD
   Tsybeskov, L
   Duttagupta, SP
   Fauchet, PM
TI Silicon-based visible light-emitting devices integrated into microelectronic circuits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emission
AB MICROELECTRONIC device integration has progressed to the point where complete 'systems-on-a-chip' have been realized(1,3). Now that optoelectronics is becoming increasingly important for information and communication technologies, there is a need to develop optoelectronic devices that can be integrated with standard microelectronics, Conventional semiconductor technology is largely based on crystalline silicon, which (being an indirect bandgap semiconductor) is an inefficient light-emitting material. This has stimulated significant effort towards developing silicon-based optoelectronic components and, of the several strategies explored so far(4,5), the use of porous silicon appears the most promising; porous silicon produces high-efficiency, room-temperature, visible photoluminescence(6), and its material and optical properties have been studied in detail(7,8). But the extreme reactivity and fragility of porous silicon have hitherto prevented its integration with conventional silicon processing technology. We have recently shown(9,10) that the thermal and chemical stability of porous silicon can be greatly enhanced-while retaining desirable light-emitting and charge-transport properties-by partial oxidation. Here we take advantage of these improvements in material properties to demonstrate the successful integration of silicon-based visible light-emitting devices into a standard bipolar microelectronic circuit.
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT ELECT ENGN,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
   ROCHESTER INST TECHNOL,DEPT MICROELECTR ENGN,ROCHESTER,NY 14623.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LASER ENERGET LAB,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,INST OPT,ROCHESTER,NY 14627.
C3 University of Rochester; Rochester Institute of Technology; University of Rochester; University of Rochester
NR 19
TC 789
Z9 870
U1 1
U2 161
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 338
EP 341
DI 10.1038/384338a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kapitsa, AP
   Ridley, JK
   Robin, GD
   Siegert, MJ
   Zotikov, IA
AF Kapitsa, AP
   Ridley, JK
   Robin, GD
   Siegert, MJ
   Zotikov, IA
TI A large deep freshwater lake beneath the ice of central East Antarctica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IN 1974-75, an airborne radio-echo survey of ice depths over central East Antarctica led to the discovery of a sub-ice lake of unknown depth and composition, with an area of about 10,000 km(2) and lying beneath similar to 4 km of ice(1). In 1993, altimetric data from satellite measurements(2) provided independent evidence of the lake's areal extent, thus confirming it to be the largest known sub-ice lake by an order of magnitude, Here we analyse nem altimetric and radio-echo data, along with existing seismic data(3), to show that the lake is deep (mean depth of 125 m or more) and fresh, and that it has an area that exceeds previous estimates by about 50%-dimensions comparable with those of Lake Ontario. We estimate that the residence time of the crater in the lake is of the order of tens of thousands of Sears, and that the mean age of water in the lake, since deposition as surface ice, is about one million years, Regional ice-dynamics can be explained in terms of steady-state ice flow along and over the lake.
C1 UNIV WALES, INST EARTH STUDIES, CTR GLACIOL, ABERYSTWYTH SY23 3DB, DYFED, WALES.
   MOSCOW MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV, FAC GEOG, MOSCOW, RUSSIA.
   UCL, MULLARD SPACE SCI LAB, DORKING RH5 6NT, SURREY, ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, SCOTT POLAR RES INST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI, INST GEOG, MOSCOW 117901, RUSSIA.
C3 Aberystwyth University; Lomonosov Moscow State University; University of London; University College London; University of Cambridge; Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
NR 20
TC 265
Z9 298
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 684
EP 686
DI 10.1038/381684a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ammala, C
   Moorhouse, A
   Gribble, F
   Ashfield, R
   Proks, P
   Smith, PA
   Sakura, H
   Coles, B
   Ashcroft, SJH
   Ashcroft, FM
AF Ammala, C
   Moorhouse, A
   Gribble, F
   Ashfield, R
   Proks, P
   Smith, PA
   Sakura, H
   Coles, B
   Ashcroft, SJH
   Ashcroft, FM
TI Promiscuous coupling between the sulphonylurea receptor and inwardly rectifying potassium channels
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channel; atp
AB SULPHONYLUREAS are a class of drugs widely used to treat non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These drugs act by binding to a sulphonylurea receptor (SUR) in the pancreatic beta-cell membrane which inhibits an ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channel and thereby stimulates insulin secretion. There has been much debate as to whether SUR and the K-ATP channel are the same or separate proteins, whether SUR confers ATP-sensitivity on an ATP-insensitive pore-forming subunit, and whether sulphonylureas can also modulate other types of K-channel. We show here that SUR itself does not possess intrinsic channel activity but that it endows sulphonylurea sensitivity on several types of inwardly-rectifying K-channels. It does not necessarily confer ATP-sensitivity on these channels.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,PHYSIOL LAB,OXFORD OX1 3PT,ENGLAND.
   JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,NUFFIELD DEPT CLIN BIOCHEM,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 14
TC 156
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 545
EP 548
DI 10.1038/379545a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300052
PM 8596634
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Simon, R
   Igeno, MI
   Coupland, G
AF Simon, R
   Igeno, MI
   Coupland, G
TI Activation of floral meristem identity genes in Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell fate; initiation; apetala1; thaliana
AB THE Arabidopsis floral meristem identity genes APETALA1 (AP1) and LEAFY (LFY) confer floral identity on developing floral primordia(1-4), whereas TERMINAL FLOWER (TFL) is required to repress their expression within shoot and inflorescence meristems(1,5). LFY and AP1 are expressed in floral primordia in response to environmental conditions, such as day length, which regulate the onset of flowering, and presumably also in response to the action of genes that influence flowering time. However, the relationship between these flowering-time genes and the floral meristem-identity genes has been difficult to assess because flowering time is determined by several interacting genetic pathways(6,7). Here we describe a method to regulate expression of the flowering-time gene CONSTANS (CO) and demonstrate that CO expression is sufficient to trigger flowering, irrespective of day length. In response to CO expression, transcription of LFY and TFL is initiated rapidly, whereas transcription of AP1 occurs much later. We propose that CO acts within a genetic pathway that is sufficient to activate LFY and TFL transcription, but that rapid activation of AP1 requires an additional pathway.
C1 JOHN INNES CTR PLANT SCI RES,NORWICH NR4 7UH,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
NR 17
TC 277
Z9 317
U1 2
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 59
EP 62
DI 10.1038/384059a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900052
PM 8900276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, MP
   Sansom, IJ
   Repetski, JE
AF Smith, MP
   Sansom, IJ
   Repetski, JE
TI Histology of the first fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hard tissue; vertebrates; origin
AB THE first description of Anatolepis Bockelie & Fortey was from early Ordovician sediments of Ny Friesland, Spitsbergen(1,2), but the genus is now known from many localities in North America and Greenland, ranging in age hom the Late Cambrian period to the Early Ordovician(3-6). Although initially interpreted as an agnathan fish(2,3) that predated other representatives(7), this has been widely disputed because the available histological data were unconvincing(6,8-10) and the scales fell outside the known morphological range of other accepted early vertebrates(9-11). Further doubt was cast upon the vertebrate affinity of Anatolepis when specimens from East Greenland were interpreted as the cuticular fragments of aglaspid arthropods(6), although this interpretation has also been refuted(12). Here we report on the morphology and histology of large collections of Anatolepis, and demonstrate the presence of dentine, a tissue unique to vertebrates, confirming that the taxon is both a vertebrate and the oldest known fish.
C1 US GEOL SURVEY,NATL CTR,RESTON,VA 22092.
C3 United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
RP Smith, MP (corresponding author), UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH EARTH SCI,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 46
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 702
EP 704
DI 10.1038/380702a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vale, RD
   Funatsu, T
   Pierce, DW
   Romberg, L
   Harada, Y
   Yanagida, T
AF Vale, RD
   Funatsu, T
   Pierce, DW
   Romberg, L
   Harada, Y
   Yanagida, T
TI Direct observation of single kinesin molecules moving along microtubules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID heavy-chain; movement; domain; motor; expression
AB KINESIN is a two-headed motor protein that powers organelle transport along microtubules(1). Many ATP molecules are hydrolysed by kinesin for each diffusional encounter with the microtubule(2,3). Here we report the development of a new assay in which the processive movement of individual fluorescently labelled kinesin molecules along a microtubule can be visualized directly; this observation is achieved by low-background total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy(4) in the absence of attachment of the motor to a cargo (for example, an organelle or bead). The average distance travelled after a binding encounter with a microtubule is 600 nm, which reflects a similar to 1% probability of detachment per mechanical cycle, Surprisingly, processive movement could still be observed at salt concentrations as high as 0.3 M NaCl. Truncated kinesin molecules having only a single motor domain do not show detectable processive movement, which is consistent with a model in which kinesin's two force-generating heads operate by a hand-over-hand mechanism.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   OSAKA UNIV,DEPT BIOPHYS ENGN,TOYONAKA,OSAKA 560,JAPAN.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of Osaka
RP Vale, RD (corresponding author), RES DEV CORP JAPAN,ERATO,YANAGIDA BIOMOTRON PROJECT,SENBA HIGASHI 2-4-14,MINO,OSAKA 562,JAPAN.
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIAMS NIH HHS [P01 AR042895] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 606
Z9 748
U1 2
U2 122
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 451
EP 453
DI 10.1038/380451a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000065
PM 8602245
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU OCarroll, DC
   Bidwell, NJ
   Laughlin, SB
   Warrant, EJ
AF OCarroll, DC
   Bidwell, NJ
   Laughlin, SB
   Warrant, EJ
TI Insect motion detectors matched to visual ecology
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensitive neuron; detection system; adaptation; selectivity
AB To detect motion, primates, birds and insects all use local detectors to correlate signals sampled at one location in the image with those sampled after a delay at adjacent locations(1-10) These detectors can adapt to high image velocities by shortening the delay(11-13). To investigate whether they use long delays for detecting low velocities, we compared motion-sensitive neurons in ten species of fast-flying insects, some of which encounter low velocities while hovering. Neurons of bee-flies and hawkmoths, which hover, are tuned to lower temporal frequencies than those of butterflies and bumblebees, which do not. Tuning to low frequencies indicates longer delays and extends sensitivity to lower velocities, Hoverflies retain fast temporal tuning but use their high spatial acuity for sensing low-velocity motion. Thus an unexpectedly wide range of spatio-temporal tuning matches motion detection to visual ecology.
C1 UNIV SUSSEX,CTR NEUROSCI,BRIGHTON BN1 9QG,E SUSSEX,ENGLAND.
   LUND UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,S-22362 LUND,SWEDEN.
C3 University of Sussex; Lund University
RP OCarroll, DC (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
NR 22
TC 124
Z9 131
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/382063a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300053
PM 21638927
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Zhang, XL
AF Shu, DG
   Morris, SC
   Zhang, XL
TI A Pikaia-like chordate from the Lower Cambrian of China
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin
AB THE earliest evolution of the chordates and their relationships with other deuterostomes remains controversial(1-3). Rejuvenation of interest in the areas of molecular phylogeny(4) and developmental genetics(5-7) has not been matched by new insights from the fossil record, which for the Lower and Middle Cambrian remains exceptionally sparse. The supposed chordate Emmonsaspis(8) has been shown to be a frond-like fossil(9), and phosphatic sclerites of hadimopanellids, once compared with vertebrate dermal armour(10,11), are now known to be derived from the cuticle of protostome palaeoscolecidan worms(12,13). Other fragmentary material of supposed scales is even more dubious(14). The best-known candidate in this thin roster remains the Burgess Shale chordate Pikaia(15). Here we report a single specimen of a Lower Cambrian chordate, Cathaymyrus diadexus, new genus and species, that is similar to Pikaia but predates it by about 10 million years (Myr). Important features of this new specimen are structures interpreted as pharyngeal gill slits. The evolution of chordates was an integral part of the first stages of the Cambrian 'explosion', and steps to craniates with neural crest were probably achieved by the Middle Cambrian.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
   NW UNIV XIAN,DEPT GEOL,XIAN 710069,PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 University of Cambridge; Northwest University Xi'an
NR 30
TC 95
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 157
EP 158
DI 10.1038/384157a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600062
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daumerie, P
   Kalogera, V
   Lamb, FK
   Psaltis, D
AF Daumerie, P
   Kalogera, V
   Lamb, FK
   Psaltis, D
TI A strongly magnetic neutron star in a nearly face-on binary system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray sources; quasi-periodic oscillations; bright
AB THE first example of a new type of transient X-ray source recently appeared in the direction of the Galactic Centre(1), During the peak of its outburst, the new source, GRO J1744 - 28, was very bright in X-rays(2) and produced both 2.1-Hz periodic pulsations(3) and intense bursts lasting tens of seconds(1,4). Before the discovery of this source, it was thought that X-ray stars could not display these different types of activity simultaneously. Here we discuss the nature of the source, which seems to be a strongly magnetic neutron star accreting matter from a low-mass companion star in a low-inclination orbit. The dipole component of its magnetic field is less than or similar to 10(11) G. When the source was at its brightest, its X-ray luminosity between bursts was close to the Eddington critical luminosity(5), at which the outward force of the escaping radiation balances the inward force of gravity. The X-ray bursts probably occur when matter that has accumulated in the inner part of the accretion disk briefly overcomes the forces that oppose its inflow, and the gas falls onto the neutron star.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ASTRON,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Daumerie, P (corresponding author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PHYS,1110 W GREEN ST,URBANA,IL 61801, USA.
NR 22
TC 29
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/382141a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kubo, Y
   Maeda, S
   Tokita, S
   Kubo, M
AF Kubo, Y
   Maeda, S
   Tokita, S
   Kubo, M
TI Colorimetric chiral recognition by a molecular sensor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluorescent calix<4>arene; metal-cations; ammonium-ions; calixarenes; chromoionophore; calix<6>arene; dyes
AB ONE of the most pressing challenges in the design of molecular (1-7) is to achieve visual discrimination between enantiomers. A simple monitoring system for distinguishing between the left- and right-handed forms of chiral drugs would be extremely useful in pharmacology(8). A molecular sensor that achieves this would ha, e to translate an enantioselective molecular recognition event into a discernible colour change. Here we describe a system of this sort, in which a proton transfer and conformational change in a chiral calixarene-based receptor brought about by recognition of a chiral substrate cause spectral shifts in two chromophores attached to the binding cavity of the calixarene, Because the spectral shift in one chromophore is greater for one enantiomer of the substrate than for the other, binding is accompanied by a colour change that can be observed visually.
C1 SAITAMA UNIV,CTR CHEM ANAL,URAWA,SAITAMA 338,JAPAN.
C3 Saitama University
RP Kubo, Y (corresponding author), SAITAMA UNIV,FAC ENGN,DEPT APPL CHEM,255 SHIMO OHKUBO,URAWA,SAITAMA 338,JAPAN.
NR 38
TC 466
Z9 492
U1 0
U2 125
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 522
EP 524
DI 10.1038/382522a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wieler, R
   Kehm, K
   Meshik, AP
   Hohenberg, CM
AF Wieler, R
   Kehm, K
   Meshik, AP
   Hohenberg, CM
TI Secular changes In the xenon and krypton abundances in the solar wind recorded in single lunar grains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energetic particles; corpuscular radiation; nitrogen isotopes; system; fractionation; ilmenites; ar
AB NOBLE gases implanted into the lunar surface trace elemental and isotopic abundances in the solar wind during the Sun's lifetime, and so potentially provide a valuable record of changing physical processes on the Sun. But the interpretation of this record is not straightforward, as it has proved difficult to discriminate the effects of solar variations from changes due to subsequent alteration processes on the lunar surface. Here we report analyses of krypton and xenon abundances in individual grains of lunar soil (in contrast to the multi-grain samples used previously), which permit such discrimination. The abundances of the heavy noble gases have not been altered on the Moon, confirming the view(1) that there have been modest variations in the composition of solar wind, on timescales of 10(8)-10(9) years, during the past several billion years. Moreover, the measured enrichment of xenon, relative to argon, is similar to a well-known excess of easily ionizable elements in the solar chromosphere. As xenon is not an easily ionizable element, this finding supports the hypothesis that the selection effect arises from element-specific ionization times in the solar chromosphere(2,3).
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,MCDONNELL CTR SPACE SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130.
   VERNADSKY INST GEOCHEM,MOSCOW 117975,RUSSIA.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Russian Academy of Sciences; Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry & Analytical Chemistry
RP Wieler, R (corresponding author), ETH ZURICH,DEPT EARTH SCI,INST ISOTOPE GEOL & MINERAL RESOURCES,NO C61,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 29
TC 66
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 46
EP 49
DI 10.1038/384046a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leatherwood, J
   LopezGirona, A
   Russell, P
AF Leatherwood, J
   LopezGirona, A
   Russell, P
TI Interaction of Cdc2 and Cdc18 with a fission yeast ORC2-like protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin recognition complex; dna-replication; s-phase; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; sequence-analysis; cell-cycle; mitosis; gene; system
AB IN fission yeast, Cdc2 kinase has both positive and negative roles in regulating DNA replication, being first necessary for the transition from G(1) to S phase and later required to prevent the re-initiation of DNA replication during G(2)(1-3). We report here that Cdc2 interacts with Orp2, a protein similar to the Orc2 replication factor subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae origin recognition complex (ORC). ORC binds chromosomal origins and is essential for chromosomal replication initiation(4-6). Fission yeast Orp2 is required for DNA replication and interacts with the rate-limiting replication activator Cdc18. Cells lacking Orp2 undergo aberrant mitosis, indicating that Orp2 is involved in generating a checkpoint signal, These findings suggest that ORC functions are conserved among eukaryotes and provide evidence that Cdc2 controls DNA replication initiation by acting directly at chromosomal origins.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 28
TC 110
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/379360a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300063
PM 8552194
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gilbert, MJ
   Riddell, SR
   Plachter, B
   Greenberg, PD
AF Gilbert, MJ
   Riddell, SR
   Plachter, B
   Greenberg, PD
TI Cytomegalovirus selectively blocks antigen processing and presentation of its immediate-early gene product
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytotoxic t-lymphocytes; kinase-activity; infected-cells; protein pp65; virus; expression; chains; identification; transcription; molecules
AB RECOGNITION of virus-infected cells by CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes requires that the viral proteins be processed into peptides, the derived peptides transported into the endoplasmic reticulum and inserted into the binding groove of a major histocompatability complex class I molecule, and the antigenic complex exported to the cell surface(1). However, viral pathogens can disrupt this process and interfere with immune recognition(1-4). These mechanisms may be vital to large viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which causes persistent infection despite producing over 200 potentially antigenic proteins during the sequential immediate-early, early and late phases of viral gene expression(5,6). Products of CMV early-phase gene expression can globally block class I presentation(7-10) and prevent recognition of infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but an essential viral transcription factor, the 72K principal immediate-early protein, is abundantly expressed before this blockade. However, only a few host CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for immediate-early protein are present in seropositive individuals, and these lyse CMV-infected cells poorly(11). Here we demonstrate selective abrogation of immediate-early peptide presentation by a CMV matrix protein with associated kinase activity and suggest that modification of a viral protein can result in limiting access to the processing machinery and evasion of cytotoxic-T-cell recognition.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,SEATTLE,WA 98104.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98104.
   UNIV ERLANGEN NURNBERG,INST KLIN & MOL VIROL,D-91054 ERLANGEN,GERMANY.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Erlangen Nuremberg
RP Gilbert, MJ (corresponding author), FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,1124 COLUMBIA ST,SEATTLE,WA 98104, USA.
NR 26
TC 222
Z9 266
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 720
EP 722
DI 10.1038/383720a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800054
PM 8878482
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coale, KH
   Johnson, KS
   Fitzwater, SE
   Gordon, RM
   Tanner, S
   Chavez, FP
   Ferioli, L
   Sakamoto, C
   Rogers, P
   Millero, F
   Steinberg, P
   Nightingale, P
   Cooper, D
   Cochlan, WP
   Landry, MR
   Constantinou, J
   Rollwagen, G
   Trasvina, A
   Kudela, R
AF Coale, KH
   Johnson, KS
   Fitzwater, SE
   Gordon, RM
   Tanner, S
   Chavez, FP
   Ferioli, L
   Sakamoto, C
   Rogers, P
   Millero, F
   Steinberg, P
   Nightingale, P
   Cooper, D
   Cochlan, WP
   Landry, MR
   Constantinou, J
   Rollwagen, G
   Trasvina, A
   Kudela, R
TI A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sub-arctic pacific; productivity; limitation; waters; zinc; sea
AB The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability.
C1 MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST, MOSS LANDING, CA 95039 USA.
   UNIV MIAMI, KEY BISCAYNE, FL 33149 USA.
   UNIV E ANGLIA, SCH ENVIRONM SCI, NORWICH NR4 7TJ, NORFOLK, ENGLAND.
   UNIV SO CALIF, HANCOCK INST MARINE STUDIES, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA.
   UNIV HAWAII MANOA, DEPT OCEANOG, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
   CICESE OCEANOG FIS, ENSENADA, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO.
C3 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; University of East Anglia; University of Southern California; University of Hawaii System; University of Hawaii Manoa; CICESE - Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada
RP Coale, KH (corresponding author), MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS, POB 450, MOSS LANDING, CA 95039 USA.
NR 46
TC 1225
Z9 1383
U1 8
U2 535
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 495
EP 501
DI 10.1038/383495a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500041
PM 18680864
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burston, SG
   Weissman, JS
   Farr, GW
   Fenton, WA
   Horwich, AL
AF Burston, SG
   Weissman, JS
   Farr, GW
   Fenton, WA
   Horwich, AL
TI Release of both native and non-native proteins from a cis-only GroEL ternary complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chaperonin groel; escherichia-coli; atp hydrolysis; cycle; binding; polypeptide; mechanism
AB PROTEIN folding by the double-ring chaperonin GroEL is initiated in cts ternary complexes, in which polypeptide is sequestered in the central channel of a GroEL ring, capped by the co-chaperonin GroES(1-3), The cis ternary complex is dissociated (half-life of similar to 15 s) by trans-sided ATP hydrolysis, which triggers release of GroES(4-6). For the substrate protein rhodanese, only similar to 15% of cis-localized molecules attain their native form before hydrolysis(2,7). A major question concerning the GroEL mechanism is whether both native and non-native forms are released from the cis complex, Here we address this question using a 'cis-only' mixed-ring GroEL complex that binds polypeptide and GroES on only one of its two rings, This complex mediates refolding of rhodanese but, as with wild-type GroEL, renaturation is quenched by addition of mutant GroEL 'traps', which bind but do not release polypeptide substrate(7,8), This indicates that nonnative forms are released from the cis complex, Quenching of refolding by traps was also observed under physiological conditions, both in undiluted Xenopus oocyte extract and in intact oocytes, We conclude that release of non-native forms from GroEL in vivo allows a kinetic partitioning among various chaperones and proteolytic components, which determines both the conformation and lifetime of a protein.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOYER CTR,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT GENET,BOYER CTR,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
NR 23
TC 83
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 96
EP 99
DI 10.1038/383096a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500056
PM 8779722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dai, G
   Levy, O
   Carrasco, N
AF Dai, G
   Levy, O
   Carrasco, N
TI Cloning and characterization of the thyroid iodide transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; protein
AB IODIDE (I-) is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormones T-3 and T-4, and is accumulated by the thyroid. The transport of iodide, the first step in thyroid hormogenesis, is catalysed by the Na+/I- symporter, an intrinsic membrane protein that is crucial for the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders. Although several other important thyroid proteins involved in hormogenesis have been characterized, the Na+/I- symporter has not. Here we report the isolation of a complementary DNA clone that encodes this symporter, as a result of functional screening of a cDNA library from a rat thyroid derived cell line (FRTL-5) in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Oocyte microinjection of an RNA transcript made in vitro from this cDNA clone elicited a more than 700-fold increase in perchlorate-sensitive Na+/I- symport activity over background. To our knowledge, this is the first iodide-transporting molecule to have its cDNA cloned, providing a missing link in the thyroid hormone biosynthetic pathway.
C1 YESHIVA UNIV ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT MOLEC PHARMACOL,BRONX,NY 10461.
C3 Yeshiva University; Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine
NR 19
TC 912
Z9 1023
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 458
EP 460
DI 10.1038/379458a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400062
PM 8559252
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Studer, M
   Lumsden, A
   ArizaMcNaughton, L
   Bradley, A
   Krumlauf, R
AF Studer, M
   Lumsden, A
   ArizaMcNaughton, L
   Bradley, A
   Krumlauf, R
TI Altered segmental identity and abnormal migration of motor neurons in mice lacking Hoxb-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID zinc-finger gene; mouse hindbrain; crabp-i; expression; hoxa-1; transformation; embryogenesis; organization; transcripts; patterns
AB SEGMENTATION of the vertebrate hindbrain into rhombomeres is important for the anterior-posterior arrangement of cranial motor nuclei and efferent nerves'. Underlying this reiterated organization, Hox genes display segmentally restricted domains of expression(2-4), such as expression of Hoxb-1 (refs 5, 6) in rhombomere 4 (r4). Here we report that absence of Hoxb-1 leads to changes in r4 identity. In mutant mouse embryos, molecular markers indicate that patterning of r4 is initiated properly but not maintained. Cellular analysis by DiI tracing reveals that the r4-specific facial branchiomotor (FBM) and contralateral vestibuloacoustic efferent (CVA) neurons are incorrectly specified. In wild-type mice CVA neurons migrate from r4 into the contralateral side(7), and we found in lineage analysis that FBM neurons migrate from r4 into r5. In mutants, motor neurons differentiate but the CVA and FBM neurons fail to migrate into their proper positions. Instead, they form a motor nucleus which migrates atypically, and there is a subsequent loss of the facial motor nerve. These results demonstrate that, as a part of its role in maintaining rhombomere identity, Hoxb-1 is involved in controlling migratory properties of motor neurons in the hindbrain.
C1 NATL INST MED RES,MRC,DIV DEV NEUROBIOL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   UNITED MED & DENT SCH,GUYS HOSP,DEPT DEV NEUROBIOL,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of London; King's College London; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 34
TC 348
Z9 384
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 630
EP 634
DI 10.1038/384630a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600030
PM 8967950
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carpinelli, JM
   Weitering, HH
   Plummer, EW
   Stumpf, R
AF Carpinelli, JM
   Weitering, HH
   Plummer, EW
   Stumpf, R
TI Direct observation of a surface charge density wave
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ge(111); pb; w(001); transition; phase; mo(001); phonons
AB A CHARGE density wave (CDW) is a periodic symmetry-lowering redistribution of charge within a material, accompanied by a rearrangement of electronic bands (such that the total electronic energy is decreased) and usually a small periodic lattice distortion(1,2). This phenomenon is most commonly observed in crystals of reduced symmetry, such as quasi-two-dimensional(3) or quasi-one-dimensional(4) materials. In principle, the reduction of symmetry associated with surfaces and interfaces might also facilitate the formation of CDWs; although there is some indirect evidence for surface charge density waves(5-12,14), none has been observed directly., Here we report the observation and characterization of a reversible, temperature-induced CDW localized at the lead-coated (111) surface of a germanium crystal. The formation of this new phase is accompanied by significant periodic valence charge redistribution, a pronounced lattice distortion and a metal-nonmetal transition, Theoretical calculations confirm that electron-phonon coupling drives the transition to the CDW, but it appears that some other factor-probably electron-electron correlations-is responsible for the ground-state stability of this phase.
C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV SOLID STATE,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831.
   SANDIA NATL LABS,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87185.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Sandia National Laboratories
RP Carpinelli, JM (corresponding author), UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996, USA.
NR 30
TC 343
Z9 364
U1 0
U2 158
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 398
EP 400
DI 10.1038/381398a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Claret, FX
   Hibi, M
   Dhut, S
   Toda, T
   Karin, M
AF Claret, FX
   Hibi, M
   Dhut, S
   Toda, T
   Karin, M
TI A new group of conserved coactivators that increase the specificity of AP-1 transcription factors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding specificity; protein-kinase; mdr1 gene; yeast; jun; fos; transformation; extradenticle; activation; expression
AB THE Jun proteins are nuclear proteins that combine with Fos proteins to form a gene-regulatory protein, AP-1. They have highly conserved DNA-binding and dimerization domains, resulting in almost identical sequence-recognition properties(1-3). Nevertheless, there are many indications that each Jun protein activates a distinct and only partially overlapping set of AP-1 target genes(4-6). Using the more variable activation domain of c-Jun as a bait, we identified a protein, JAB1, that interacts with c-Jun and JunD, but not with JunB or v-Jun. As a result, JAB1 selectively potentiates transactivation by only c-Jun or JunD, In vitro, JAB1 specifically stabilizes complexes of c-Jun or JunD with AP-1 sites and does not affect binding of either JunB or v-Jun. The amino-terminal half of JAB1 is very similar to the amino terminal region of Pad1 from fission yeast, which was identified genetically as a coactivator of a subset of AP-1 target genes(7). JAB1 and Pad1 are also functionally interchangeable. They define a new group of coactivators that increase the specificity of target gene activation by AP-1 proteins.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCH MED, DEPT PHARMACOL, PROGRAM BIOMED SCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND, LAB CELL REGULAT, LONDON WC2A 3PX, ENGLAND.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Cancer Research UK
NR 30
TC 416
Z9 460
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 453
EP 457
DI 10.1038/383453a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300067
PM 8837781
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sinha, P
   Poggio, T
AF Sinha, P
   Poggio, T
TI Role of learning in three-dimensional form perception
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID object; recognition; view
AB ONE Of the most remarkable characteristics of the human visual system is its ability to perceive specific three-dimensional forms in single two dimensional contour images. This has often been attributed to a few general purpose and possibly innately specified shape biases(1,6), such as those favouring symmetry and other structural regularities (Fig, 1). An alternative approach proposed by the early empiricists(7-10) and since tested(11) suggests that this ability may also be acquired from visual experience, with the three-dimensional percept being the manifestation of a learned association between specific two dimensional projections and the correlated three-dimensional structures. These studies of shape learning have been considered inconclusive, however, because their results can potentially be accounted for as cognitive decisions that might have little to do with shape perception per se, Here we present an experimental system that enables objective verification of the role of learning in shape perception by rendering the learning to be perceptually manifest. We show that the human visual system can learn associations between arbitrarily paired two-dimensional pictures and (projectionally consistent) three-dimensional structures. These results implicate high-level recognition processes in the task of shape perception.
RP Sinha, P (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT BRAIN & COGNIT SCI, CTR BIOL & COMPUTAT LEARNING, E25-201, 45 CARLETON ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
NR 26
TC 97
Z9 112
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 460
EP 463
DI 10.1038/384460a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700062
PM 8945472
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU MoyaSola, S
   Kohler, M
AF MoyaSola, S
   Kohler, M
TI A Dryopithecus skeleton and the origins of great-ape locomotion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proconsul-nyanzae; sivapithecus; proportions; evolution; pakistan; hominids; miocene; kenya; size
AB THE evolution of skeletal adaptations to orthograde postures, characteristic of extant hominoids, is of great interest as it provides the key to understanding the origins of apes and humans. We report here the recent discovery of an extraordinary partial skeleton of Dryopithiecus laietanus from Can Llobateres (Spain). It provides evidence that orthograde postures and locomotion appeared at least 9.5 million years ago(1). Our results indicate that the body structure of this Miocene ape closely resembles that of extant hominoids(2,3) and differs from the pronograde pattern of Miocene proconsulids(4,5) in a set of important morphological characters. Dryopithecus also shows more traits reflecting structural adaptations for suspension than occurs in African apes. A similar positional behaviour is inferred for Simpithecus indicus, thus strengthening previous hypotheses linking both Miocene forms with Pongo(6-9).
RP MoyaSola, S (corresponding author), INST PALEONTOL MIQUEL CRUSAFONT,C IND 23,E-08201 SABADELL,SPAIN.
NR 29
TC 163
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 156
EP 159
DI 10.1038/379156a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000055
PM 8538764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Samson, M
   Libert, F
   Doranz, BJ
   Rucker, J
   Liesnard, C
   Farber, CM
   Saragosti, S
   Lapoumeroulie, C
   Cognaux, J
   Forceille, C
   Muyldermans, G
   Verhofstede, C
   Burtonboy, G
   Georges, M
   Imai, T
   Rana, S
   Yi, YJ
   Smyth, RJ
   Collman, RG
   Doms, RW
   Vassart, G
   Parmentier, M
AF Samson, M
   Libert, F
   Doranz, BJ
   Rucker, J
   Liesnard, C
   Farber, CM
   Saragosti, S
   Lapoumeroulie, C
   Cognaux, J
   Forceille, C
   Muyldermans, G
   Verhofstede, C
   Burtonboy, G
   Georges, M
   Imai, T
   Rana, S
   Yi, YJ
   Smyth, RJ
   Collman, RG
   Doms, RW
   Vassart, G
   Parmentier, M
TI Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunodeficiency-virus type-1; cells; activation; cloning
AB HIV-1 and related viruses require co-receptors, in addition to CD4, to infect target cells. The chemokine receptor CCR-5 (ref. 1) was recently demonstrated to be a co-receptor for macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) HIV-1 strains(2-6), and the orphan(7) receptor LESTR (also called fusin) allows infection by strains adapted for growth in transformed T-cell lines (T-tropic strains). Here we show that a mutant allele of CCR-5 is present at a high frequency in caucasian populations (allele frequency, 0.092), but is absent in 'black populations from Western and Central Africa and Japanese populations. A 32-base-pair deletion within the coding region results in a frame shift, and generates a non-functional receptor that does not support membrane fusion or infection by macrophage- and dual-tropic HIV-1 strains. In a cohort of HIV-1-infected caucasian subjects, no individual homozygous for the mutation was found, and the frequency of heterozygotes was 35% lower than in the general population. White blood cells from an individual homozygous for the null allele were found to be highly resistant to infection by M-tropic HIV-1 viruses, confirming that CCR-5 is the major cc-receptor for primary HIV-1 strains, The lower frequency of heterozygotes in seropositive patients may indicate partial resistance.
C1 FREE UNIV BRUSSELS,IRIBHN,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS,SERV GENET MED,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS,SERV VIROL,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
   FREE UNIV BRUSSELS,SERV IMMUNODEFICIENCES,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   HOP COCHIN,INST COCHIN GENET MOL,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE.
   HOP ROBERT DEBRE,INSERM,U120,F-75935 PARIS,FRANCE.
   UNIV LIEGE,BELGIAN AIDS REFERENCE LABS,B-4000 LIEGE,BELGIUM.
   UNIV LIEGE,FAC VET MED,DEPT GENET,B-4000 LIEGE,BELGIUM.
   NAGOYA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT SURG 2,NAGOYA,AICHI 466,JAPAN.
   UNIV PENN,DEPT MED,DIV PULM & CRIT CARE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
C3 Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; University of Pennsylvania; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Cochin - APHP; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Universite Paris Cite; Hopital Universitaire Robert-Debre - APHP; University of Liege; University of Liege; Nagoya University; University of Pennsylvania
NR 24
TC 2413
Z9 2807
U1 0
U2 168
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/382722a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300052
PM 8751444
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Georges, TM
   Harlan, JA
   Lematta, RA
AF Georges, TM
   Harlan, JA
   Lematta, RA
TI Large-scale mapping of ocean surface currents with dual over-the-horizon radars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB DETAILED information about near-surface ocean currents is needed for effective fisheries management, pollution mitigation, search and rescue, and climate studies, but the present generation of measurement techniques provides only limited spatial and temporal resolution or coverage(1,2). In near-coastal environments, pairs of shore-based high-frequency radars have been used to map surface currents over an area of a few hundred square kilometres(3,4). The potential for mapping open-ocean current fields has been demonstrated using military high-frequency radars that can be used to 'see' over the horizon for thousands of kilometres by reflecting signals off the ionosphere. But using one radar, only one current component can be mapped by this method(5). Here we report the mapping of surface-current vectors obtained from simultaneously employing two such radar systems with overlapping coverage. We obtain a current map in the Florida Straits, about 1,500 km from the radars, covering two 70,000 km(2) areas at a resolution of 10 km and 0.1 m s(-1). As it employs only about 2% of the radars' potential coverage, the test shows the potential of this technique for mapping the more energetic features of ocean circulation-such as boundary currents and mesoscale eddy systems-over vast ocean areas.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,NOAA,COOPERAT INST RES ENVIRONM SCI,BOULDER,CO 80303.
   USN,COMMAND CONTROL & OCEAN SURVEILLANCE CTR,RES DEV TEST & EVALUAT DIV,SAN DIEGO,CA 92152.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; United States Department of Defense; United States Navy
RP Georges, TM (corresponding author), NOAA,ENVIRONM TECHNOL LAB,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 7
TC 25
Z9 25
U1 1
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 434
EP 436
DI 10.1038/379434a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rawlings, S
   Lacy, M
   Blundell, KM
   Eales, SA
   Bunker, AJ
   Garrington, ST
AF Rawlings, S
   Lacy, M
   Blundell, KM
   Eales, SA
   Bunker, AJ
   Garrington, ST
TI A radio galaxy at redshift 4.41
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surface photometry; spectroscopy; b2-0902+34; spectra; z=4.25; dust
AB THE most distant astronomical objects observed are quasars at redshifts of z approximate to 4.9 (ref. 1), corresponding to a time when the Universe was less than a billion years old. This leaves little time during which the quasars and their host galaxies could form(2). In principle, the evolutionary state of the host galaxies can be probed by determining how many stars have formed, but this task is not straightforward because light from the quasar itself overwhelms any accompanying starlight. High-redshift radio galaxies-the likely progenitors of luminous elliptical galaxies(3)-provide better targets for such studies, as optical emissions from their active nuclei are observed to be faint. Here we report the discovery of a radio galaxy (6C0140 + 326) at z = 4.41 which shows no evidence for either a stellar continuum or an unobscured quasar nucleus. We conclude that the galaxy associated with the radio source is neither fully formed nor obviously in the process of forming stars, This implies that at least some giant elliptical galaxies are still immature at z approximate to 4.5, and that if the intense bursts of star formation thought to produce the bulk of their stellar populations occur during the radio-bright phase, these star-forming regions are obscured by dust and gas.
C1 UNIV WALES COLL CARDIFF, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, CARDIFF CF2 3YB, S GLAM, WALES.
   UNIV MANCHESTER, NUFFIELD RADIO ASTRON LABS, JODRELL BANK, MACCLESFIELD SK11 9DL, CHESHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 Cardiff University; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
RP Rawlings, S (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT PHYS, KEBLE RD, OXFORD OX1 3RH, ENGLAND.
NR 32
TC 61
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 502
EP 505
DI 10.1038/383502a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hammitt, JK
   Jain, AK
   Adams, JL
   Wuebbles, DJ
AF Hammitt, JK
   Jain, AK
   Adams, JL
   Wuebbles, DJ
TI A welfare-based index for assessing environmental effects of greenhouse-gas emissions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE global warming potential (GWP) index(1-3) is a measure of the relative contribution of the emissions of different greenhouse gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere-and thus to climate change-over a given time period. But this index does not represent the effects of climate change, and therefore does not provide an adequate basis for policy decisions about emissions reductions. This inadequacy has led to the proposal of an alternative, the economic-damage index (EDI)(4-7). This index compares the effect of different greenhouse-gas emissions on global economic welfare. Here we use a simple climate model to calculate the EDIs for a range of climate-change/greenhouse-gas emission scenarios, and compare the values to the corresponding GWPs. Although the values of these indices are, at this stage, broadly similar in both magnitude and uncertainty, the prospects of reducing these uncertainties by future research are better for the EDI.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,URBANA,IL 61801.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT HLTH POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   RAND CORP,SANTA MONICA,CA 90407.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; RAND Corporation
RP Hammitt, JK (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,CTR RISK ANAL,718 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 26
TC 87
Z9 96
U1 1
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 301
EP 303
DI 10.1038/381301a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dikic, I
   Tokiwa, G
   Lev, S
   Courtneidge, SA
   Schlessinger, J
AF Dikic, I
   Tokiwa, G
   Lev, S
   Courtneidge, SA
   Schlessinger, J
TI A role for Pyk2 and Src in linking G-protein-coupled receptors with MAP kinase activation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine-kinase; signaling pathway; binding; domain
AB THE mechanisms by which mitogenic G-protein-coupled receptors activate the MAP kinase signalling pathway are poorly understood. Candidate protein tyrosine kinases that link G-protein-coupled receptors with MAP kinase include Src family kinases(1), the epidermal growth factor receptor(2), Lyn and Syk(3). Here we show that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and bradykinin induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 and complex formation between Pyk2 and activated Src. Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 Leads to binding of the SH2 domain of Src to tyrosine 402 of Pyk2 and activation of Src. Transient overexpression of a dominant interfering mutant of Pyk2 or the protein tyrosine kinase Csk reduces LPA- or bradykinin-induced activation of MAP kinase. LPA- or bradykinin-induced MAP kinase activation was also inhibited by overexpression of dominant interfering mutants of Grb2 and Sos. We propose that Pyk2 acts with Src to link G(i)- and G(q)-coupled receptors with Grb2 and Sos to activate the MAP kinase signalling pathway in PC12 cells.
C1 NYU MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   SUGEN INC,REDWOOD CITY,CA 94063.
C3 New York University
NR 18
TC 885
Z9 972
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 547
EP 550
DI 10.1038/383547a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500056
PM 8849729
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hare, L
   Tessier, A
AF Hare, L
   Tessier, A
TI Predicting animal cadmium concentrations in lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding; copper
AB HUMAN activities have greatly increased the flux of many potentially toxic metals to aquatic ecosystems(1). The development and implementation of effective remedial measures depend on our ability to predict the fate and effects of metals in these systems. Models based on sound physical-chemical and biological principles, such as the free-ion activity model(2-5), have shown great potential as predictive tools. This model has been effective in explaining the central role of the free-ion concentration (or activity) as a regulator of interactions (uptake, toxicity) between metals and aquatic organisms(2,3). It postulates that the biological effects of metals are best predicted by the activity of the free metal ion, rather than by total metal concentration. Because this model was developed in the laboratory under unnatural experimental conditions, it must be validated in field situations before being generally used in nature(3). We report here that Cd concentrations in an indigenous aquatic insect larva, Chaoborus punctipennis, are best described by the free-ion activity model, provided that competition for biological uptake sites between hydrogen ions and free cadmium ions, as well as cadmium complexation by natural organic matter, are explicitly taken into account. Our results suggest that the free-ion model would provide an effective theoretical framework for the use of animals as indicators of metal contamination in nature.
RP Hare, L (corresponding author), UNIV QUEBEC,INRS EAU,ST FOY,PQ G1V 4C7,CANADA.
NR 20
TC 158
Z9 174
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 430
EP 432
DI 10.1038/380430a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wehr, M
   Laurent, G
AF Wehr, M
   Laurent, G
TI Odour encoding by temporal sequences of firing in oscillating neural assemblies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuronal-activity; behaving monkeys; olfactory-bulb; cortex; recognition; pattern; rabbit; code; cat
AB STIMULUS-EVOKED oscillatory synchronization of activity has been observed in many neural systems, including the cerebral cortex of mammals and the brain of insects(1-8). The possible functions of such rhythmic synchronization in neural coding, however, remain largely speculative(9-13). In the locust, odours evoke activity in dynamic (evolving) ensembles of transiently synchronized neurons(8,14,15). We report here that the active neurons composing these ensembles change in a stimulus-specific manner and with a high degree of reliability on a cycle-by-cycle basis during an odour response. Hence, information about an odour is contained not only in the neural assembly active at each oscillation cycle, but also in the precise temporal sequence in which these assemblies are updated during an odour response. Neural coding with oscillations thus allows combinatorial representations in time as well as in space.
C1 CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 29
TC 386
Z9 432
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 162
EP 166
DI 10.1038/384162a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600064
PM 8906790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shibasaki, F
   Price, ER
   Milan, D
   McKeon, F
AF Shibasaki, F
   Price, ER
   Milan, D
   McKeon, F
TI Role of kinases and the phosphatase calcineurin in the nuclear shuttling of transcription factor NF-AT4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction pathway; cyclosporine-a; activation; protein; domain; identification; complexes; far1
AB A NEW facet of calcium signallin involves the nuclear import of the NF-AT transcription factors from their dormant position in the cytoplasm(1-3). The protein phosphatase calcineurin appears to play an essential role in activating NF-AT nuclear import, as the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A and FK506 block dephosphorylation and nuclear import of NF-AT (refs 4-7). Here we show that calcium signalling induces an association between NF-AT4 and calcineurin, and that these molecules are transported, as a complex, to the nucleus, where calcineurin continues to dephosphorylate NF-AT4. We propose that a nuclear complex of NF-AT4 and calcineurin maintains calcium signalling by counteracting a vigorous nuclear NF-AT kinase.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 26
TC 447
Z9 491
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 370
EP 373
DI 10.1038/382370a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000057
PM 8684469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU de Vernal, A
   HillaireMarcel, C
   Bilodeau, G
AF de Vernal, A
   HillaireMarcel, C
   Bilodeau, G
TI Reduced meltwater outflow from the laurentide ice margin during the Younger Dryas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deep-ocean circulation
AB The cause of the Younger Dryas cold event, which interrupted the last deglaciation, is still a matter of debate(1). A prevalent hypothesis, proposed by Broecker et al.(2) is that the abrupt climate change was driven by a decrease in the rate of North Atlantic Deep Water production, triggered by a sudden dilution of North Atlantic surface water in response to the diversion of Laurentide ice-sheet melt water from the Mississippi drainage system to that of the St Lawrence river. Here we investigate the feasibility of this triggering mechanism by reconstructing sea-surface temperature, salinity and sea-ice cover records for the outlet of the Gulf of St Lawrence into the North Atlantic Ocean. These reconstructions-based on dinoflagellate-cyst assemblages(3,4) in sediment cores from the region-show reduced meltwater runoff, low temperatures and extension sea-ice cover during the Younger Dryas, dated here between 10,800 and 10,300 BP. Meltwater pulses did occur before and after the Younger Dryas event: as early as 11,700 BP, during the development of the Champlain Sea in the St Lawrence Lowland, and afterwards, until similar to 10,100 BP. At the resolution of our salinity proxy (0.7 parts per thousand), the meltwater pulses preceding the Younger Dryas did not affect sea-surface salinity off the shelf break. These constraint on the meltwater outlflow through the St Lawrence drainage system do not support the triggering mechanism of the Broecker et al. hypothesis(2), unless the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation is more sensitive to small salinity changes than most models suggest (23).
RP de Vernal, A (corresponding author), UNIV QUEBEC, GEOTOP, CP 8888, MONTREAL, PQ H3C 3P8, CANADA.
NR 28
TC 103
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 774
EP 777
DI 10.1038/381774a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ebbesen, TW
   Lezec, HJ
   Hiura, H
   Bennett, JW
   Ghaemi, HF
   Thio, T
AF Ebbesen, TW
   Lezec, HJ
   Hiura, H
   Bennett, JW
   Ghaemi, HF
   Thio, T
TI Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tubules
AB THE interest in carbon nanotubes has been greatly stimulated by theoretical predictions that their electronic properties are strongly modulated by small structural variations(1-8). In particular, the diameter and the helicity of carbon atoms in the nanotube shell are believed to determine whether the nanotube is metallic or a semiconductor, Because of the enormous technical challenge of making measurements on individual nanotubes, however, experimental studies have been limited mainly to bulk measurements(9), which indicate only that a fraction of the nanotubes are metallic or narrow-band semiconductors(10). Recently, measurements of the magneto-conductance of a single multi-shell nanotube in a two-probe configuration showed that the transport is characterized by disorder and localization phenomena(11). To avoid possible ambiguities due to poor sample contacts, four-probe measurements are needed, Here we report four-probe measurements on single nanotubes made by lithographic deposition of tungsten leads across the tubes. We find that each multi-shell nanotube has unique conductivity properties. Both metallic and non-metallic behaviour are observed, as well as abrupt jumps in conductivity as the temperature is varied. The differences between the electrical properties of different nanotubes are far greater than expected. Our results suggest that differences in geometry play a profound part in determining the electronic behaviour.
C1 MICRION EUROPE GMBH,D-80339 MUNICH,GERMANY.
   NEC CORP LTD,FUNDAMENTAL RES LABS,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
C3 NEC Corporation
RP Ebbesen, TW (corresponding author), NEC RES INST,4 INDEPENDENCE WAY,PRINCETON,NJ 08540, USA.
NR 16
TC 2355
Z9 2746
U1 7
U2 703
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 54
EP 56
DI 10.1038/382054a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eck, MJ
   Pluskey, S
   Trub, T
   Harrison, SC
   Shoelson, SE
AF Eck, MJ
   Pluskey, S
   Trub, T
   Harrison, SC
   Shoelson, SE
TI Spatial constraints on the recognition of phosphoproteins by the tandem SH2 domains of the phosphatase SH-PTP2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sh2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase; factor receptor-beta; tyrosine phosphorylation; protein models; association; activation; subunit; syp
AB THE domain organization of many signalling proteins facilitates a segregation of binding, catalytic and regulatory functions(1,2). The mammalian SH2 domain protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) contain tandem SH2 domains and a single carboxy-terminal catalytic domain(3). SH-PTP1 (PTP1C, HCP) and SH-PTP2 (Syp, PTP2C, PTP1D) function downstream from tyrosine kinase-linked insulin, growth factor, cytokine and antigen receptors(4-12). As well as directing subcellular localization by binding to receptors and their substrates, the two SH2 domains of these PTPs function together to regulate catalysis(7,13,14). Here we report the structure of the tandem SH2 domains of SH-PTP2 in complex with monophosphopeptides. A fixed relative orientation of the two domains, stabilized by a disulphide bond and a small hydrophobic patch within the interface, separates the peptide binding sites by similar to 40 Angstrom. The defined orientation of the SH2 domains in the structure, and data showing that peptide orientation and spacing between binding sites is critical for enzymatic activation, suggest that spatial constraints are important in this multidomain protein-protein interaction.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,MOLEC MED LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,JOSLIN DIABET CTR,DIV RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Eck, MJ (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,CHILDRENS HOSP,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA.
NR 30
TC 172
Z9 193
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 277
EP 280
DI 10.1038/379277a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900052
PM 8538796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rousset, R
   Desbois, C
   Bantignies, F
   Jalinot, P
AF Rousset, R
   Desbois, C
   Bantignies, F
   Jalinot, P
TI Effects on NF-kappa B1/p105 processing of the interaction between the HTLV-1 transactivator tax and the proteasome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nf-kappa-b; thermoplasma-acidophilum; precursor p105; expression; proteins; product; subunit; yeast; gene; localization
AB THE viral Tax protein, which is encoded by human T-cell leukaemia virus HTLV-I, activates nuclear translocation of the NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors and relieves cytoplasmic sequestration of RelA and Rel by heterodimerizatian with NF-kappa B1/p105 (refs 1,2). Proleolytic maturation of this precursor protein is performed by the proteasome complex(3,4). Here we show that Tax binds specifically to two subunits of the 20S proteasome, HsN3 and HC9. This Interaction is weakened with HsN3 and last for HC9 when a mutant of Tax is substituted that is selectively defective for NF-kappa B activation. Immunoprecipitation shows that p105 binds weakly to HC9 and that this interaction is reinforced by Tax. No bridging function of Tax between p105 and HsN3 was observed. From these results, we propose that Tax accelerates the proteolytic maturation of p105 by favouring its anchorage to the proteasome.
C1 ECOLE NORMALE SUPER LYON,CNRS,UMR 49,F-69364 LYON 07,FRANCE.
C3 Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 30
TC 131
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 328
EP 331
DI 10.1038/381328a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300058
PM 8692272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hoffmann, A
   Chiang, CM
   Oelgeschlager, T
   Xie, XL
   Burley, SK
   Nakatani, Y
   Roeder, RG
AF Hoffmann, A
   Chiang, CM
   Oelgeschlager, T
   Xie, XL
   Burley, SK
   Nakatani, Y
   Roeder, RG
TI A histone octamer-like structure within TFIID
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immediate early protein; rna polymerase-ii; tata box; promoter interactions; preinitiation complex; transcription factor; initiation; binding
AB THE general transcription factor TFIID nucleates initiation complex formation through direct core promoter binding(1,2), commits promoters within chromatin to transcription(3), and mediates the action of transcriptional activators, a phenomenon that may correlate with enhanced TFIID recruitment(4-7) or conformational changes in TFIID-promoter complexes(8,9). Molecular studies of the multiprotein TFIID complex have identified a primary TATA binding subunit (TBP)(2), TBP-associated factors (TAFs) that interact with and mediate the function of activators(2,7,10,11) and intersubunit interactions(2) but have yielded relatively little insight into the structural organization of the complete or the actual mechanism of transcriptional activation. Here we present biochemical evidence for the structural relevance of histone homologies in the human TFIID subunits hTAF80, hTAF31 and hTAF20/15. Together with analyses of native TFIID complexes and accompanying crystallographic studies(12), the results suggest that there is a histone octamer-like TAF complex within TFIID.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,LABS MOL BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   NINCDS,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NICHHD,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 356
EP 359
DI 10.1038/380356a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900063
PM 8598932
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harada, K
   Martin, SS
   Frankel, AD
AF Harada, K
   Martin, SS
   Frankel, AD
TI Selection of RNA-binding peptides in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bacteriophage-lambda; n-protein; recognition; antitermination; requires; residues
AB Many principles of sequence-specific DNA recognition have been established over the past decade, largely from structural studies of protein-DNA and drug-DNA complexes. On the basis of these principles, it has been possible to design or select variants of known structural motifs, including zinc-fingers(1-3) and minor groove-binding drugs', that bind desired sequences. Here we describe a strategy, based on transcriptional termination in bacteria, to identify specific RNA-binding peptides using the arginine-rich RNA-binding motifs as a framework. Peptides were isolated from two combinatorial libraries that bind tightly and specifically to the Rev response element of HIV. It appears that a-helical peptides resembling Rev were selected from one library whereas new peptides that probably do not form helices were selected from the other, suggesting that the arginine-rich motif may be a particularly versatile framework for recognizing RNA structures.
RP Harada, K (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 23
TC 113
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 175
EP 179
DI 10.1038/380175a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800056
PM 8600395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeRobertis, EM
   Sasai, Y
AF DeRobertis, EM
   Sasai, Y
TI A common plan for dorsoventral patterning in Bilateria
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bone morphogenetic protein-4; dorsal-ventral pattern; drosophila embryo; xenopus mesoderm; melanogaster; induction; noggin; stage
AB Functional studies seem now to confirm, as first suggested by E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1822, that there was an inversion of the dorsoventral axis during animal evolution. A conserved system of extracellular signals provides positional information for the allocation of embryonic cells to specific tissue types both in Drosophila and vertebrates; the ventral region of Drosophila is homologous to the dorsal side of the vertebrate. Developmental studies are now revealing some of the characteristics of the ancestral animal that gave rise to the arthropod and mammalian lineages, for which we propose the name Urbilateria.
RP DeRobertis, EM (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA.
NR 57
TC 588
Z9 661
U1 0
U2 99
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 37
EP 40
DI 10.1038/380037a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700047
PM 8598900
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cheng, EHY
   Levine, B
   Boise, LH
   Thompson, CB
   Hardwick, JM
AF Cheng, EHY
   Levine, B
   Boise, LH
   Thompson, CB
   Hardwick, JM
TI Bax-independent inhibition of apoptosis by Bcl-x(L)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sindbis virus; mice
AB THE Bcl-2-related protein, Bcl-x(L), has been shown to block apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli(1-5) and to be a stronger protector against apoptosis than Bcl-2 under certain circumstances(2,5). Using site-specific mutagenesis, we show here that the amino-acid residues critical for protection of cells by Bcl-x(L) against Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis are clustered within the Bcl-2-homology regions 1 and 2 (BH1 and BH2 regions). The residues necessary for Bcl-x(L) function are not identical to those required for Bcl-2 function(6), Although it has been suggested that heterodimerization between Bcl-x(L) and Bax is essential for the anti death activity of Bcl-x(L) (refs 7, 8), our results suggest that the interaction with Bax is not required for Bcl-x(L) to exert its death-repressing activity, Specific mutations that disrupt the ability of Bcl-x(L) to interact with Bax or Bak still preserve 70-80% of the anti-death activity of wild-type Bcl-x(L).
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT MED,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   UNIV CHICAGO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MOLEC GENET,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT CELL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Cheng, EHY (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & MOLEC SCI,DEPT NEUROL,NEUROVIROL LABS,MEYER 6-181,BALTIMORE,MD 21287, USA.
NR 29
TC 437
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 554
EP 556
DI 10.1038/379554a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300054
PM 8596636
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Umbanhowar, PB
   Melo, F
   Swinney, HL
AF Umbanhowar, PB
   Melo, F
   Swinney, HL
TI Localized excitations in a vertically vibrated granular layer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID patterns; convection; solitons; masses
AB THE formation of two-dimensional patterns in biological, chemical and physical systems is often described by the nonlinear interaction of plane waves(1). An alternative approach views patterns as ensembles of interacting localized objects, analogous to the assembly of crystals from atoms, For macroscopic pattern-forming systems, one objection to the latter approach is that no 'atoms' exist; however spatially localized excitations can play an analogous role, One-dimensional localized states are observed in many systems-for example, solitary waves in water(2-4) and optical fibres(5)-and can organize into simple patterns(6,7). But few examples of two-dimensional localized states are known, and these tend to be unstable and/or do not show simple pattern-forming interactions(8-11). Here we report the observation of stable, two-dimensional localized excitations in a vibrating layer of sand, These excitations, which we term 'oscillons', have a propensity to assemble into 'molecular' and 'crystalline' structures, Our experimental results, together with the observation of similar localized excitations in model differential equations(12-14), indicate a crucial, cooperative role for hysteresis and dissipation in the formation of oscillons, and suggest that similar behaviour may occur in continuous media.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,DEPT PHYS,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
   UNIV SANTIAGO,DEPT FIS,SANTIAGO,CHILE.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; Universidad de Santiago de Chile
RP Umbanhowar, PB (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,CTR NONLINEAR DYNAM,AUSTIN,TX 78712, USA.
NR 25
TC 693
Z9 723
U1 1
U2 93
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 793
EP 796
DI 10.1038/382793a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macdonald, KC
   Fox, PJ
   Alexander, RT
   Pockalny, R
   Gente, P
AF Macdonald, KC
   Fox, PJ
   Alexander, RT
   Pockalny, R
   Gente, P
TI Volcanic growth faults and the origin of Pacific abyssal hills
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rise crest; sea beam; spreading centers; midocean ridge; seamarc-ii; flanks; morphology; evolution; discontinuity; segmentation
AB The topographic features known as abyssal hills characterize >30% of the ocean floor, and yet their origin has been the subject of vigorous debate for over 40 years. Submersible-based investigations show that Pacific abyssal hills are created on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise as horsts and grabens which lengthen with time; Hills are bounded on one side by ridge-facing scarps produced by normal faulting, and on the other by more gentle slopes produced by volcanic growth faulting.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Macdonald, KC (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106, USA.
NR 47
TC 178
Z9 192
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 125
EP 129
DI 10.1038/380125a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berger, JM
   Gamblin, SJ
   Harrison, SC
   Wang, JC
AF Berger, JM
   Gamblin, SJ
   Harrison, SC
   Wang, JC
TI Structure and mechanism of DNA topoisomerase II
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gyrase-b-protein; crystal-structure; escherichia-coli; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene; purification; complexes; homology; sequence; fragment
AB The crystal structure of a large fragment of yeast type II DNA topoisomerase reveals a heart-shaped dimeric protein with a large central hole. It provides a molecular model of the enzyme as an ATP-modulated clamp with two sets of jaws at opposite ends, connected by multiple joints. An enzyme with bound DNA can admit a second DNA duplex through one set of jaws, transport it through the cleaved first duplex, and expel it through the other set of jaws.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University
NR 43
TC 756
Z9 871
U1 1
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 225
EP 232
DI 10.1038/379225a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900037
PM 8538787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lee, GH
   Proenca, R
   Montez, JM
   Carroll, KM
   Darvishzadeh, JG
   Lee, JI
   Friedman, JM
AF Lee, GH
   Proenca, R
   Montez, JM
   Carroll, KM
   Darvishzadeh, JG
   Lee, JI
   Friedman, JM
TI Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast; fragments; mutation; cloning; genes; dna
AB MUTATIONS in the mouse diabetes (db) gene result in obesity and diabetes in a syndrome resembling morbid human obesity(1), Previous data suggest that the db gene encodes the receptor for the obese (ob) gene product, leptin(2-7). A leptin receptor was recently cloned from choroid plexus and shown to map to the same 6-cM interval on mouse chromosome 4 as db(8). This receptor maps to the same 300-kilobase interval as db, and has at least six alternatively spliced forms. One of these splice variants is expressed at a high level in the hypothalamus, and is abnormally spliced in C57BL/Ks db/db mice, The mutant protein is missing the cytoplasmic region, and is likely to be defective in signal transduction. This suggests that the weight-reducing effects of leptin may be mediated by signal transduction through a leptin receptor in the hypothalamus.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV, DEPT MOLEC GENET, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
C3 Rockefeller University
RP Lee, GH (corresponding author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, 1230 YORK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA.
NR 27
TC 2047
Z9 2316
U1 1
U2 84
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/379632a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800050
PM 8628397
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duvall, TL
   DSilva, S
   Jefferies, SM
   Harvey, JW
   Schou, J
AF Duvall, TL
   DSilva, S
   Jefferies, SM
   Harvey, JW
   Schou, J
TI Downflows under sunspots detected by helioseismic tomography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar
AB SUNSPOTS are areas of cooler gas and stronger magnetic fields in the Sun's photosphere (its 'surface'), but just how they form and are maintained has long been a puzzle. It has been proposed(1) that small vertical magnetic flux tubes, generated deep within the Sun, develop downflows around them when they emerge at the surface. The downflows bring together a large number of flux tubes in a cluster to form a sunspot, which behaves as a single flux bundle as long as the downflows bind the flux tubes together. Until now, however, it has not been possible to test this model with subsurface observations. Here we use the recently developed technique of travel time helioseismology(2) to detect the presence of strong downflows beneath both sunspots and the bright features known as plages. The flows have a velocity of similar to 2 km s(-1), and they persist to a depth of about 2,000 km. The data suggest, however, that the vertical magnetic field can be a coherent Bur bundle only to a depth of similar to 600 km; below this depth it is possible that the downflows hold together a loose collection of flux tubes to maintain the sunspots that we see.
C1 NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,NATL SOLAR OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85726.
   UNIV DELAWARE,BARTOL RES INST,NEWARK,DE 19716.
   STANFORD UNIV,HEPL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 National Solar Observatory; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; University of Delaware; Stanford University
RP Duvall, TL (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,ASTRON & SOLAR PHYS LAB,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 9
TC 163
Z9 171
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 235
EP 237
DI 10.1038/379235a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunt, GR
AF Hunt, GR
TI Manufacture and use of hook-tools by New Caledonian crows
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sensorimotor intelligence; monkeys; apes
AB TOOL behaviour in wild birds has been described as mostly stereotyped(1,2), and tool manufacture involves little modification of material(3-5). Here I report in New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides the manufacture and use of two different types of hook tool to aid prey capture: hooked-twig and stepped-cut barbed pandanus leaf. Crow tool manufacture had three features new to tool use in free-living nonhumans: a high degree of standardization, distinctly discrete tool types,vith definite imposition of form in tool shaping, and the use of hooks. These features only first appeared in the stone(6) and bone(7) tool-using cultures of early humans after the Lower Palaeolithic(6,7), which indicates that crows have achieved a considerable technical capability in their tool manufacture and use.
RP Hunt, GR (corresponding author), MASSEY UNIV,DEPT ECOL,PRIVATE BAG 11222,PALMERSTON NORTH,NEW ZEALAND.
NR 18
TC 434
Z9 509
U1 2
U2 196
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 249
EP 251
DI 10.1038/379249a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vandenberghe, R
   Price, C
   Wise, R
   Josephs, O
   Frackowiak, RSJ
AF Vandenberghe, R
   Price, C
   Wise, R
   Josephs, O
   Frackowiak, RSJ
TI Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID meaning systems; visual agnosia; optic aphasia; object; comprehension; vision; brain
AB THE relationship between the semantic processing of words and of pictures is a matter of debate among cognitive scientists(1,2). We studied the functional anatomy of such processing by using positron-emission tomography (PET). We contrasted activity during two semantic tasks (probing knowledge of associations between concepts, and knowledge of the visual attributes of these concepts) and a baseline task (discrimination of physical stimulus size), performed either with words or with pictures. Modality-specific activations unrelated to semantic processing occurred in the left inferior parietal lobule for words, and the right middle occipital gyrus for pictures. A semantic network common to both words and pictures extended from the left superior occipital gyrus through the middle and inferior temporal cortex to the inferior frontal gyrus. A picture-specific activation related to semantic tasks occurred in the left posterior inferior temporal sulcus, and word-specific activations related to semantic tasks were localized to the left superior temporal sulcus, left anterior middle temporal gyrus, and left inferior frontal sulcus. Thus semantic tasks activate a distributed semantic processing system shared by both words and pictures, with a few specific areas differentially active for either words or pictures.
C1 INST NEUROL, WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL, LONDON WC1N 3BG, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 996
Z9 1090
U1 0
U2 100
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 254
EP 256
DI 10.1038/383254a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500052
PM 8805700
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matsumoto, M
   Nakagawa, T
   Inoue, T
   Nagata, E
   Tanaka, K
   Takano, H
   Minowa, O
   Kuno, J
   Sakakibara, S
   Yamada, M
   Yoneshima, H
   Miyawaki, A
   Fukuuchi, Y
   Furuichi, T
   Okano, H
   Mikoshiba, K
   Noda, T
AF Matsumoto, M
   Nakagawa, T
   Inoue, T
   Nagata, E
   Tanaka, K
   Takano, H
   Minowa, O
   Kuno, J
   Sakakibara, S
   Yamada, M
   Yoneshima, H
   Miyawaki, A
   Fukuuchi, Y
   Furuichi, T
   Okano, H
   Mikoshiba, K
   Noda, T
TI Ataxia and epileptic seizures in mice lacking type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar purkinje-cells; mouse cerebellum; p400 protein; purification; expression; currents; invitro; slices
AB THE inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) receptor acts as an InsP(3)-gated Ca2+ release channel in a variety of cell types(1,2). Type 1 InsP(3) receptor (IP(3)R1) is the major neuronal member of the IP(3)R family in the central nervous system(3,4), predominantly enriched in cerebellar Purkinje cells but also concentrated in neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region, caudate-putamen, and cerebral cortex(5,6). Here we report that most IP(3)R1-deficient mice generated by gene targeting die in utero, and born animals have severe ataxia and tonic or tonic-clonic seizures and die by the weaning period. An electroencephalogram showed that they suffer from epilepsy, indicating that IP(3)R1 is essential for proper brain function. However, observation by light microscope of the haematoxylin-eosin staining of the brain and peripheral tissues of IP(3)R1-deficient mice showed no abnormality, and the unique electrophysiological properties of the cerebellar Purkinje cells of IP(3)R1-deficient mice were not severely impaired.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,DEPT MOLEC NEUROBIOL,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
   INST CANC RES,DEPT CELL BIOL,TOSHIMA KU,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
   KEIO UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,SHINJUKU KU,TOKYO 160,JAPAN.
   INST PHYS & CHEM RES,TSUKUBA LIFE SCI CTR,MOLEC NEUROBIOL LAB,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   EXPLORATORY RES ADV TECHNOL,CALCIOSIGNAL NET PROJECT,MEGURO KU,TOKYO 153,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo; Keio University; RIKEN
NR 24
TC 364
Z9 412
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/379168a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000059
PM 8538767
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rice, WR
AF Rice, WR
TI Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB EACH sex is part of the environment of the other sex. This may lead to perpetual coevolution between the sexes, when adaptation by one sex reduces fitness of the other. Indirect evidence comes from experiments with Drosophila melanogaster indicating that seminal fluid reduces the competitive ability of sperm from other males, thereby increasing male fitness(1,2). It also reduces a female's propensity to remate and increases her egg-laying rate(3). In contrast to these benefits to males, seminal fluid has substantial toxic side effects in females, with increasing quantity leading to decreasing female survival(4,5). Here I show that when female D. melanogaster are experimentally prevented from coevolving with males, males rapidly adapt to the static female phenotype. This male adaptation leads to a reduction in female survivorship, which is mediated by an increased rate of remating and increased toxicity of seminal fluid.
RP Rice, WR (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT BIOL,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA.
NR 17
TC 804
Z9 900
U1 2
U2 181
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 232
EP 234
DI 10.1038/381232a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900053
PM 8622764
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hamilton, BA
   Frankel, WN
   Kerrebrock, AW
   Hawkins, TL
   FitzHugh, W
   Kusumi, K
   Russell, LB
   Mueller, KL
   vanBerkel, V
   Birren, BW
   Kruglyak, L
   Lander, ES
AF Hamilton, BA
   Frankel, WN
   Kerrebrock, AW
   Hawkins, TL
   FitzHugh, W
   Kusumi, K
   Russell, LB
   Mueller, KL
   vanBerkel, V
   Birren, BW
   Kruglyak, L
   Lander, ES
TI Disruption of the nuclear hormone receptor ROR alpha in staggerer mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mutant mice; purkinje-cells; multiple innervation; cerebellar cortex; climbing fibers; mouse; abnormality
AB HOMOZYGOUS staggerer (sg) mice show a characteristic severe cerebellar ataxia due to a cell-autonomous defect in the development of Purkinje cells(1,2). These cells show immature morphology, synaptic arrangement, biochemical properties and gene expression, and are reduced in numbers(3-12). In addition, sg heterozygotes show accelerated dendritic atrophy and cell loss(13), suggesting that sg has a role in mature Purkinje cells. Effects of this mutation on cerebellar development have been studied for 25 years, but its molecular basis has remained unknown, We have genetically mapped staggerer to an interval of 160 kilobases on mouse chromosome 9 which was found to contain the gene encoding ROR alpha, a member of the nuclear hormone-receptor superfamily. Staggerer mice were found to carry a deletion within the ROR alpha gene that prevents translation of the ligand-binding homology domain. We propose a model based on these results, in which ROR alpha interacts with the thyroid hormone signalling pathway to induce Purkinje-cell maturation.
C1 JACKSON LAB, BAR HARBOR, ME 04609 USA.
   MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   OAK RIDGE NATL LAB, DIV BIOL, OAK RIDGE, TN 37831 USA.
C3 Jackson Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
RP Hamilton, BA (corresponding author), WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, 9 CAMBRIDGE CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
NR 30
TC 440
Z9 483
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 736
EP 739
DI 10.1038/379736a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700055
PM 8602221
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhanot, P
   Brink, M
   Samos, CH
   Hsieh, JC
   Wang, YS
   Macke, JP
   Andrew, D
   Nathans, J
   Nusse, R
AF Bhanot, P
   Brink, M
   Samos, CH
   Hsieh, JC
   Wang, YS
   Macke, JP
   Andrew, D
   Nathans, J
   Nusse, R
TI A new member of the frizzled family from Drosophila functions as a Wingless receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segment polarity gene; homeotic genes; spatial expression; armadillo protein; cell; embryos; homolog; encodes; signal; melanogaster
AB Receptors for Wingless and other signalling molecules of the Wnt gene family have yet to be identified. We show here that cultured Drosophila cells transfected with a novel member of the frizzled gene family in Drosophila, Dfz2, respond to added Wingless protein by elevating the level of the Armadillo protein. Moreover, Wingless binds to Drosophila or human cells expressing Dfz2. These data demonstrate that Dfz2 functions as a Wingless receptor, and they imply, in general, that Frizzled proteins are receptors for the Wnt signalling molecules.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University
NR 50
TC 1245
Z9 1583
U1 0
U2 84
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 225
EP 230
DI 10.1038/382225a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000040
PM 8717036
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, U
   Qin, XF
   Gong, SC
   Stevens, S
   Luo, Y
   Nussenzweig, M
   Roeder, RG
AF Kim, U
   Qin, XF
   Gong, SC
   Stevens, S
   Luo, Y
   Nussenzweig, M
   Roeder, RG
TI The B-cell-specific transcription coactivator OCA-B/OBF-1/Bob-1 is essential for normal production of immunoglobulin isotypes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding proteins; region genes; activation; expression; mouse; promoters; mechanism
AB OCA-B was initially identified as a B-cell-restricted coactivator that functions with octamer binding transcription factors (Oct-1 and Oct-2) to mediate efficient cell type-specific transcription of immunoglobulin promoters in vitro(1-3). Subsequent cloning studies led to identification of the coactivator as a single polypeptide, designated either as OCA-B (ref. 3), OBF-1 (ref. 4) or Bob-1 (ref. 5). OCA-B itself does not bind to DNA directly, but interacts with either Oct-1 or Oct-2 to potentiate transcriptional activation(1-5). To determine the biological role of OCA-B, we generated OCA-B-deficient mice by gene targeting. Mice lacking OCA-B undergo normal antigen-independent, B-cell differentiation, including appropriate expression of both immunoglobulin genes and other early B-cell-restricted genes. However, antigen-dependent maturation of B cells is greatly affected. The proliferative response to surface IgM crosslinking is impaired, and there is a severe deficiency in the production of secondary immunoglobulin isotypes including IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgA and IgE in BCA-B-deficient B cells. This defect is not due to a failure of the isotype switching process, but rather to reduced levels of transcription from normally switched immunoglobulin heavy-chain loci. In accord dth the defective isotype production, germinal centre formation is absent in these mutant mice.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LAB MOL IMMUNOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 27
TC 222
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 542
EP 547
DI 10.1038/383542a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500055
PM 8849728
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bleul, CC
   Farzan, M
   Choe, H
   Parolin, C
   ClarkLewis, I
   Sodroski, J
   Springer, TA
AF Bleul, CC
   Farzan, M
   Choe, H
   Parolin, C
   ClarkLewis, I
   Sodroski, J
   Springer, TA
TI The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-immunodeficiency-virus; molecular-cloning; chromosomal localization; receptor cdna; gene; interleukin-8; infection; sequence; proteins; cells
AB CHEMOKINES are chemotactic cytokines that activate and direct the migration of leukocytes(1,2). There are two subfamilies, the CXC and the CC chemokines, We recently found that the CXC-chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)(3,4) is a highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant(5). Chemokines act on responsive leukocyte subsets through G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors', which are also used by distinct strains of HIV-1 as cofactors for viral entry. Laboratory-adapted and some T-cell-line-tropic (T-tropic) primary viruses use the orphan chemokine receptor LESTR/fusin (also known as fusin)(6-8), whereas macrophage-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates use CCR-5 and CCR-3 (refs 7-11), which are receptors for known CC chemokines, Testing of potential receptors demonstrated that SDF-1 signalled through, and hence 'adopted', the orphan receptor LESTR, which we therefore designate CXC-chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR-4). SDF-1 induced an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ and chemotaxis in CXCR-4-transfected cells. Because SDF-1 is a biological ligand for the HIV-1 entry cofactor LESTR, we tested whether it inhibited HIV-1, SDF-1 inhibited infection by T-tropic HIV-1 of HeLa-CD4 cells, CXCR-4 transfectants, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but did not affect CCR-5-mediated infection by macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) and dual-tropic primary HIV-1.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CTR BLOOD RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DEPT PATHO,DIV HUMAN RETROVIROL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT CANC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV PADUA,INST MICROBIOL,I-35121 PADUA,ITALY.
   UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,BIOMED RES CTR,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z3,CANADA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; University of Padua; University of British Columbia
NR 29
TC 1729
Z9 1994
U1 1
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 829
EP 833
DI 10.1038/382829a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700053
PM 8752280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giros, B
   Jaber, M
   Jones, SR
   Wightman, RM
   Caron, MG
AF Giros, B
   Jaber, M
   Jones, SR
   Wightman, RM
   Caron, MG
TI Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens; messenger-rna; receptor gene; rat striatum; neurons; mechanisms; expression; neurotransmission; inhibitor; release
AB Disruption of the mouse dopamine transporter gene results in spontaneous hyperlocomotion despite major adaptive changes, such as decreases in neurotransmitter and receptor levels. In homozygote mice, dopamine persists at least 100 times longer in the extracellular space, explaining the biochemical basis of the hyperdopaminergic phenotype and demonstrating the critical role of the transporter in regulating neurotransmission. The dopamine transporter is an obligatory target of cocaine and amphetamine, as these psychostimulants have no effect on locomotor activity or dopamine release and uptake in mice lacking the transporter.
C1 DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT CELL BIOL, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST LABS, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA.
   DUKE UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST LABS, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA.
   UNIV N CAROLINA, CURRICULUM NEUROBIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA.
   UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT CHEM, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
NR 48
TC 2058
Z9 2380
U1 0
U2 136
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 606
EP 612
DI 10.1038/379606a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800042
PM 8628395
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klein, MG
   Cheng, H
   Santana, LF
   Jiang, YH
   Lederer, WJ
   Schneider, MF
AF Klein, MG
   Cheng, H
   Santana, LF
   Jiang, YH
   Lederer, WJ
   Schneider, MF
TI Two mechanisms of quantized calcium release in skeletal muscle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frog twitch fibers; sarcoplasmic-reticulum; ryanodine receptor; antipyrylazo-iii; charge movement; channel; purification; signals
AB SKELETAL muscle uses voltage sensors in the transverse tubular membrane(1-3) that are linked by protein-protein interactions(4-6) to intracellular ryanodine receptors(7-10), which gate the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here we show, by using voltage-clamped single fibres and confocal imaging, that sto chastic calcium-release events, visualized as Ca2+ sparks, occur in skeletal muscle and originate at the tried. Unitary triadic Ca2+-release events are initiated by the voltage sensor in a steeply voltage-dependent manner, or occur spontaneously by a mechanism independent of the voltage sensor. Large amplitude events also occur during depolarization and consist of two or more unitary events. We propose a 'dual-control' model for discrete Ca2+ release events from the sacroplasmic reticulum that unifies diverse observations about Ca2+-signalling in frog skeletal muscle, and that may be applicable to other excitable cells.
C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201.
   UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM,BALTIMORE,MD 21201.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland Baltimore
NR 31
TC 278
Z9 300
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 455
EP 458
DI 10.1038/379455a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400061
PM 8559251
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ramaswamy, V
   Schwarzkopf, MD
   Randel, WJ
AF Ramaswamy, V
   Schwarzkopf, MD
   Randel, WJ
TI Fingerprint of ozone depletion in the spatial and temporal pattern of recent lower-stratospheric cooling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; temperature trends; troposphere; climate; hole
AB OBSERVATIONS of air temperatures in the lower stratosphere from 1979 to 1990 reveal a cooling trend that varies both spatially and seasonally(1). The possible causes of this cooling include changes in concentrations of ozone or of other greenhouse gases(2,3), and entirely natural variability, but the relative contributions of such causes are poorly constrained. Here we incorporate the observed decreases in stratospheric ozone concentrations(4) over the same period into a general circulation model of the atmosphere, to investigate the role of the ozone losses in affecting patterns of temperature change. We find that the simulated latitudinal pattern of lower-stratospheric cooling for a given month through the decade corresponds well with the pattern of the observed decadal temperature changes, This result confirms the expectation, from simpler model studies(2,3,5), that the observed ozone depletion exerts a spatially and seasonally varying fingerprint in the decadal cooling of the lower stratosphere, with the influence of increases in concentrations of other greenhouse gases being relatively small. As anthropogenic halocarbon chemicals are important causes of stratospheric ozone depletion(2,3), our study suggests a human influence on the patterns of temperature change in the lower stratosphere over this 11-year period.
C1 NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307.
C3 National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA
RP Ramaswamy, V (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV,NOAA,GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB,PRINCETON,NJ 08542, USA.
NR 31
TC 130
Z9 143
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 616
EP 618
DI 10.1038/382616a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, ZG
   Baskaran, R
   LeaChou, ET
   Wood, LD
   Chen, Y
   Karin, M
   Wang, JYJ
AF Liu, ZG
   Baskaran, R
   LeaChou, ET
   Wood, LD
   Chen, Y
   Karin, M
   Wang, JYJ
TI Three distinct signalling responses by murine fibroblasts to genotoxic stress
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID abl tyrosine kinase; activated protein-kinases; c-abl; cell-cycle; transcriptional activation; p53-dependent apoptosis; phosphorylation; domain; transduction; agents
AB GENOTOXIC stress triggers signalling pathways that mediate either the protection or killing of affected cells, Whereas induction of p53 involves events in the cell nucleus(1), the activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappa B by ultraviolet radiation is mediated through membrane-associated signalling proteins, ruling out a nuclear signal(2-6), An early event in AP-1 induction by ultraviolet radiation is activation of Jun kinases (JNKs)(3,7), which mediate the induction of the immediate-early genes c-jun and c-fos(7-13). The JNKs have also been proposed to mediate the apoptopic response to genotoxins(14). The non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is also activated by genotoxic stress(15,16), To understand the relationship between these events, we compared the activation of p53, JNK and c-Abl by several DNA-damaging agents in murine fibroblasts. We found that whereas p53 was induced by every genotoxic stimulus tested, c-Abl was activated by most stimuli except ultraviolet irradiation and JNK was strongly stimulated only by ultraviolet light and the alkylating agent methyl methanesulphonate. Activation of JNK by this alkylating agent was normal in c-Abl-null cells but was reduced in c-Src-null cells, Unlike p53 induction, c-Abl activation occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle and does not affect cell proliferation, These findings show that signals generated by genotoxins are transduced by multiple, independent pathways. Only p53 appears to be a universal sensor of genotoxic stress.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,PROGRAM BIOMED SCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT BIOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,CTR GENET MOL,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA043054] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 343
Z9 374
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 273
EP 276
DI 10.1038/384273a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100054
PM 8918879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weindler, P
   Wiltschko, R
   Wiltschko, W
AF Weindler, P
   Wiltschko, R
   Wiltschko, W
TI Magnetic information affects the stellar orientation of young bird migrants
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID migratory orientation; sylvia-borin; calibration; compass; ontogeny
AB WHEN young birds leave on their first migration, they are guided by innate information about their direction of migration. It is generally assumed that this direction is represented twice, namely with respect to celestial rotation and with respect to the Earth's magnetic field(1,2). The interactions between the two cue systems have been analysed by exposing hand-raised young birds during the premigratory period to cue-conflict situations, in which celestial rotation and the magnetic field provided different information. Celestial rotation altered the course with respect to the magnetic field(3-7), whereas conflicting magnetic information did not seem to affect the course with respect to the stars(8,9). Celestial information thus seemed to dominate over magnetic information. Here we report that the interaction between the two cue systems is far more complex than this. Celestial rotation alone seems to provide only a tendency to move away from its centre (towards geographical south), which is then modified by information from the magnetic field to establish the distinctive, population-specific migratory direction.
C1 UNIV FRANKFURT,FACHBEREICH BIOL,D-60054 FRANKFURT,GERMANY.
C3 Goethe University Frankfurt
NR 18
TC 57
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 158
EP 160
DI 10.1038/383158a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gheerbrant, E
   Sudre, J
   Cappetta, H
AF Gheerbrant, E
   Sudre, J
   Cappetta, H
TI A Palaeocene proboscidean from Morocco
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB UNTIL, recently, the oldest known Arabo-African fossils of the elephant order (Proboscidea) were scarce Moeritherium-like remains from the Middle Eocene epoch of Mali(1) and Senegal(2). In 1984 the discovery in Algeria of Numidotherium koholense(3) pushed back the record to the late Early Eocene. Here we report the discovery of a new genus in the late Palaeocene (Thanetian) epoch of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin), about 7 million years older than Numidotherium, The new specimen is not Only the oldest and smallest known proboscidean, but also the first modern ungulate from pre-Eocene strata. Though indirect data support an early eutherian radiation, close to the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, this is also among the very few known occurrences of modern placental orders before the Eocene. Unexpectedly, it belongs to what is, according to current phylo genetic studies(4,5), one of the most derived eutherian orders, providing new evidence for a very early radiation of modern orders of placentals.
C1 UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,EPHE,INST SCI EVOLUT,F-34095 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE.
   UNIV MONTPELLIER 2,CNRS,UMR 5554,F-34095 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier; Universite PSL; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute of Ecology & Environment (INEE); Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Montpellier
RP Gheerbrant, E (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 06,PALEONTOL VERTEBRES LAB,CNRS,URA 1761,CASE 106,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 89
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 68
EP 70
DI 10.1038/383068a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Quinn, J
   Fyrberg, AM
   Ganster, RW
   Schmidt, MC
   Peterson, CL
AF Quinn, J
   Fyrberg, AM
   Ganster, RW
   Schmidt, MC
   Peterson, CL
TI DNA-binding properties of the yeast SWI/SNF complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcriptional activator; cruciform dna; protein; genes; enhancers; hmg1
AB The SWI/SNF complex is required for the enhancement of transcription by many transcriptional activators in yeast(1,2) Genetic and biochemical studies indicate that the complex facilitates activator function by antagonizing chromatin-mediated transcriptional repression(3-6). The absence of known DNA-binding motifs in several SWI/SNF subunits and the failure to identify SWI/SNF-dependent DNA-binding activities in crude yeast extracts have led to the belief that the complex does not bind DNA(7,8). Here we show that the SWI/SNF complex has a high affinity for DNA and that its DNA-binding properties are similar to those of proteins containing HMG-box domains(9). The complex interacts with the minor groove of the DNA helix, binds synthetic four-way junction DNA, and introduces positive supercoils into relaxed plasmid DNA. These properties are likely to be important in the remodelling of chromatin structure by the SWI/SNF complex.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,PROGRAM MOLEC MED,WORCESTER,MA 01605.
   UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,WORCESTER,MA 01605.
   UNIV PITTSBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC GENET & BIOCHEM,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); University of Pittsburgh
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R37 GM049650, R01 GM049650] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 179
Z9 199
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 844
EP 847
DI 10.1038/379844a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100064
PM 8587611
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fraser, NC
   Grimaldi, DA
   Olsen, PE
   Axsmith, B
AF Fraser, NC
   Grimaldi, DA
   Olsen, PE
   Axsmith, B
TI A Triassic Lagerstatte from eastern North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID record
AB The end of the Triassic period is pivotal in the evolution of modern ecosystems'. Despite this, the Triassic remains one of the poorest known periods in the evolutionary history of the terrestrial arthropods. Here we report on fossiliferous shales preserving a nearly complete marginal lacustrine community from the Virginia-North Carolina border that sheds considerable light on this critical interval. Three species of insect were previously described from this locality, but the full extent and significance of its diversity have only now been discovered: we report here the oldest definitive records for three orders of insect and numerous families and superfamilies. Furthermore, in addition to new taxa, the flora is shown to contain an unusual diversity of forms, some of which have only been previously reported either from Europe or the Southern Hemisphere. The abundance of complete insects and the preservation of soft-part anatomy on some of the vertebrates elevates the site to one of the most significant Lagerstatte in the world.
C1 AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST,NEW YORK,NY 10024.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964.
   UNIV KANSAS,DEPT BOT,LAWRENCE,KS 66045.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); Columbia University; University of Kansas
RP Fraser, NC (corresponding author), VIRGINIA MUSEUM NAT HIST,1001 DOUGLAS AVE,MARTINSVILLE,VA 24112, USA.
NR 27
TC 106
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 615
EP 619
DI 10.1038/380615a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chavis, P
   Fagni, L
   Lansman, JB
   Bockaert, J
AF Chavis, P
   Fagni, L
   Lansman, JB
   Bockaert, J
TI Functional coupling between ryanodine receptors and L-type calcium channels in neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebellar granule cells; protein-kinase-c; glutamate receptors; ca2+ channel; depression; induction; release; toxin
AB IN skeletal muscle, L-type Ca2+ channels act as voltage sensors to control ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum(1). It has recently been demonstrated that these ryanodine receptors generate a retrograde signal that modifies L-type Ca2+-channel activity(2). Here we demonstrate a tight functional coupling between ryanodine receptors and L-type Ca2+ channel in neurons, In cerebellar granule cells, activation of the type-1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) induced a large, oscillating increase of the L-type Ba2+ current. Activation occurred independently of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and classical protein kinases, but was mimicked by caffeine and blocked by ryanodine, The kinetics of this blockade were dependent on the frequency of Ba2+ current stimulation, Both mGluR1- and caffeine-induced increase in L-type Ca2+-channel activity persisted in inside-out membrane patches, In these excised patches, ryanodine suppressed both the mGluR1- and caffeine-activated L-type Ca2+ channels. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for Ca2+-channel modulation in neurons.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT CELLULAR & MOL PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Chavis, P (corresponding author), CNRS,UPR 9023,CCIPE,141 RUE CARDONILLE,F-34094 MONTPELLIER 05,FRANCE.
NR 19
TC 278
Z9 312
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 719
EP 722
DI 10.1038/382719a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300051
PM 8751443
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Buffetaut, E
   Suteethorn, V
   Tong, HY
AF Buffetaut, E
   Suteethorn, V
   Tong, HY
TI The earliest known tyrannosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE Tyrannosauridae were the dominant large carnivorous dinosaurs in Asia (excluding India) and western North America during the Late Cretaceous period(1-3). Most of them are from the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages, and very little is known about their earlier history, although scanty remains have been reported from the early part of the Upper Cretaceous(4-7). We describe a newly discovered incomplete skeleton of a large theropod from the Early Cretaceous Sao Khua Formation of northeastern Thailand as an early and primitive representative of the Tyrannosauridae. This new taxon, which is at least 20 million years older than the earliest previously known tyrannosaurids, suggests that the early evolution of tyrannosaurids may have taken place in Asia.
C1 DEPT MINERAL RESOURCES,GEOL SURVEY DIV,BANGKOK 10400,THAILAND.
C3 Department of Mineral Resources - Thailand
RP Buffetaut, E (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 06,PALEONTOL VERTEBRES LAB,CNRS,URA 1761,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS 05,FRANCE.
NR 26
TC 51
Z9 62
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 689
EP 691
DI 10.1038/381689a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barbosa, MDFS
   Nguyen, QA
   Tchernev, VT
   Ashley, JA
   Detter, JC
   Blaydes, SM
   Brandt, SJ
   Chotai, D
   Hodgman, C
   Solari, RCE
   Lovett, M
   Kingsmore, SF
AF Barbosa, MDFS
   Nguyen, QA
   Tchernev, VT
   Ashley, JA
   Detter, JC
   Blaydes, SM
   Brandt, SJ
   Chotai, D
   Hodgman, C
   Solari, RCE
   Lovett, M
   Kingsmore, SF
TI Identification of the homologous beige and Chediak-Higashi syndrome genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein secondary structure; polymorphonuclear leukocytes; structure prediction; down-regulation; cap formation; kinase-c; mouse; mice; concanavalin; mutation
AB VESICULAR transport to and from the lysosome and late endosome is defective in patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) and in mutant beige (bg) mice(1-4). CHS and bg cells have giant, perinuclear vesicles with characteriscs of late endosomes and lysosomes that arise from dysregulated homotypic fusion(3-5). CHS and bg lysosomes also exhibit compartmental missorting of proteins, such as elastase, glucuronidase and cathepsin G(2,3,6,7) Lyst, a candidate gene for bg, was identified by direct complementary DNA selection from a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clone containing a 650-kilobase segment of the bg-critical region on mouse chromosome 13. Lyst is disrupted by a 5-kilobase deletion in bg(11J) mice, and Lyst messenger RNA is markedly reduced in bg(2J) homozygotes. The homologous human gene, LYST, is highly conserved with mouse Lyst, and contains a frame-shift mutation at nucleotides 117-118 of the coding domain in a CHS patient. Thus bg mice and human CHS patients have homologous disorders associated with Lyst mutations. Lyst encodes a protein with a carboxy-terminal prenylation motif and multiple potential phosphorylation sites. Lyst protein is predicted to form extended helical domains, and has a region of sequence similar to stathmin, a coiled coil phosphoprotein thought to act as a relay integrating cellular signal response coupling(8-10).
C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT MED,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610.
   UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610.
   UNIV FLORIDA,CTR MAMMALIAN GENET,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,MCDERMOTT CTR,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT CELL BIOL,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
   GLAXO WELLCOME MED RES CTR,CELL BIOL UNIT,STEVENAGE SG1 2NY,HERTS,ENGLAND.
   GLAXO WELLCOME MED RES CTR,ADV TECHNOL UNIT,STEVENAGE SG1 2NY,HERTS,ENGLAND.
   GLAXO WELLCOME MED RES CTR,INFORMAT UNIT,STEVENAGE SG1 2NY,HERTS,ENGLAND.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Vanderbilt University; Vanderbilt University; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom
FU NIAID NIH HHS [P01 AI039824] Funding Source: Medline; NICHD NIH HHS [U19 HD077693] Funding Source: Medline; Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 424
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 262
EP 265
DI 10.1038/382262a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000052
PM 8717042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bauerle, C
   Bunkov, YM
   Fisher, SN
   Godfrin, H
   Pickett, GR
AF Bauerle, C
   Bunkov, YM
   Fisher, SN
   Godfrin, H
   Pickett, GR
TI Laboratory simulation of cosmic string formation in the early Universe using superfluid He-3
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB TOPOLOGICAL defects in the geometry of space-time (such as cosmic strings) may have played an important role in the evolution of the early Universe, by supplying initial density fluctuations which seeded the clusters of galaxies that we see today(1). The formation of cosmic strings during a symmetry-breaking phase transition shortly after the Big Bang is analogous to vortex creation in liquid helium following a rapid transition into the superfluid state; the underlying physics of this cosmological defect-forming process (known as the Kibble mechanism(1)) should therefore be accessible in He-4 following rapid quenching to the superfluid state(2), lending qualitative support to Kibble's contention that topological defects are generated by such phase transitions. Here we quantify this process by using an exothermic neutron-induced nuclear reaction to heat small volumes of superfluid He-3 above the superfluid transition temperature, and then measuring the deficit in energy released as these regions of normal liquid pass back into the superfluid state. By ascribing this deficit to the formation of a tangle of vortices, we are able to infer the resulting vortex density; we find that this agrees very well with the predictions of Zurek's modification(3) of the original Kibble mechanism(1).
C1 CNRS,CTR RECH TRES BASSES TEMP,F-38042 GRENOBLE 9,FRANCE.
   UNIV LANCASTER,SCH PHYS & CHEM,LANCASTER LA1 4YB,ENGLAND.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Lancaster University
NR 9
TC 418
Z9 436
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 332
EP 334
DI 10.1038/382332a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanz, JL
   Chiappe, LM
   PerezMoreno, BP
   Buscalioni, AD
   Moratalla, JJ
   Ortega, F
   PoyatoAriza, FJ
AF Sanz, JL
   Chiappe, LM
   PerezMoreno, BP
   Buscalioni, AD
   Moratalla, JJ
   Ortega, F
   PoyatoAriza, FJ
TI An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID archaeopteryx; capability
AB AVIAN flight is one of the most remarkable achievements of vertebrate evolution, yet there is little evidence of its early phases. Specimens of Archaeopteryx shed important (albeit controversial) light on this evolutionary phenomenon, but large morphological (and almost certainly functional) gap between Archaeopteryx and modern avians remain virtually empty until recently. Here we report a new, exquisitely preserved, bird from the Lower Cretaceous Konservat-Lagerstatte of Las Hoyas (Cuenca, Spain) which provides evidence for the oldest known alula (bastard wing). Crustacean remains found inside its belly also provide the oldest direct evidence of feeding habits in birds. The new specimen has numerous synapomorphies with the Enantiornithes, but its unique sternal morphology, along with other autopomorphies in the furcula and vertebral centra, support the recognition of a new enantiornithine taxon, Eoalulavis hoyasi. The combination in Eoalulavis of a decisive aerodynamic feature, such as the alula, with the basic structures of the modern flight apparatus indicates that as early as 115 million years ago, birds had evolved a sophisticated structural system that enabled them to fly at low speeds and to attain high manoeuvrability.
C1 AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT ORNITHOL, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Sanz, JL (corresponding author), UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, FAC CIENCIAS, DEPT BIOL, UNIDAD PALEONTOL, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN.
NR 28
TC 144
Z9 158
U1 1
U2 34
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 442
EP 445
DI 10.1038/382442a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, X
   Maring, H
   Savoie, D
   Voss, K
   Prospero, JM
AF Li, X
   Maring, H
   Savoie, D
   Voss, K
   Prospero, JM
TI Dominance of mineral dust in aerosol light-scattering in the North Atlantic trade winds
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saharan dust; nitrate
AB ATMOSPHERIC aerosols can affect climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation(1-3). Most recent studies of such effects have focused largely on anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, which are believed to exert a substantial cooling influence(2). Mineral dust aerosols have been largely ignored, because it was thought that their scattering efficiency and concentrations were too low to have a substantial effect on climate. Here we report measurements of the light-scattering properties of North African dust delivered to Barbados by the North Atlantic trade winds. Although the mass scattering efficiency of the dust is only about a quarter of that of non-seasalt sulphate over the North Atlantic(5), the annual-mean dust concentration in Barbados trade-wind air is 16 times that of non-seasalt sulphate(6). The net scattering by mineral dust is therefore about four times that by non-seasalt sulphate aerosols. African mineral dust should therefore be the dominant lightscattering aerosol throughout the tropical and subtropical North Atlantic region, Our observations suggest that mineral dust could be an important climate-forcing agent over this ocean region and in other regions where dust concentrations are high(7,8).
RP Li, X (corresponding author), UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY,MIAMI,FL 33149, USA.
NR 29
TC 292
Z9 315
U1 0
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 416
EP 419
DI 10.1038/380416a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Michel, P
   Farinella, P
   Froeschle, C
AF Michel, P
   Farinella, P
   Froeschle, C
TI The orbital evolution of the asteroid Eros and implications for collision with the Earth
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE population of asteroids that cross the Earth's orbit is responsible for most of the terrestrial impacts of kilometre-size objects, of which there may be several per million years(1). About 150 Earth-crossing asteroids are known, although many more are thought to exist(2). Asteroids that come close to the Earth's orbit, but do not currently cross it, may also pose a threat if they evolve onto Earth crossing orbits. The asteroid 433 Eros, with a diameter of similar to 22 km and a perihelion of 1.13 AU (where 1 AU is the average distance of the Earth from the Sun), is the second-largest near-Earth asteroid(3). Here we report a study of the dynamical evolution of Eros's orbit over a period of two million years. We identify an orbital resonance with Mars that has the potential to perturb Mars-crossing asteroids, such as Eros, onto Earth-crossing orbits; of eight trial orbits that closely match Eros's present orbital parameters, three become Earth-crossing on the timescale of our simulations, and one of these hits the Earth after 1.14 Myr. Although our simulations indicate no significant danger of a catastrophic impact by this large near-Earth asteroid during the next similar to 10(5) years, such a collision is likely in the far future.
C1 UNIV PISA,DIPARTIMENTO MATEMAT,I-56127 PISA,ITALY.
C3 University of Pisa
RP Michel, P (corresponding author), OBSERV COTE AZUR,LAB GD CASSINI,CNRS,URA 1362,BP 229,F-06304 NICE 4,FRANCE.
NR 15
TC 39
Z9 41
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 689
EP 691
DI 10.1038/380689a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, H
   Coombs, N
   Sokolov, I
   Ozin, GA
AF Yang, H
   Coombs, N
   Sokolov, I
   Ozin, GA
TI Free-standing and oriented mesoporous silica films grown at the air-water interface
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB SURFACTANT assemblies can function as templates far the deposition of silicates to form mesoporous silicas(1), Recently we described a surfactant-templated synthesis of oriented mesoporous silica films grown at the mica-water interface(2), Here we show that such films can be grown without a solid substrate, by surfactant templating at the interface between air and water. The films are continuous and have a root-mean-square surface roughness of about 3 Angstrom. They are resilient enough to withstand significant bending, and are sufficiently flexible to be transferred onto substrates of different shapes. We propose a model for film formation which ascribes a dual-templating role to the surfactant: we suggest that both a surfactant overstructure at the air-water interface and micellar aggregates in solution interact collectively with the soluble, polymerizable silicate building blocks, These films might find applications in catalysis, separation technology and biomedicine.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,LASH MILLER CHEM LABS,MAT CHEM RES GRP,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H6,CANADA.
   IMAGETEK ANALYT IMAGING,TORONTO,ON M6J 2K4,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
NR 16
TC 559
Z9 606
U1 3
U2 154
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 589
EP 592
DI 10.1038/381589a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ray, RD
   Eanes, RJ
   Chao, BF
AF Ray, RD
   Eanes, RJ
   Chao, BF
TI Detection of tidal dissipation in the solid Earth by satellite tracking and altimetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID energy-balance; ocean tide
AB THE rate at which tidal energy is dissipated in the solid Earth can constrain the anelastic properties of the Earth at frequencies much lower than those accessible with seismology. The dissipative properties of a system are usually expressed as a 'quality factor', Q; estimates(1-7) of the semi-diurnal solid-Earth Q range from 90 to 500. But observational constraints on this quantity are difficult to obtain, because dissipation by the body tide is masked by the much greater dissipation that occurs in the oceans(8,9). Here we show that recent accurate measurements of the ocean tide obtained by the Topex/Poseidon satellite altimeter(10), combined with nearly two decades of laser tracking of satellite orbit perturbations(11) (which are sensitive to the total planetary dissipation rate), permit an estimate of the solid-Earth dissipation rate at semi-diurnal period. We find that the body tide lags the principal lunar tidal potential by 0.16 +/- 0.09 degrees, implying a dissipation rate of 83 +/- 45 gigawatts and a solid-Earth Q of 370 at a period of 12.4 hours. The observed lag agrees well with Zschau's 'most probable' lag' of 0.21 degrees (deduced from observations of the Chandler wobble), and favours the higher values of Q estimated theoretically.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SPACE RES CTR,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
RP Ray, RD (corresponding author), NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,HSTX,CODE 926,GREENBELT,MD 20771, USA.
NR 32
TC 46
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 595
EP 597
DI 10.1038/381595a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cuvillier, O
   Pirianov, G
   Kleuser, B
   Vanek, PG
   Coso, OA
   Gutkind, JS
   Spiegel, S
AF Cuvillier, O
   Pirianov, G
   Kleuser, B
   Vanek, PG
   Coso, OA
   Gutkind, JS
   Spiegel, S
TI Suppression of ceramide-mediated programmed cell death by sphingosine-1-phosphate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proliferation
AB CERAMIDE is an important regulatory participant of programmed cell death (apoptosis) induced by tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and Fas ligand, members of the TNF superfamily(1-6). Conversely, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, which are metabolites of ceramide, induce mitogenesis(7) and have been implicated as second messengers in cellular proliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor and serum(8,9). Here we report that sphingosine-1-phosphate prevents the appearance of the key features of apoptosis, namely intranucleosomal DNA fragmentation and morphological changes, which result from increased concentrations of ceramide. Furthermore, inhibition of ceramide-mediated apoptosis by activation of protein kinase C results from stimulation of sphingosine kinase and the concomitant increase in intracellular sphingosine-l-phosphate. Finally sphingosine-1-phosphate not only stimulates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway(10), it counteracts the ceramide-induced activation of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK). Thus, the balance between the intracellular levels of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate and their regulatory effects on different family members of mitogen-activated protein kinases determines the fate of the cell.
C1 GEORGETOWN UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20007.
   TREVIGEN INC,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20877.
   NIDR,CELLULAR DEV & ONCOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 Georgetown University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
NR 30
TC 1369
Z9 1559
U1 1
U2 72
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 800
EP 803
DI 10.1038/381800a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600064
PM 8657285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Woo, R
AF Woo, R
TI Kilometre-scale structures in the Sun's corona
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inner solar-wind; density-fluctuations; transition region; turbulence; holes; field; speed; waves
AB KNOWLEDGE of the structure of the Sun's corona is important for our understanding of how this high-temperature plasma is heated, and of the processes involved in the acceleration of the solar wind(1,2). The structure can be investigated directly by imaging at optical and shorter wavelengths, or indirectly through the effects of changing electron density on the propagation of radio waves (scattering and scintillation). Radio measurements have established many of the characteristics of the density fluctuations in the corona and solar wind, but the fundamental nature of these structures is not yet fully understood(3,4). Two specific features that have proved difficult to explain are an abrupt increase in anisotropy of the irregularities close to the Sun(5-7), and a break in the power-law spectrum describing the density fluctuations(8,9). Here I argue that these features are the manifestation of a transition from small ray-like or filamentary structures in the corona that rotate with the Sun to turbulent density irregularities convecting with the solar sind. I estimate the size of the smallest filamentary structure within coronal holes to be about 1 km at the Sun, approximately three orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest filamentary structures observed in images of different wavelengths(2,10-12).
RP Woo, R (corresponding author), CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, 4800 OAK GROVE DR, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA.
NR 36
TC 54
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 321
EP 322
DI 10.1038/379321a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeLeo, GA
   Dobson, AP
AF DeLeo, GA
   Dobson, AP
TI Allometry and simple epidemic models for microparasites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-dynamics; transmission; density
AB SIMPLE mathematical models for microparasites offer a useful way to examine the population dynamics of different viral and bacterial pathogens, One constraint in applying these models in free-living host populations is the paucity of data with which to estimate transmission rates. Here we recast a standard epidemiological model by setting the birth and death rates of the host population and its density as simple allometric functions of host body weight. We then use standard threshold theorems for the model in order to estimate the minimum rate of transmission for the parasite to establish itself in a mammalian host population, Transmission rates that produce different comparable values of the parasites' basic reproductive number, R(o), are themselves allometric functions of host body size. We have extended the model to show that hosts having different body sizes suffer epidemic outbreaks whose frequency scales,vith body size. The expected epidemic periods for pathogens in different mammalian populations correspond to cycles observed in free-living populations.
RP DeLeo, GA (corresponding author), PRINCETON UNIV, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
NR 15
TC 68
Z9 75
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 720
EP 722
DI 10.1038/379720a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700050
PM 8602216
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lin, DNC
   Bodenheimer, P
   Richardson, DC
AF Lin, DNC
   Bodenheimer, P
   Richardson, DC
TI Orbital migration of the planetary companion of 51 Pegasi to its present location
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID brown dwarfs; accretion; evolution; disks; stars
AB The recent discovery(1) and confirmation(2) of a possible planetary companion orbiting the solar-type star 51 Pegasi represent a breakthrough in the search for extrasolar planetary systems. Analysis of systematic variations in the velocity of the star indicate that the mass of the companion is approximately that of Jupiter, and that it is travelling in a nearly circular orbit at a distance from the star of 0.05 AU (about seven stellar radii). Here we show that, if the companion is indeed a gas-giant planet, it is extremely unlikely to have formed at its present location. We suggest instead that the planet probably formed by gradual accretion of solids and capture of gas at a much larger distance from the star (similar to 5 AU) and that it subsequently migrated inwards through interactions with the remnants of the circumstellar disk. The planet's migration may have stopped in its present orbit as a result of tidal interactions with the star, or through truncation of the inner circumstellar disk by the stellar magnetosphere.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,CANADIAN INST THEORET ASTROPHYS,MCLENNAN LABS,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A7,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Lin, DNC (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,UNIV CALIF OBSERV,LICK OBSERV,BOARD STUDIES ASTRON & ASTROPHYS,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064, USA.
NR 31
TC 1027
Z9 1125
U1 1
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 606
EP 607
DI 10.1038/380606a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU ORiain, MJ
   Jarvis, JUM
   Faulkes, CG
AF ORiain, MJ
   Jarvis, JUM
   Faulkes, CG
TI A dispersive morph in the naked mole-rat
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behavior; colony
AB Close inbreeding is known for a variety of small mammal species(1-4) for which a high probability of mortality during dispersal makes helping and delayed maturation a relatively secure fitness option(5). Prolonged inbreeding, however, is usually associated with lowered fitness(6,7), and it has been shown that most highly inbred small mammals(8) and social insects(9) have inbreeding-avoidance mechanisms that promote some degree of outbreeding. However, previous field and laboratory research on the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) suggested that this cooperatively breeding rodent is highly inbred(10-12), with new colonies forming by fission(13). Here we report the discovery of a dispersal phenotype that may occasionally promote outbreeding in naked mole-rats. These dispersers are morphologically, physiologically and behaviourally distinct from other colony members. They are laden with fat, exhibit elevated levels of luteinizing hormone, have a strong urge to disperse, and only solicit matings with non-colony members. These findings suggest that, although rare, a dispersive morph exists within naked mole-rat colonies.
C1 ZOOL SOC LONDON,INST ZOOL,CONSERVAT GENET GRP,LONDON NW1 4RY,ENGLAND.
C3 Zoological Society of London
RP ORiain, MJ (corresponding author), UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT ZOOL,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA.
NR 20
TC 236
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 619
EP 621
DI 10.1038/380619a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100043
PM 8602260
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giffin, W
   Torrance, H
   Rodda, DJ
   Prefontaine, GG
   Pope, L
   Hache, RJG
AF Giffin, W
   Torrance, H
   Rodda, DJ
   Prefontaine, GG
   Pope, L
   Hache, RJG
TI Sequence-specific DNA binding by Ku autoantigen and its effects on transcription
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mammary-tumor virus; activated protein-kinase; glucocorticoid receptor; regulatory element; region; antigen; domain
AB DNA-DEPENDENT protein kinase (DNA-PK) has been implicated in several nuclear processes including transcription(1-3), DNA replication(4,5), double-stranded DNA break repair, and V(D)J recom bination(6-10). Linkage of kinase and substrate on DNA in cis is required for efficient phosphorylation(11). Recruitment of DNA-PK to DNA is by Ku autoantigen, a DNA-end-binding protein required for DNA-PK catalytic activity(11). Although Ku is known to translocate along naked DNA(12), how DNA-end binding by Ku might lead to DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins in vivo has not been obvious. Here we report the identification of Ku as a transcription factor that recruits DNA-PK directly to specific DNA sequences. NRE1 (negative regulatory element 1) is a DNA sequence element (-394/ - 381) in the long terminal repeat of mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) that is important for repressing inappropriate viral expression(13-16). We show that direct binding of Ku/DNA-PK to NRE1 represses glucocorticoid-induced MMTV transcription.
C1 UNIV OTTAWA,OTTAWA CIVIC HOSP,LOEB INST MED RES,DEPT MED,OTTAWA,ON K1Y 4E9,CANADA.
   UNIV OTTAWA,OTTAWA CIVIC HOSP,LOEB INST MED RES,DEPT BIOCHEM,OTTAWA,ON K1Y 4E9,CANADA.
C3 University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
NR 28
TC 190
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 265
EP 268
DI 10.1038/380265a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700057
PM 8637578
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diaz, HF
   Graham, NE
AF Diaz, HF
   Graham, NE
TI Recent changes in tropical freezing heights and the role of sea surface temperature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID global temperature; variability; retreat; pacific; peru
AB A WIDESPREAD retreat of alpine glaciers' and melting of tropical ice-cap margins(2-7) has been observed in recent decades, over which time a general climate warming at lower altitudes has been documented(8). Moreover, some ice-core records provide evidence suggesting that mid-tropospheric temperatures in the tropics have been greater in recent decades than at any time during the past 2,000-3,000 years(7). Here we examine the processes controlling mountain glacier retreat by comparing high-altitude air-temperature measurements for the past few decades, to the temperatures predicted by a model atmosphere forced by the observed global pattern of sea surface temperature in a 19-year simulation(9). The comparison strongly indicates that the observed changes in freezing-level height (the altitude of the 0 degrees C isotherm) are related to a long-term (over decades) increase in sea surface temperature in the tropics, and the consequent enhancement of the tropical hydrological cycle. Although changes in this cycle are likely to affect high-elevation hydrological and ecological balances worldwide(10,11), tropical environments may be particularly sensitive because the changes in tropical sea surface temperature and humidity may be largest and most systematic at low latitudes.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,DIV CLIMATE RES,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego; Scripps Institution of Oceanography
RP Diaz, HF (corresponding author), NOAA,ERL,CDC,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA.
NR 25
TC 123
Z9 146
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 152
EP 155
DI 10.1038/383152a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luck, SJ
   Vogel, EK
   Shapiro, KL
AF Luck, SJ
   Vogel, EK
   Shapiro, KL
TI Word meanings can be accessed but not reported during the attentional blink
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID serial visual presentation; sentences
AB AFTER the detection of a target item in a rapid stream of visual stimuli, there is a period of 400-600 ms during which subsequent targets are missed. This impairment has been labelled the 'attentional blink'(1). It has been suggested that, unlike an eye blink, the additional blink does not reflect a suppression of perceptual processing, but instead reflects a loss of information at a postperceptual stage, such as visual short-term memory(2-4). Here we provide electrophysiological evidence that words presented during the attentional blink period are analysed to the point of meaning extraction, even though these extracted meanings cannot be reported 1-2 s later. This shows that the attentional blink does indeed reflect a loss of information at a postperceptual stage of processing, and provides a demonstration of the modularity of human brain function.
C1 UNIV WALES, SCH PSYCHOL, BANGOR LL57 2DG, GWYNEDD, WALES.
C3 Bangor University
RP Luck, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA, DEPT PSYCHOL, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA.
NR 13
TC 399
Z9 460
U1 2
U2 80
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 616
EP 618
DI 10.1038/383616a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500051
PM 8857535
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Crossley, PH
   Martinez, S
   Martin, GR
AF Crossley, PH
   Martinez, S
   Martin, GR
TI Midbrain development induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression patterns; int-1 protooncogene; mouse-brain; homeo box; en-2; phenotype; region; wnt-1; genes
AB Vertebrate midbrain development depends on an organizing centre located at the isthmus, a constriction in the embryonic mid/hindbrain region-(1-3,28). Isthmic tissue grafts transform chick caudal forebrain into an ectopic midbrain that is the mirror image of the normal midbrain(4). Here we report that FGF8 protein has the same midbrain-inducing and polarizing effect as isthmic tissue. Moreover, FGF8 induces ectopic expression in the forebrain of genes normally expressed in the isthmus, suggesting that the ectopic midbrain forms under the influence of signals from a new 'isthmus-like' organizing centre induced in the forebrain. Because Fgf8 itself is expressed in the isthmus, our results identify FGF8 as an important signalling molecule in normal midbrain development.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,PROGRAM DEV BIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV ALICANTE,INST NEUROSCI,ALACANT,SPAIN.
   UNIV MURCIA,FAC MED,DEPT MORPHOL SCI,E-30001 MURCIA,SPAIN.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Universitat d'Alacant; University of Murcia
RP Crossley, PH (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 28
TC 614
Z9 682
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 66
EP 68
DI 10.1038/380066a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700057
PM 8598907
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bannister, AJ
   Kouzarides, T
AF Bannister, AJ
   Kouzarides, T
TI The CBP co-activator is a histone acetyltransferase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID e1a
AB THE CBP protein acts as a transcriptional adaptor for many different transcription factors by directly contacting DNA-bound activators(1-7). One mechanism by which CBP is thought to stimulate transcription is by recruiting the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) P/CAF to the promoters(8). Here we show that CBP has intrinsic HAT activity. The HAT domain of CBP is adjacent to the binding site for the transcriptional activator E1A. Although E1A displaces P/CAF from CBP, it does not disrupt the CBP-associated HAT activity. Thus E1A carries HAT activity when complexed with CBP. Targeting CBP-associated HAT activity to specific promoters may therefore be a mechanism by which E1A acts as a transcriptional activator.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,WELLCOME CRC INST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PATHOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QR,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of Cambridge
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 13
TC 1544
Z9 1797
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 641
EP 643
DI 10.1038/384641a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600033
PM 8967953
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Redfern, SAT
   Henderson, CMB
   Wood, BJ
   Harrison, RJ
   Knight, KS
AF Redfern, SAT
   Henderson, CMB
   Wood, BJ
   Harrison, RJ
   Knight, KS
TI Determination of olivine cooling rates from metal-cation ordering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID temperature; kinetics; mg
AB THE mineral olivine-(Fe,Mg,Mn)(2)SiO4-is the dominant phase in the Earth's upper mantle, and is also present in a wide range of igneous rocks, Metal cations in olivine crystals are partitioned between two structurally distinct octahedral sites, a property which could in principle be used to obtain important information regarding the thermal history of the host rock. But attempts to establish the temperature and pressure dependence of cation ordering, mainly from the room-temperature structures of samples that have been annealed and quenched(1-3), have yielded contradictory information. In fact, recent studies have shown that considerable re-ordering occurs during the quenching process(4,5), and thus cation ordering is unlikely to be representative of high-temperature equilibration. Here we present a new model of the thermodynamics and kinetics of metal partitioning in olivine, derived from in situ neutron-diffraction measurements of cation ordering in the synthetic olivine (Fe0.5Mn0.5)(2)SiO4. Our results suggest that the room-temperature structure of a quenched olivine reflects the rate at which the mineral cooled. The extension of this approach to common rock-forming olivines should provide a valuable 'geospeedometer' for determining the cooling rates of rocks that have cooled relatively rapidly.
C1 UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT EARTH SCI,MANCHESTER M13 9PL,LANCS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOL,BRISTOL BS8 1RJ,AVON,ENGLAND.
   ISIS,RUTHERFORD APPLETON LAB,CHILTON OX11 0QX,OXON,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Manchester; University of Bristol; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
RP Redfern, SAT (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EARTH SCI,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EQ,ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 55
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 407
EP 409
DI 10.1038/381407a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thorpe, S
   Fize, D
   Marlot, C
AF Thorpe, S
   Fize, D
   Marlot, C
TI Speed of processing in the human visual system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID event-related potentials; faces; pictures; recognition; time
AB How long does it take for the human visual system to process a complex natural image? Subjectively, recognition of familiar objects and scenes appears to be virtually instantaneous, but measuring this processing time experimentally has proved difficult. Behavioural measures such as reaction times can be used(1), but these include not only visual processing but also the time required for response execution. However, event-related potentials (ERPs) can sometimes reveal signs of neural processing well before the motor output(2). Here we use a go/no-go categorization task in which subjects have to decide whether a previously unseen photograph, flashed on for just 20 ms, contains an animal. ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms.
RP Thorpe, S (corresponding author), CTR RECH CERVEAU & COGNIT,UMR 5549,F-31062 TOULOUSE,FRANCE.
NR 28
TC 2686
Z9 3106
U1 4
U2 371
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 520
EP 522
DI 10.1038/381520a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500059
PM 8632824
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, JD
   Lau, EL
   Sjogren, WL
   Schubert, G
   Moore, WB
AF Anderson, JD
   Lau, EL
   Sjogren, WL
   Schubert, G
   Moore, WB
TI Gravitational constraints on the internal structure of Ganymede
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tidal dissipation; galilean satellites; gravity-field; tracking data; jupiter; models; io
AB BEFORE the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft in the jovian system, there was little information on the interior structure of Jupiter's largest moon, Ganymede. Its mean density (1,940 kg m(-3)), determined by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft(1-3), implies a composition that is roughly 60% rock and 40% ice, which could be uniformly mixed or differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle(4), Here we report measurements by the Galileo spacecraft of Ganymede's overall density and the spherical harmonics, J(2) and C-22, of its gravitational field. These data show clearly that Ganymede has differentiated into a core and mantle. Combined with the recent discovery of an intrinsic magnetic field(5,6), our gravity results suggest that Ganymede has a metallic core of radius 400-1,300 km surrounded by a silicate mantle, which is in turn enclosed by an ice shell similar to 800 km thick. Depending on whether the core is pure iron or an alloy of iron and iron sulphide, it could account for as little as 1.4% or as much as one-third of the total mass, If the ice were stripped away, Ganymede could look much like Io(7) in terms of its size and internal mass distribution.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Anderson, JD (corresponding author), CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,4800 OAK GROVE DR,PASADENA,CA 91109, USA.
NR 24
TC 229
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 34
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 541
EP 543
DI 10.1038/384541a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geyer, S
   Ledberg, A
   Schleicher, A
   Kinomura, S
   Schormann, T
   Burgel, U
   Klingberg, T
   Larsson, J
   Zilles, K
   Roland, PE
AF Geyer, S
   Ledberg, A
   Schleicher, A
   Kinomura, S
   Schormann, T
   Burgel, U
   Klingberg, T
   Larsson, J
   Zilles, K
   Roland, PE
TI Two different areas within the primary motor cortex of man
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID owl monkeys; 2 representations; organization; hand; connections; movements; input; m1
AB THE primary motor area (M1) of mammals has long been considered to be structurally and functionally homogeneous(1-5). This area corresponds to Brodmann's cytoarchitectural area 4. A few reports shoeing that arm and hand are doubly represented in M1 of macaque monkeys(6,7) and perhaps man(8) and that each subarea has separate connections from somatosensory areas, have, with a few exceptions(9-12), gone largely unnoticed, Here we show that area 4 in man can be subdivided into areas '4 anterior' (4a) and '4 posterior' (4p) on the basis of both quantitative cytoarchitecture and quantitative distributions of transmitter-binding sites. We also show by positron emission tomography that two representations of the fingers exist, one in area 4a and one in area 4p, Roughness discrimination activated area 4p significantly more than a control condition of self-generated movements, We therefore suggest that the primary motor area is subdivided on the basis of anatomy, neurochemistry and function.
C1 UNIV DUSSELDORF, DEPT NEUROANAT, D-40001 DUSSELDORF, GERMANY.
   UNIV DUSSELDORF, C&O VOGT INST BRAIN RES, D-40001 DUSSELDORF, GERMANY.
   KAROLINSKA INST, DEPT NEUROSCI, DIV HUMAN BRAIN RES, S-17177 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.
C3 Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf; Karolinska Institutet
NR 25
TC 519
Z9 556
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 805
EP 807
DI 10.1038/382805a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700045
PM 8752272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, DH
   Nicklas, RB
AF Zhang, DH
   Nicklas, RB
TI 'Anaphase' and cytokinesis in the absence of chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spindle; cells; kinetochore; centrosm; nuclear
AB ANAPHASE and cytokinesis are key processes in the segregation of replicated chromosomes to the daughter cell: in anaphase, chromosomes move apart; in cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow forms midway between the separate chromosomes. Some evidence suggests that chromosomes may be involved both in controlling the timing of anaphase onset(1-3) and in dictating the position of the cleavage furrow(3). Other evidence indicates that the controlling mechanisms are intrinsic to the spindle and the cell(4-7). Here we test these possibilities in grasshopper spermatocytes by observing spindles and cells after removal of chromosomes. We found that both anaphase and cytokinesis occur independently of chromosomes: stage-specific changes occur at an appropriate time and in the correct way, despite the absence of chromosomes. This finding is particularly noteworthy because chromosomes have an important impact on spindle microtubule assembly(8,9) and the timing of anaphase onset(10) in these cells.
RP Zhang, DH (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,DURHAM,NC 27708, USA.
NR 17
TC 97
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 466
EP 468
DI 10.1038/382466a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100061
PM 8684488
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fujita, J
   Morinaga, M
   Kishimoto, T
   Yasuda, M
   Matsui, S
   Shimizu, F
AF Fujita, J
   Morinaga, M
   Kishimoto, T
   Yasuda, M
   Matsui, S
   Shimizu, F
TI Manipulation of an atomic beam by a computer-generated hologram
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser; radiation
AB TECHNIQUES for manipulating neutral atoms are valuable tools for the investigation of surfaces, acid hold promise for the fabrication of atomic structures for technological applications. The ability to position individual atoms with the accuracy of a crystal lattice constant has been demonstrated(1) using the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). On the other hand, manipulation with lasers offers a means of controlling atoms in bulk, although it lacks the positional accuracy of the STM. The ability to generate ultra-cold atoms(2-5) using lasers has opened new possibilities: because of their long de Broglie wavelengths, cold atoms are amenable to interferometric manipulation, such as deflection by a grating(6,7) and focusing by a Fresnel lens(8). Here we demonstrate a potentially more flexible approach to atomic manipulation based on holographic principles. We pass a beam of ultra-cold metastable neon atoms through a computer-generated hologram that encodes the Fourier transform of a desired atomic pattern. Diffraction of the atomic beam by the hologram then reconstructs the pattern, in a manner analogous to optical holography. This approach should in principle enable the imposition of arbitrary intensity and phase information onto an atomic beam.
C1 UNIV TOKYO,DEPT APPL PHYS,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Fujita, J (corresponding author), NEC CORP LTD,FUNDAMENTAL RES LABS,34 MIYUKIGAOKA,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
NR 11
TC 71
Z9 80
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 691
EP 694
DI 10.1038/380691a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ceska, TA
   Sayers, JR
   Stier, G
   Suck, D
AF Ceska, TA
   Sayers, JR
   Stier, G
   Suck, D
TI A helical arch allowing single-stranded DNA to thread through T5 5'-exonuclease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polymerase-i; 5'-3' exonuclease; d15 exonuclease; mechanism; protein; models
AB THE 5'-exonucleases are enzymes that are essential for DNA replication and repair(1). As well as their exonucleolytic action, removing nucleotides from the 5'-end of nucleic acid molecules such as Okazaki fragments(2), many 5'-3'-exonucleases have been Shown to possess endonucleolytic activities(3,4), T5 5'-3'-exonuclease shares many similarities with the amino termini of eubacterial DNA polymerases(5), although, unlike eubacteria, phages such as T5, T4 and T7 express polymerase and 5'-exonuclease proteins from separate genes, Here we report the 2.5-Angstrom crystal structure of the phage T5 5'-exonuclease, which reveals a helical arch for binding DNA, We propose a model consistent with a threading mechanism in which single-stranded DNA could slide through the arch, which is formed by two helices, one containing positively charged, and the other hydrophobic, residues. The active site is at the base of the arch, and contains two metal-binding sites.
C1 UNIV SHEFFIELD,ROYAL HALLAMSHIRE HOSP,DEPT MED & PHARMACOL,KREBS INST,SECT MOL MED,SHEFFIELD S10 2JF,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Sheffield
RP Ceska, TA (corresponding author), EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,STRUCT BIOL PROGRAMME,MEYERHOFSTR 1,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
NR 26
TC 173
Z9 193
U1 2
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 90
EP 93
DI 10.1038/382090a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300061
PM 8657312
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Qiu, XY
   Culp, JS
   DiLella, AG
   Hellmig, B
   Hoog, SS
   Janson, CA
   Smith, WW
   AbdelMeguid, SS
AF Qiu, XY
   Culp, JS
   DiLella, AG
   Hellmig, B
   Hoog, SS
   Janson, CA
   Smith, WW
   AbdelMeguid, SS
TI Unique fold and active site in cytomegalovirus protease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID simplex virus type-1; cleavage sites; proteinase; substrate; identification; expression; domain; serine; gene
AB HUMAN herpesviruses are responsible for a variety of diseases. They are divided into three subfamilies: alpha includes herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV); beta includes cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpes-virus-6 (HHV-6); and gamma includes Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Each virus encodes a serine protease that is essential for its replication(1-14) and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Human CMV is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that can result in life-threatening infections in congenitally infected infants, immunocompromised individuals and immunosuppressed cancer or transplant patients(15). Here we report the crystal structure of human CMV protease at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a fold that has not been reported for any other serine protease, and an active site consisting of a novel catalytic triad in which the third member is a histidine instead of an aspartic acid, or possibly a catalytic tetrad consisting of a serine, two histidines and an aspartic acid. An unusual dimer interface that is important to the protease activity has also been identified.
C1 SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUT,DEPT MACROMOL SCI,KING OF PRUSSIA,PA 19406.
   SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUT,DEPT PROT BIOCHEM,KING OF PRUSSIA,PA 19406.
   SMITHKLINE BEECHAM PHARMACEUT,DEPT MOL GENET,KING OF PRUSSIA,PA 19406.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA; GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline USA
NR 27
TC 149
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 275
EP 279
DI 10.1038/383275a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500059
PM 8805707
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russo, AA
   Jeffrey, PD
   Patten, AK
   Massague, J
   Pavletich, NP
AF Russo, AA
   Jeffrey, PD
   Patten, AK
   Massague, J
   Pavletich, NP
TI Crystal structure of the p27(Kip1) cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A Cdk2 complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potential mediator; p21; proteins; program
AB The crystal structure of the human p27(Kip1) kinase inhibitory domain bound to the phosphorylated cyclin A-cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) complex has been determined at 2.3 Angstrom, p27(Kip1) binds the complex as an extended structure interacting with both cyclin A and Cdk2. On cyclin A, it binds in a groove formed by conserved cyclin box residues. On Cdk2, it binds and rearranges the amino-terminal lobe and also inserts into the catalytic cleft, mimicking ATP.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELL BIOL PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 38
TC 798
Z9 931
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 325
EP 331
DI 10.1038/382325a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000042
PM 8684460
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Snigirev, A
   Kohn, V
   Snigireva, I
   Lengeler, B
AF Snigirev, A
   Kohn, V
   Snigireva, I
   Lengeler, B
TI A compound refractive lens for focusing high-energy X-rays
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE development of techniques for focusing X-rays has occupied physicists for more than a century. Refractive lenses, which are used extensively in visible-light optics, are generally considered inappropriate for focusing X-rays, because refraction effects are extremely small and absorption is strong. This has lead to the development of alternative approaches(1,2) based on bent crystals and X-ray mirrors, Fresnel and Bragg-Fresnel zone plates, and capillary optics (Kumakhov lenses). Here we describe a simple procedure for fabricating refractive lenses that are effective for focusing of X-rays in the energy range 5-40 keV. The problems associated with absorption are minimized by fabricating the lenses from low-atomic-weight materials. Refraction of X-rays by one such lens is still extremely small, but a compound lens (consisting of tens or hundreds of individual lenses arranged in a linear array) can readily focus X-rays in one or two dimensions. We have fabricated a compound lens by drilling 30 closely spaced holes (each having a radius of 0.3 mm) in an aluminium block and we demonstrate its effectiveness bg focusing a 14-keV X-ray beam to a spot size of 8 mu m.
C1 IV KURCHATOV ATOM ENERGY INST,MOSCOW 123182,RUSSIA.
C3 National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute
RP Snigirev, A (corresponding author), EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL,BP 220,F-38043 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
NR 6
TC 985
Z9 1069
U1 5
U2 198
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/384049a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clegg, CH
   Rulffes, JT
   Wallace, PM
   Haugen, HS
AF Clegg, CH
   Rulffes, JT
   Wallace, PM
   Haugen, HS
TI Regulation of an extrathymic T-cell development pathway by oncostatin M
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; expression; cd4+
AB MOST Of the T lymphocytes that populate the immune system develop in the thymus before its involution during late adolescence, Therefore, subsequent losses in T cells caused by HIV infection(1), chemotherapy(2) or age related factors(3) can greatly diminish immune responses to new antigenic challenge, Here we report the discovery of a thymus-independent pathway of T-cell development that may provide help for T cell immunodeficiency, We show that expression of an oncostatin M transgene(4) in the early T lineage stimulates a dramatic accumulation of immature and mature T cells in lymph nodes, A functional thymus is not required for this effect as reconstitution of nu/nu mice with transgenic bone marrow stimulated a 500-fold increase in Thy-1(+) lymph node cells and restored immune responsiveness to allogeneic mouse melanoma cells, This lymphopoietic pathway is not unique to transgenic mice because administration of oncostatin M protein produced a similar response in non-transgenic mice, These results identify a new pathway of T-cell development and a potential treatment for T-cell immunodeficiency with oncostatin M.
RP Clegg, CH (corresponding author), BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,3005 1ST AVE,SEATTLE,WA 98121, USA.
NR 16
TC 91
Z9 97
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 261
EP 263
DI 10.1038/384261a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100050
PM 8918875
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU [Anonymous]
AF [Anonymous]
TI An agency undermined by silence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The National Science Foundation has found itself stranded by the US budgetary battles, while other, more contentious agencies know what they will have to spend. Scientists and science's beneficiaries need to sharpen their political wits.
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 281
EP 281
DI 
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300001
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burgess, R
   Rawls, A
   Brown, D
   Bradley, A
   Olson, EN
AF Burgess, R
   Rawls, A
   Brown, D
   Bradley, A
   Olson, EN
TI Requirement of the paraxis gene for somite formation and musculoskeletal patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID loop-helix protein; mouse embryogenesis; box gene; mesoderm; expression; transcription; segmentation; lineages; member; family
AB THE segmental organization of the vertebrate embryo is first apparent when somites form in a rostrocaudal progression from the paraxial mesoderm adjacent to the neural tube. Newly formed somites appear as paired epithelial spheres that become patterned to form vertebrae, ribs, skeletal muscle and derms(1-3). Paraxis is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor expressed in paraxial mesoderm and somites(4). Here we show that in mice homozygous for a paraxis null mutation, cells from the paraxial mesoderm are unable to form epithelia and so somite formation is disrupted. In the absence of normal somites, the axial skeleton and skeletal muscle form but are improperly patterned. Unexpectedly, however, we found that formation of epithelial somites was not required for segmentation of the embryo or for the establishment of somitic cell lineages. These results demonstrate that paraxis regulates somite morphogenesis, and that the function of somites is to pattern the axial skeleton and skeletal muscles.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HAMON CTR BASIC CANC RES,DEPT MOL BIOL & ONCOL,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   LEXICON GENET INC,THE WOODLANDS,TX 77381.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Lexicon Pharmaceuticals; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine
NR 26
TC 204
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 570
EP 573
DI 10.1038/384570a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900061
PM 8955271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, K
   Brown, MG
   Carter, C
   Saykally, RJ
   Gregory, JK
   Clary, DC
AF Liu, K
   Brown, MG
   Carter, C
   Saykally, RJ
   Gregory, JK
   Clary, DC
TI Characterization of a cage form of the water hexamer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutron-diffraction; liquid water
AB WATER has been studied more extensively than any other liquid, Set its microscopic properties remain poorly understood. The difficulty in obtaining a rigorous molecular-scale description of water structure is largely a consequence of the extended, dynamic hydrogen-bonded network that exists throughout the liquid(1). Studies of the structure and dynamics of isolated small clusters of water molecules(2-6) provide a means of quantifying the intermolecular forces and hydrogen-bond rearrangements that occur in condensed phases. Experiments(2-7) and theory(8) strongly suggest that the water trimer, tetramer and pentamer have cyclic minimum energy structures. Larger water clusters are expected(8) to have three-dimensional geometries, with the hexamer representing the transition from cyclic to such three-dimensional structures. Here we report investigations by terahertz laser vibration-rotation tunnelling spectroscopy(3) of the structure of the water hexamer. A comparison of our results with quantum Monte Carlo simulations of this Species suggests that the most stable form of (H2O)(6) is indeed a cage-like structure, held together by eight hydrogen bonds (Fig. 1).
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1EW,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT CHEM,LONDON WC1H 0AJ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of London; University College London
RP Liu, K (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 21
TC 629
Z9 661
U1 1
U2 161
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 501
EP 503
DI 10.1038/381501a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hedges, REM
   Jiang, ZX
   Ramsey, CB
   Cowey, A
   Roberts, JDB
   Somogyi, P
AF Hedges, REM
   Jiang, ZX
   Ramsey, CB
   Cowey, A
   Roberts, JDB
   Somogyi, P
TI Imaging of radiocarbon labelled tracer molecules in neural tissue using accelerator mass spectrometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-aminobutyric acid; striate cortex; visual-cortex; golgi impregnation; neurons; h-3-gaba; monkey; connections; antisera; system
AB AUTORADIOGRAPHY is widely and successfully used to image the distribution of radiolabelled tracer molecules in biological samples. The method is, however, limited in resolution and sensitivity, especially for C-14. Here we describe a new method for imaging C-14-labelled tracers in sections of biological tissue. A highly focused beam of gallium ions bombards the tissue, which is eroded (sputtered) into constituent atoms, molecules and secondary ions. The C-14 ions are detected in the secondary beam by the most sensitive method available, namely accelerator mass spectrometry(1). The specimen is scanned pixel by pixel (1 x 2 mu m), generating an image in a manner analogous to scanning electron microscopy. The method can thus be regarded as a specialized form of scanning secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), referred to here as SIAMS (ref. 2). We have used SIAMS to localize the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in thin sections of cerebral cortex, and show that it can generate C-14 images that are much improved on C-14 autoradiography. A scan takes 10-20 min and reveals individual axons, neurons and glial cells at high sensitivity. In principle, the resolution could be increased by up to tenfold, and the method could be extended to some other nuclides.
C1 DEPT EXPT PSYCHOL,OXFORD OX1 3UD,ENGLAND.
   MRC,ANAT NEUROPHARMACOL UNIT,DEPT PHARMACOL,OXFORD OX1 3TH,ENGLAND.
RP Hedges, REM (corresponding author), RES LAB ARCHAEOL,RAIOCARBON ACCELERATOR UNIT,6 KEBLE RD,OXFORD OX1 3QJ,ENGLAND.
NR 18
TC 8
Z9 8
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 823
EP 826
DI 10.1038/383823a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400063
PM 8893007
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luzar, A
   Chandler, D
AF Luzar, A
   Chandler, D
TI Hydrogen-bond kinetics in liquid water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; simulation; hydration; mixtures
AB HYDROGEN bonds play a crucial role in the behaviour of water(1-4); their spatial patterns and fluctuations characterize the structure and dynamics of the liquid(5-7). The processes of breaking and making hydrogen bonds in tile condensed phase can be probed indirectly by a variety of experimental techniques(8), and more quantitative information can be obtained from computer simulations(9). In particular, simulations have revealed that on long timescales the relaxation behaviour of hydrogen bonds in liquid water exhibit non-exponential kinetics(7,10-13), suggesting that bond making and breaking are not simple processes characterized by well defined rate constants. Here we show that these kinetics can be understood in terms of an interplay between diffusion and hydrogen-bond dynamics. In our model, which can be extended to other hydrogen-bonded liquids, diffusion governs whether a specific pair of water molecules are near neighbours, and hydrogen bonds between such pairs form and persist at random with average lifetimes determined by rate constants for bond making and breaking.
RP Luzar, A (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
NR 24
TC 1693
Z9 1844
U1 3
U2 416
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 55
EP 57
DI 10.1038/379055a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carre, A
   Gastel, JC
   Shanahan, MER
AF Carre, A
   Gastel, JC
   Shanahan, MER
TI Viscoelastic effects in the spreading of liquids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mechanics; dynamics
AB THE Spreading of liquids on solid substrates is important in many natural and industrial processes, including eye irrigation, adhesive bonding, tertiary oil recovery and the application of insecticides, paints and inks. A liquid drop placed on a flat, smooth, horizontal solid spreads as excess capillary potential energy is dissipated during the motion, If the solid is rigid, energy is dissipated entirely by viscous flow within the liquid(1). For a nonrigid solid, however, a local microscopic deformation, or 'wetting ridge'(2,3), forms near the wetting front, and its motion also induces viscoelastic dissipation(4-6). Here we report direct evidence of the wetting ridge obtained using scanning interferometric microscopy. Our experiments demonstrate, for liquids and solids with properties representative of practically important substances, that the mesoscopic surface deformation can significantly affect macroscopic phenomena. For instance, the formation of a nanoscale wetting ridge can increase the spreading time of a drop by considerably more than an order of magnitude, with potentially important consequences in technological and natural settings.
C1 CTR MAT PM FOURT,ECOLE NATL SUPER MINES PARIS,CNRS,F-91003 EVRY,FRANCE.
C3 Universite PSL; MINES ParisTech; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Carre, A (corresponding author), CTR RECH CORNING EUROPE,7 BIS AVE VALVINS,F-77210 AVON,FRANCE.
NR 10
TC 300
Z9 336
U1 5
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 432
EP 434
DI 10.1038/379432a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jiang, F
   Kumar, RA
   Jones, RA
   Patel, DJ
AF Jiang, F
   Kumar, RA
   Jones, RA
   Patel, DJ
TI Structural basis of RNA folding and recognition in an AMP-RNA aptamer complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna; selection; sequence; invitro; loops; dna
AB THE catalytic properties of RNA(1,2) and its well known role in gene expression and regulation are the consequence of its unique solution structures, Identification of the structural determinants of ligand recognition by]RNA molecules is of fundamental importance for understanding the biological functions of RNA, as well as for the rational design of RNA sequences with specific catalytic activities(3-6). Towards this latter end, Szostak et al(7,8) used in vitro selection techniques to isolate RNA sequences ('aptamers') containing a high-affinity binding site for ATP, the universal currency of cellular energy, and then used this motif to engineer ribozymes with polynucleotide kinase activity, Here we present the solution structure, as determined by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics calculations, of both uniformly and specifically C-13-, N-15-labelled 40-mer RNA containing the ATP-binding motif complexed with AMP, The aptamer adopts an L-shaped structure with two nearly orthogonal stems, each capped proximally by a G . G mismatch pair, binding the AMP ligand at their junction in a GNRA-like motif.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,CELLULAR BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick
NR 28
TC 240
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/382183a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200055
PM 8700212
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Juleff, G
AF Juleff, G
TI An ancient wind-powered iron smelting technology in Sri Lanka
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB BEFORE the development of the blast furnace, iron smelting was achieved by ore reduction at temperatures below the melting point of the metal, forming an agglomerated 'bloom' of low-carbon iron and slag. The forced-draught (bellows-operated) shaft furnace known from archaeological studies is usually regarded as the pinnacle of this early smelting technolog(1-3). Examples of natural-draught furnaces, in which gas buoyancy in a shaft of sufficient height induces a draught adequate to drive the smelting process(4) are also known, but are generally regarded as disappointingly inefficient by comparison(5). Here I report the discovery and excavation at Samanalawewa, Sri Lanka, of a previously unknown furnace type. The furnaces are all situated on the western margins of hills and ridges, where they are exposed to the strong monsoon winds. Field trials using replica furnaces confirm that this furnace type uses a wind-based air-supply principle that is distinct from either forced or natural draught, and show also that it is capable of producing high-carbon steel.
C1 UCL, INST ARCHAEOL, LONDON WC1H 0PY, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Juleff, G (corresponding author), ARCHAEOLOG DEPT SRI LANKA, SAMANALAWEWA ARCHAEOL PROJECT, SIR MARCUS FERNANDO MAWATHA, COLOMBO 7, SRI LANKA.
NR 30
TC 40
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 60
EP 63
DI 10.1038/379060a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tan, S
   Hunziker, Y
   Sargent, DF
   Richmond, TJ
AF Tan, S
   Hunziker, Y
   Sargent, DF
   Richmond, TJ
TI Crystal structure of a yeast TFIIA/TBP/DNA complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna polymerase-ii; transcription factor-iia; tata-binding protein; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; tfiia; initiation; subunits; identification; genes; expression
AB The X-ray crystal structure of the transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) in complex with the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and TATA-element DNA is presented at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. TFIIA is composed of a beta-barrel and a four-helix bundle motif that together have a boot-like appearance. The beta-barrel extends the TBP beta-sheet and bridges over the DNA major groove immediately upstream of the TATE box. The four-helix bundle contributes substantially to the surface of the complex available for interaction with additional transcription factors.
C1 ETH HONGGERBERG,INST MOLEK BIOL & BIOPHYS,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
NR 50
TC 261
Z9 297
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 127
EP 134
DI 10.1038/381127a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900040
PM 8610010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tunnicliffe, V
   Fowler, CMR
AF Tunnicliffe, V
   Fowler, CMR
TI Influence of sea-floor spreading on the global hydrothermal vent fauna
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; pacific; biogeography; basins; region; ocean
AB ONE remarkable discovery of recent decades is the presence of hundreds of unusual species, including fourteen new families, at hydrothermal vents, These animals, unknown from other habitats, live in extreme chemical and thermal conditions around vents on spreading centres of the mid-ocean ridges and back-are basins. Chemosynthesis provides an in situ energy source for the thriving vent fauna. This habitat has existed through the Phanerozoic(1,2) and probably since the Archaean, thus providing sites for long-term adaptation. We now test the hypothesis that animal distribution among hydrothermal vents is related to tectonic plate history(3,4). The predominant migration pathway is most likely to occur along mid-ocean ridges rather than by shortest oceanic routes, Similarity analyses suggest that the distribution patterns of today's vent fauna display the strong imprint of the timing and geometry of ancient plate boundaries. Study of past ridge geometry provides a method to predict relationships among vent communities yet to be discovered.
C1 UNIV VICTORIA,DEPT BIOL,VICTORIA,BC V8W 2Y2,CANADA.
   UNIV LONDON,DEPT GEOL,EGHAM TW20 0EX,SURREY,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Victoria; University of London; Royal Holloway University London
RP Tunnicliffe, V (corresponding author), UNIV VICTORIA,SCH EARTH & OCEAN SCI,VICTORIA,BC V8W 2Y2,CANADA.
NR 27
TC 140
Z9 156
U1 1
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 531
EP 533
DI 10.1038/379531a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bouwmeester, T
   Kim, SH
   Sasai, Y
   Lu, B
   DeRobertis, EM
AF Bouwmeester, T
   Kim, SH
   Sasai, Y
   Lu, B
   DeRobertis, EM
TI Cerberus is a head-inducing secreted factor expressed in the anterior endoderm of Spemann's organizer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis embryos; homeo-box gene; neural induction; blastopore lip; gastrulation; mesoderm; cloning; domain; noggin; axis
AB An abundant cDNA enriched in Spemann's organizer, cerberus, was isolated by differential screening. It encodes a secreted protein that is expressed in the anterior endomesoderm. Microinjection of cerberus mRNA into Xenopus embryos induces ectopic heads, and duplicated hearts and livers. The results suggest a role for a molecule expressed in the anterior endoderm in the induction of head structures in the vertebrate embryo.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL CHEM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
NR 48
TC 646
Z9 754
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 595
EP 601
DI 10.1038/382595a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300043
PM 8757128
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kendall, JM
   Silver, PG
AF Kendall, JM
   Silver, PG
TI Constraints from seismic anisotropy on the nature of the lowermost mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID earths core; s-waves; composites; boundary; d''
AB THE D '' layer lies at the bottom of the Earth's rocky mantle, and separates it from the liquid metal-alloy core, This region, extending from the cure-mantle boundary to a few hundred kilometres above (Fig. 1), is geodynamically analogous to the more easily studied lithosphere, at the top of the mantle, The structure of D '' may reflect the style of lower-mantle convection, the nature of core-mantle interaction and perhaps even the fate of subducting lithosphere(1). Observations of lithospheric seismic anisotropy have provided valuable insight into the nature of the upper-mantle boundary layer, but discussion of lower-mantle seismic anisotropy has been somewhat contentious(2-5). Here we present evidence, from seismic waves that have traversed the lowermost mantle beneath the Caribbean region, for a zone of seismic anisotropy below the D '' discontinuity, which in this region lies 250 km above the core-mantle boundary. The anisotropy is most probably due to horizontal layering or aligned inclusions of a material with differing shear-wave velocity. If D '' is a graveyard for subducted lithosphere, a plausible explanation of the anisotropy may be the contrast between cold lithospheric mantle and material that formerly constituted the oceanic crust, which may have lower shear-wave velocity owing to the presence of melt.
C1 CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT TERR MAGNETISM,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Kendall, JM (corresponding author), UNIV LEEDS,DEPT EARTH SCI,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND.
NR 34
TC 220
Z9 246
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 409
EP 412
DI 10.1038/381409a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, JA
   HagopianDonaldson, S
   Serbedzija, G
   Elsemore, J
   PlehnDujowich, D
   McMahon, AP
   Flavell, RA
   Williams, T
AF Zhang, JA
   HagopianDonaldson, S
   Serbedzija, G
   Elsemore, J
   PlehnDujowich, D
   McMahon, AP
   Flavell, RA
   Williams, T
TI Neural tube, skeletal and body wall defects in mice lacking transcription factor AP-2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoic acid; dna-binding
AB THE retinoic acid-inducible transcription factor AP-2 is expressed in epithelial and neural crest cell lineages during murine development(1-5). AP-2 can regulate neural and epithelial gene transcription, and is associated with overexpression of c-erbB-2 in human breast-cancer cell lines(4-6). To ascertain the importance of AP-2 for normal development, we have derived mice containing a homozygous disruption of the AP-2 gene. These AP-2-null mice have multiple congenital defects and die at birth, In particular, the AP-2 knockout mice exhibit anencephaly, craniofacial defects and thoraco-abdominoschisis. Skeletal defects occur in the head and trunk region, where many bones are deformed or absent. Analysis of these mice earlier in embryogenesis indicates a failure of cranial neural-tube closure and defects in cranial ganglia development. We have shown that AP-2 is a fundamental regulator of mammalian craniofacial development.
C1 YALE UNIV, DEPT BIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06511 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, BIOL LABS, DEPT CELLULAR & DEV BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
   YALE UNIV, SCH MED, IMMUNOBIOL SECT, NEW HAVEN, CT 06510 USA.
C3 Yale University; Harvard University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University
NR 30
TC 514
Z9 590
U1 0
U2 14
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 238
EP 241
DI 10.1038/381238a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900055
PM 8622766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Geballe, TR
   Oka, T
AF Geballe, TR
   Oka, T
TI Detection af H-3(+) in interstellar space
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID infrared-spectrum; h-3+; clouds; gas; molecules; features; search; lines; co
AB THE H-3(+) ion is widely believed to play an important role in interstellar chemistry, by initiating the chains of reactions that lead to the production of many of the complex molecular species observed in the interstellar medium(1-5). The presence of H-3(+) in the interstellar medium was first suggested(6) in 1961, and its infrared spectrum was measured(7) in the laboratory in 1980. But attempts(8-11) to detect it in interstellar space have hitherto proved unsuccessful, Here we report the detection of H-3(+) absorption in the spectra of two molecular clouds. Ali-hough the present results do not permit an accurate determination of the H-3(+) abundances, these ions appear nevertheless to be present in sufficient quantities to drive much of the chemistry in molecular clouds, It should soon be possible to obtain more accurate measurements, and thus better quantify the role of ion-neutral reactions in the chemical evolution of molecular clouds.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT CHEM, DEPT ASTRON & ASTROPHYS, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
   UNIV CHICAGO, ENRICO FERMI INST, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
RP Geballe, TR (corresponding author), JOINT ASTRON CTR, UNIV PK, HILO, HI 96720 USA.
NR 25
TC 325
Z9 342
U1 0
U2 35
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 334
EP 335
DI 10.1038/384334a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100040
PM 8934516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Normandeau, M
   Taylor, AP
   Dewdney, PE
AF Normandeau, M
   Taylor, AP
   Dewdney, PE
TI A galactic chimney in the Perseus arm of the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID h-i shells; o-stars; terminal velocity; interstellar-medium; molecular cloud; stellar winds; mass-loss; evolution; supershells; complex
AB GALAXIES are surrounded by large haloes of hot gas(1) which must be replenished as the gas cools, This has led to the concept(2) of galactic 'chimneys'-cavities in the interstellar medium, created by multiple supernova explosions, that can act as conduits for the efficient transport of hot gas from a galaxy's disk to its halo. Here we present a high-resolution map of atomic hydrogen in the Perseus arm of our Galaxy, which shows clear evidence for the existence of such a chimney, This chimney appears to have been formed by the energetic winds from a cluster of young massive stars, and may currently have reached the stage of blowing out into the halo.
C1 NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,DOMINION RADIO ASTROPHYS OBSERV,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA.
C3 National Research Council Canada
RP Normandeau, M (corresponding author), UNIV CALGARY,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,2500 UNIV DR NW,CALGARY,AB T2N 3E7,CANADA.
NR 27
TC 125
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 687
EP 689
DI 10.1038/380687a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700041
PM 8614462
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shim, J
   Lee, H
   Park, J
   Kim, H
   Choi, EJ
AF Shim, J
   Lee, H
   Park, J
   Kim, H
   Choi, EJ
TI A non-enzymatic p21 protein inhibitor of stress-activated protein kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transformation; cells; jun
AB THE stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), which are identical to the c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs), are activated in response to a variety of cellular stresses, including DNA damage, heat shock or tumour-necrosis factor-alpha(1,2). SAPK, a subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, is a major protein kinase that phosphorylates c-Jun and other transcription factors(2-5). SAPK phosphorylation of transcription factors is important in stress-activated signalling cascades(1-6). Here we report that the protein p21(WAF1/CIP1/Sdi1), a DNA-damage-inducible cell-cycle inhibitor(7-10), acts as an inhibitor of the SAPK group of mammalian MAP kinases. This highlights a new biochemical activity of p21, which may provide the first evidence for a non-enzymatic inhibitory protein for SAPK. We suggest that p21, by inhibiting SAPK, may participate in regulating signalling cascades that are activated by cellular stresses such as DNA damage.
C1 HANHYO INST TECHNOL,CELL BIOL LAB,SIHUNG SHI 429010,KYONGKI DO,SOUTH KOREA.
NR 29
TC 241
Z9 254
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 804
EP 807
DI 10.1038/381804a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600065
PM 8657286
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Berg, RH
   Hvilsted, S
   Ramanujam, PS
AF Berg, RH
   Hvilsted, S
   Ramanujam, PS
TI Peptide oligomers for holographic data storage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid-crystalline polymers; solid-phase synthesis; diffraction efficiency; optical storage; recognition; alignment; gratings; thymine; light; dna
AB SEVERAL classes of organic materials (such as photoanisotropic liquid-crystalline polymers(1-4) and photorefractive polymers(5-7)) are being investigated for the development of media for optical data storage. Here we describe a new family of organic materials-peptide oligomers containing azobenzene chromophores-which appear particularly promising for erasable holographic data storage applications. The rationale for our approach is to use the structural properties of peptide-like molecules to impose orientational order on the chromophores, and thereby optimize the optical properties of the resulting materials. Here we show that holographic gratings with large first-order diffraction efficiencies (up to 80%) can be written and erased optically in oligomer films only a few micrometres thick. The holograms also exhibit good thermal stability, and are not erased after heating to 180 degrees C for one month. Straightforward extension of this peptide-based strategy to other molecular structures should allow the rational design of a wide range of organic materials with potentially useful optical properties.
RP Berg, RH (corresponding author), RISO NATL LAB,DK-4000 ROSKILDE,DENMARK.
NR 29
TC 257
Z9 271
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 505
EP 508
DI 10.1038/383505a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Vasan, S
   Zhang, X
   Zhang, XN
   Kapurniotu, A
   Bernhagen, J
   Teichberg, S
   Basgen, J
   Wagle, D
   Shih, D
   Terlecky, I
   Bucala, R
   Cerami, A
   Egan, J
   Ulrich, P
AF Vasan, S
   Zhang, X
   Zhang, XN
   Kapurniotu, A
   Bernhagen, J
   Teichberg, S
   Basgen, J
   Wagle, D
   Shih, D
   Terlecky, I
   Bucala, R
   Cerami, A
   Egan, J
   Ulrich, P
TI An agent cleaving glucose-derived protein crosslinks in vitro and in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycosylation end-products; diabetes-mellitus; alzheimer-disease; maillard reaction; glycation; collagen; complications; amyloidosis; mechanism; rats
AB GLUCOSE and other reducing sugars react with proteins by a nonenzymatic, post-translational modification process called nonenzymatic glycosylation or glycation. The sugar-derived carbonyl group adds to a free amine, forming a reversible adduct which over time rearranges to produce a class of products termed advanced-glycation end-products (AGEs). These remain irreversibly bound to macromolecules and can covalently crosslink proximate amino groups(1,2). The formation of AGEs on long-lived connective tissue and matrix components accounts largely for the increase in collagen crosslinking that accompanies normal ageing and which occurs at an accelerated rate in diabetes(3,4) AGEs can activate cellular receptors and initiate a variety of pathophysiological responses(5-9). They modify an appreciable fraction of circulating low-density lipoproteins preventing uptake of these particles by their high-affinity tissue receptors(10,11) Advanced glycation has also been implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease(12,13). Because AGEs may form by a pathway involving reactive alpha-dicarbonyl intermediates(1,2,14), we investigated a potential pharmacological strategy for selectively cleaving the resultant glucose-derived protein crosslinks, We now describe a prototypic AGE crosslink 'breaker', N-phenacylthiazolium bromide (PTB), which reacts with and cleaves covalent, AGE-derived protein crosslinks. The ability of PTB to break AGE crosslinks in vivo points to the importance of an alpha-dicarbonyl intermediate in the advanced glycation pathway and offers a potential therapeutic approach for the removal of established AGE crosslinks.
C1 PICOWER INST MED RES, MANHASSET, NY 11030 USA.
   ALTEON INC, RAMSEY, NJ 07446 USA.
   N SHORE UNIV HOSP, MANHASSET, NY 11030 USA.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, SCH MED, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Northwell Health; North Shore University Hospital; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
NR 27
TC 410
Z9 487
U1 1
U2 56
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 275
EP 278
DI 10.1038/382275a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000056
PM 8717046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dzugutov, M
AF Dzugutov, M
TI A universal scaling law for atomic diffusion in condensed matter
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid; behavior; phase; water
AB THERE is currently no unifying quantitative description of atomic diffusion in condensed matter, Analytic expressions have been obtained for the transport coefficients of an idealized dense fluid of hard spheres(1,2), but their generalization to the rich variety of atomic structures in real condensed systems remains a challenge, Here I present evidence from molecular dynamics simulations that a universal relationship exists between the structure and the equilibrium rate of atomic diffusion in liquids and solids. I find that the diffusion coefficient, reduced to a dimensionless form by scaling by the atomic collision frequency and the atomic diameter, is uniquely defined by the excess entropy, a measure of the number of accessible configurations of the system. A scaling law relating these two quantities holds well for simple liquids, and also remains applicable to atomic transport in a quasicrystal and to silver-ion diffusion in the solid-state ionic conductor alpha-AgI. This makes it possible to estimate diffusion coefficients directly from diffraction measurements of an equilibrium structural characteristic, namely the radial distribution function of the diffusing species.
RP Dzugutov, M (corresponding author), ROYAL INST TECHNOL, CTR PARALLEL COMP, S-10044 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.
NR 24
TC 450
Z9 488
U1 3
U2 131
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/381137a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Braun, PV
   Osenar, P
   Stupp, SI
AF Braun, PV
   Osenar, P
   Stupp, SI
TI Semiconducting superlattices templated by molecular assemblies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID particles; crystallites; proteins; calcite; cds
AB ORGANIC-INORGANIC nanostructured composites provide a rich source of new materials(1-14) for a host of technological applications. For example, the incorporation of organic molecules in an inorganic lattice can toughen an otherwise brittle material(15-17), or be used to tailor its electronic properties(14), and cooperative interactions between organic and inorganic molecules are being used to generate a range of porous materials for separation and catalytic technologies(4-10). Here we describe the growth of stable semiconductor-organic superlattices based on cadmium sulphide and cadmium selenide, The template for the structures is provided by a liquid-crystalline phase formed from non-ionic organic amphiphiles, water and precursor ions for the inorganic semiconductor. Precipitation of the organic-inorganic solid takes place within the ordered environment of the mesophase, and both the symmetry and long-range order of the liquid crystal are preserved. We anticipate that materials of this type can be tailored, through the electronic properties of the organic amphiphiles, for photosynthetic and photocatalytic applications.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHEM,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,BECKMAN INST ADV SCI & TECHNOL,URBANA,IL 61801.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,MAT RES LAB,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
NR 31
TC 506
Z9 568
U1 0
U2 129
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 325
EP 328
DI 10.1038/380325a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, XJ
   Ogryzko, VV
   Nishikawa, J
   Howard, BH
   Nakatani, Y
AF Yang, XJ
   Ogryzko, VV
   Nishikawa, J
   Howard, BH
   Nakatani, Y
TI A p300/CBP-associated factor that competes with the adenoviral oncoprotein E1A
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-protein cbp; transcriptional adapters; activation; yeast; creb; dna; nucleosome; domains; cells; p300
AB The adenoviral oncoprotein E1A induces progression through the cell cycle by binding to the products of the p300/CBP and retinoblastoma gene families. A new cellular p300/CBP-associated factor (P/CAF) having intrinsic histone acetylase activity has been identified that competes with E1A. Exogenous expression of P/CAF in HeLa cells inhibits cell-cycle progression and counteracts the mitogenic activity of E1A. E1A disturbs the normal cellular interaction between p300/CBP and its associated histone acetylase.
C1 NICHHD,LAB MOL GROWTH REGULAT,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
NR 36
TC 1327
Z9 1491
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 319
EP 324
DI 10.1038/382319a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000041
PM 8684459
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hayashi, T
   Hirono, S
   Tomita, M
   Umemura, S
AF Hayashi, T
   Hirono, S
   Tomita, M
   Umemura, S
TI Magnetic thin films of cobalt nanocrystals encapsulated in graphite-like carbon
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID media
AB A VARIETY of crystalline materials have now been encapsulated in nanometre-scale graphitic cages(1-8) and tubules(9-11). For magnetic materials, encapsulation should serve the dual role of protecting air-sensitive particles against degradation and reducing the magnetic coupling between individual particles, thus potentially opening the way for applications of these composite materials as ultra-high density magnetic recording media(12-13). But to realize this potential, the materials must be available in the form of thin, smooth films, with precise control of the size of the individual magnetic crystallites. Here we report the fabrication and characterization of magnetic thin films, consisting of cobalt nanocrystals encapsulated in graphite-like carbon cages, that meet these structural requirements.
RP Hayashi, T (corresponding author), NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TEL PUBL CORP, INTERDISCIPLINARY RES LABS, 3-9-11 MIDORI CHO, MUSASHINO, TOKYO 180, JAPAN.
NR 23
TC 425
Z9 440
U1 0
U2 80
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 772
EP 774
DI 10.1038/381772a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laufer, TM
   DeKoning, J
   Markowitz, JS
   Lo, D
   Glimcher, LH
AF Laufer, TM
   DeKoning, J
   Markowitz, JS
   Lo, D
   Glimcher, LH
TI Unopposed positive selection and autoreactivity in mice expressing class II MHC only on thymic cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cd4+ t-cells; transgenic mice; negative selection; epithelial-cells; clonal deletion; antigen; molecules; medulla; differentiation; apoptosis
AB THE normal development of T cells in the thymus requires both positive and negative selection. During positive selection, thymocytes mature only if their T-cell receptors react with some specificity to host major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and host peptides. During negative selection, thymocytes die if their T-cell receptors react with too high an affinity to the presenting cell, self MHC, and peptides to which they are exposed. These two processes are important for the development of the T-cell repertoire and the acquisition of self-tolerance, but their precise location and temporal relationship are not known. We have used the keratin 14 (K14) promoter to re-express a class II MHC antigen (I-A(b)) in class II-negative mice. The transgenic I-A molecule is expressed only on thymic cortical epithelium; thymic medullary epithelium and bone-marrow-derived cells are I-A negative. CD4(+) cells are positively selected in K14 mice, but clonal deletion does not occur in K14 mice or in reIB-negative mice, which lack a thymic medulla. The K14 CD4 cells are autoreactive, as they proliferate extensively to and specifically lyse I-A(b)-positive target cells. These autoreactive cells make up 5% of the peripheral CD4 T cells, providing an estimate of the minimal frequency of positively selected cells that must subsequently undergo negative selection for self-tolerance to be preserved, Thus positive and negative selection occur in anatomically distinct sites.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT CANC BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT IMMUNOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Scripps Research Institute
NR 24
TC 329
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 81
EP 85
DI 10.1038/383081a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500052
PM 8779719
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakai, S
   Miyauchi, T
   Kobayashi, M
   Yamaguchi, I
   Goto, K
   Sugishita, Y
AF Sakai, S
   Miyauchi, T
   Kobayashi, M
   Yamaguchi, I
   Goto, K
   Sugishita, Y
TI Inhibition of myocardial endothelin pathway improves long-term survival in heart failure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pulmonary-hypertension; infarction; rats; localization; receptor; potent
AB OCCLUSION Of the diseased coronary artery in humans causes acute myocardial infarction, survivors of which have a high risk for the development of chronic heart failure(1). Cardiac myocytes and vascular endothelial cells produce endothelin-1 (refs 2-4), which increases the contractility of cardiac muscle and of vascular smooth muscle cells(2,3,5). Endothelin-1 also exerts long-term effects such as myocardial hypertrophy, and causes cellular injury in cardiac myocytes(3,5-7). Production of endothelin-l is markedly increased in the myocardium of rats with heart failure, and acute application of an endothelin-receptor antagonist decreases myocardial contractility in such rats, indicating that myocardial endothelin-1 may help to support contractility of the failing heart(8). But we report here that the upregulated myocardial endothelin system may contribute to the progression of chronic heart failure, because long-term treatment with an endothelin-receptor antagonist greatly improved the survival of rats with chronic heart failure, This beneficial effect was accompanied by significant amelioration of left ventricular dysfunction and prevention of ventricular remodelling, in which there is usually an increase in the ventricular mass and cavity enlargement of the ventricle.
C1 UNIV TSUKUBA,INST CLIN MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DIV CARDIOVASC,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   UNIV TSUKUBA,INST BASIC MED SCI,DEPT PHARMACOL,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   BANYU PHARMACEUT CO LTD,TSUKUBA RES INST,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 30033,JAPAN.
C3 University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba; Merck & Company; Merck & Company Japan; Novartis; Novartis Japan
NR 22
TC 533
Z9 565
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 353
EP 355
DI 10.1038/384353a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100047
PM 8934519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kouveliotou, C
   vanParadijs, J
   Fishman, GJ
   Briggs, MS
   Kommers, J
   Harmon, BA
   Meegan, CA
   Lewin, WHG
AF Kouveliotou, C
   vanParadijs, J
   Fishman, GJ
   Briggs, MS
   Kommers, J
   Harmon, BA
   Meegan, CA
   Lewin, WHG
TI A new type of transient high-energy source in the direction of the Galactic Centre
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gamma-ray bursts
AB Sources of high-energy (>20 keV) bursts fall into two distinct types: the non-repeating gamma-ray bursters(1), several thousand of which have been detected but whose origin remains unknown, and the soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs), of which there are only three(2). The SGRs are known to be associated with supernova remnants, suggesting that the burst events most probably originate from young neutron stars(3). Here we report the detection of a third type of transient high-energy source. On 2 December 1995, we observed the onset of a sequence of hard X-ray bursts from a direction close to that of the Galactic Centre(4). The interval between bursts was initially several minutes, but after two days, the burst rate had dropped to about one per hour and has been largely unchanged since then. More than 1,000 bursts have now been detected, with remarkably similar light curves and intensities; this behaviour is unprecendented among transient X-ray and gamma-ray sources. We suggest that the origin of these bursts might be related to the spasmodic accretion of material onto a neutron star.
C1 NASA,GEORGE C MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CTR,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35812.
   ASTRON INST ANTON PANNEKOEK,1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   CTR HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYS,1098 SJ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT PHYS,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35899.
   CTR SPACE RES,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; University of Amsterdam; University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Huntsville
RP Kouveliotou, C (corresponding author), UNIV SPACE RES ASSOC,4950 CORP DR,SUITE 100,HUNTSVILLE,AL 35806, USA.
NR 25
TC 120
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 799
EP 801
DI 10.1038/379799a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Horanyi, M
   Cravens, TE
AF Horanyi, M
   Cravens, TE
TI The structure and dynamics of Jupiter's ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID orbital evolution; gossamer ring; jovian ring; dust; magnetosphere; ionosphere; mechanism
AB JUPITER'S ring has posed a problem since it was first discovered 15 years ago. Its inner edge flares into a torus, the shape of which has not yet been accurately modelled, although it was recognized early (1-3) that electromagnetic effects might be important in determining the spatial and size distribution of the dust particles comprising the ring. These early models suggested that sulphur and oxygen ions dominate the plasma environment of the ring; as these ions diffuse inwards from Io, they produce negatively charged dust grains in the ring. Here we propose that Jupiter's ionosphere is the dominant source of plasma and that the low plasma density allows ultraviolet radiation from the Sun to photoionize the grains, giving them a positive charge. The resulting gradient in the equilibrium charge distribution transports the grains rapidly-on surprisingly short timescales of hours to days-towards Jupiter. The brightness distribution resulting from this model matches closely the observed brightness distribution, suggesting that our model captures the most important processes that shape this ring.
C1 UNIV KANSAS,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,LAWRENCE,KS 66045.
C3 University of Kansas
RP Horanyi, M (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,ATMOSPHER & SPACE PHYS LAB,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 20
TC 33
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 293
EP 295
DI 10.1038/381293a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stefansson, S
   Lawrence, DA
AF Stefansson, S
   Lawrence, DA
TI The serpin PAI-1 inhibits cell migration by blocking integrin alpha(v)beta(3) binding to vitronectin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasminogen-activator inhibitor; smooth-muscle cells; endothelial-cells; extracellular-matrix; receptor; domain; localization; purification; membrane; forms
AB DURING wound healing, migrating cells increase expression of both the vitronectin receptor (VNR) integrins(1) and plasminogen activators(2,3). Here we report that vitronectin significantly enhances the migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and that the specific VNR alpha(v) beta(3) is required for cell motility, We also show that the alpha(v) beta(3) attachment site on vitronectin overlaps with the binding site for plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and that the active conformation of PAI-I blocks SMC migration, This effect requires high-affinity binding to vitronectin, and is not dependent on the ability of PAI-1 to inhibit plasminogen activators. Formation of a complex between PAI-1 and plasminogen activators results in loss of PAI-1 affinity for vitronectin and restores cell migration. These data demonstrate a direct link between plasminogen activators and integrin-mediated cell migration, and show that PAI-1 can control cell-matrix interactions by regulating the accessibility of specific cell-attachment sites. This indicates that the localization of plasminogen activators at sites of focal contact does not initiate a proteolytic cascade leading to generalized matrix destruction, but instead is required to expose cryptic cell-attachment sites necessary for SMC migration.
C1 AMER RED CROSS,JEROME H HOLLAND LAB,DEPT BIOCHEM,ROCKVILLE,MD 20855.
C3 American Red Cross
NR 30
TC 609
Z9 645
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 441
EP 443
DI 10.1038/383441a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300063
PM 8837777
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Campbell, SE
   Luengo, G
   Srdanov, VI
   Wudl, F
   Israelachvili, JN
AF Campbell, SE
   Luengo, G
   Srdanov, VI
   Wudl, F
   Israelachvili, JN
TI Very low viscosity at the solid-liquid interface induced by adsorbed C-60 monolayers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thin-films; solvation forces; mica surfaces; behavior; friction; solvent; layers; water
AB MOLECULES of C-60 (refs 1-4) are near-perfect spheres, and in the crystalline solid each molecule rotates rapidly while remaining at its lattice position. Speculation that this property may be conducive to good lubrication has not been borne out by experiments, at least for C-60 on its own(5-8). Here we report measurements of the intermolecular interactions of C-60 adsorbed as monolayers on surfaces immersed in a liquid. We find that the adsorbed layers impart a surprising effect on the flow properties of the liquid at the surface. The measured short-range oscillatory force indicates weak adsorption of one to two layers of C-60 on each surface. In the presence of adsorbed layers, fluid flow between two surfaces exhibits full-slip (zero drag) boundary conditions, giving rise to flow behaviour that is totally different from conventional fluid flow through narrow pores. This suggests that C-60 might be effectively used as an additive to conventional lubricant fluids.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM ENGN,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MAT,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
NR 30
TC 77
Z9 86
U1 1
U2 52
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 520
EP 522
DI 10.1038/382520a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carmeliet, P
   Ferreira, V
   Breier, G
   Pollefeyt, S
   Kieckens, L
   Gertsenstein, M
   Fahrig, M
   Vandenhoeck, A
   Harpal, K
   Eberhardt, C
   Declercq, C
   Pawling, J
   Moons, L
   Collen, D
   Risau, W
   Nagy, A
AF Carmeliet, P
   Ferreira, V
   Breier, G
   Pollefeyt, S
   Kieckens, L
   Gertsenstein, M
   Fahrig, M
   Vandenhoeck, A
   Harpal, K
   Eberhardt, C
   Declercq, C
   Pawling, J
   Moons, L
   Collen, D
   Risau, W
   Nagy, A
TI Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelial growth-factor; tyrosine kinase; stem-cells; mice; angiogenesis; expression; gene; vasculogenesis; receptor
AB THE endothelial cell-specific vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(1-5) and its cellular receptors Flt-1 (refs 6,7) and Flk-1 (refs 8,9) have been implicated in the formation of the embryonic vasculature. This is suggested by their colocalized expression during embryogenesis(10,11) and the impaired vessel formation in Flk-1 (ref. 12) and Flt-1 (ref. 13) deficient embryos. However, because Flt-1 also binds placental growth factor(14,15), a VEGF homologue, the precise role of VEGF was unknown. Here we report that formation of blood vessels was abnormal, but not abolished, in heterozygous VEGF-deficient (VEGF(+/-)) embryos, generated by aggregation of embryonic stem (ES) cells with tetraploid embryos (T-ES)(16,17), and more impaired in homozygous VEGF-deficient (VEGF(-/-)) T-ES embryos, resulting in death at mid-gestation. Similar phenotypes were observed in F-1-VEGF(+/-) embryos, generated by germline transmission. We believe that this heterozygous lethal phenotype, which differs from the homozygous lethality in VEGF-receptor-deficient embryos, is unprecedented for a targeted autosomal gene inactivation, and is indicative of a tight dose-dependent regulation of embryonic vessel development by VEGF.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PHYSIOL & CLIN RES, WG KERCKHOFF INST, ABT MOL ZELLBIOL, BAD NAUHEIM, GERMANY.
   MT SINAI HOSP, SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X5, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MED GENET, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A1, CANADA.
C3 Max Planck Society; University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; University of Toronto
RP Carmeliet, P (corresponding author), CATHOLIC UNIV LEUVEN VIB, CTR TRANSGENE TECHNOL & GENE THERAPY, B-3000 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
NR 28
TC 3269
Z9 3925
U1 0
U2 162
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 435
EP 439
DI 10.1038/380435a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000061
PM 8602241
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gordon, DM
AF Gordon, DM
TI The organization of work in social insect colonies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID division-of-labor; seed-eating ants; honey-bees; apis-mellifera; behavioral flexibility; polybia-occidentalis; temporal polyethism; foraging ecology; decision-making; task allocation
AB In social insect colonies, workers perform a variety of tasks, such as foraging, brood care and nest construction. As the needs of the colony change, and as resources become available, colonies adjust the numbers of workers engaged in each task. Task allocation is the process that results in specific workers being engaged in specific tasks, in numbers appropriate to the current situation.
RP Gordon, DM (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA.
NR 66
TC 386
Z9 443
U1 1
U2 131
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 121
EP 124
DI 10.1038/380121a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU McEvilly, RJ
   Erkman, L
   Luo, L
   Sawchenko, PE
   Ryan, AF
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF McEvilly, RJ
   Erkman, L
   Luo, L
   Sawchenko, PE
   Ryan, AF
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI Requirement for Brn-3.0 In differentiation and survival of sensory and motor neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; transcription factor; targeted disruption; cns neurons; pou family; cells; expression; rat; homeodomain; protein
AB SPECIFIC families of transcription factors mediate events in the sequential maturation of distinct neuronal phenotypes. Members of one such family, the class IV POU domain transcription factor Brn-3.0, and two highly related factors Brn-3.1 and Brn-3.2, are differentially expressed in the developing and mature mammalian nervous system(1-11). The expression pattern of Brn-3.0 suggested that it has an important role in the development of sensory ganglia, as well as red nucleus, inferior olive, and nucleus ambiguus. Analysis of mice null for the Brn-3.0 locus shows that Brn-3.0 is required for the survival of subpopulations of proprioceptive, mechanoreceptive and nociceptive sensory neurons, where deletion of the gene affects neurotrophin and neurotrophin-receptor gene expression. Deletion of Brn-3.0 also alters either differentiation, migration or survival of specific central neuronal populations.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCH MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT SURG, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT OTOLARYNGOL & NEUROSCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   VET AFFAIRS MED CTR, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, NEURONAL STRUCT & FUNCT LAB, SAN DIEGO, CA 92186 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); Salk Institute
FU BLRD VA [I01 BX001205] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 223
Z9 249
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 574
EP 577
DI 10.1038/384574a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900062
PM 8955272
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verkhovsky, MI
   Morgan, JE
   Puustinen, A
   Wikstrom, M
AF Verkhovsky, MI
   Morgan, JE
   Puustinen, A
   Wikstrom, M
TI Kinetic trapping of oxygen in cell respiration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytochrome-c-oxidase; low-spin heme; electron-transfer; escherichia-coli; flow-flash; site
AB CELL respiration in eukaryotes is catalysed by the mitochondri`al enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. In bacteria there are many variants of this enzyme, all of which have a binuclear haem iron-copper centre at which O-2 reduction occurs, and a low-spin haem, which serves as the immediate electron donor to this centre(1). It is essential that the components of the cell respiratory system have a high affinity for oxygen because of the low concentrations of dissolved O-2 in the tissues; however, the binding of O-2 to the respiratory haem-copper oxidases is very weak(2,3). This paradox has been attributed to kinetic trapping during fast reactions of O-2 bound within the enzyme's binuclear haem iron-copper centre(2). Our earlier work(3) indicated that electron transfer from the low-spin haem to the oxygen-bound binuclear centre may be necessary for such kinetic oxygen trapping. Here we show that a specific decrease of this haem-haem electron transfer rate in the respiratory haem-copper oxidase from Escherichia coli leads to a corresponding decrease in the enzyme's operational steady-state affinity for O-2. This demonstrates directly that fast electron transfer between the haem groups is a key process in achieving the high affinity for oxygen in cell respiration.
C1 UNIV HELSINKI,BIOCENTRUM HELSINKI,SF-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
C3 University of Helsinki
RP Verkhovsky, MI (corresponding author), UNIV HELSINKI,INST BIOMED SCI,DEPT MED CHEM,HELSINKI BIOENERGET GRP,PB 8,SF-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
NR 14
TC 94
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 268
EP 270
DI 10.1038/380268a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700058
PM 8637579
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Motani, R
   You, H
   McGowan, C
AF Motani, R
   You, H
   McGowan, C
TI Eel-like swimming in the earliest ichthyosaurs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID locomotion; sharks
AB ICHTHYOSAURS are extinct marine reptiles, probably belonging to the Diapsida(1), that ranged from the Early Triassic to Late Cretaceous(2,3). Post-Triassic ichthyosaurs achieved the highest level of aquatic adaptation among reptiles(4), with a streamlined body, lunate tail and a dorsal fin, features exemplified today by thunniform (tuna-like) fishes. However, little is known of how such a body plan evolved from a terrestrial diapsid. Here we report the most complete specimen of the oldest known ichthyosaur, Chensaurus, representing a transition between the two body plans. The specimen, which has a partial skin impression, has a small caudal fin, a long and narrow body, and a high presacral vertebral count. These features all suggest an anguilliform swimming mode. Later ichthyosaurs retained the high vertebral count, but overcame the high swimming costs of this plesiomorphy, achieving a rigid tunniform bauplan by evolving discoidal vertebrae, and a deep fusiform body. Chensaurus therefore seems to be an evolutionary intermediate between the shorter-bodied terrestrial stock from which the group evolved, and advanced thunniform ichthyosaurs.
C1 ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, DEPT PALEOBIOL, TORONTO, ON M5S 2C6, CANADA.
   INST VERTEBRATE PALEONTOL & PALEOANTHROPOL, BEIJING 100044, PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Royal Ontario Museum; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, CAS
RP Motani, R (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO, DEPT ZOOL, 25 HARBORD ST, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A1, CANADA.
NR 25
TC 89
Z9 105
U1 2
U2 47
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 347
EP 348
DI 10.1038/382347a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brandner, S
   Isenmann, S
   Raeber, A
   Fischer, M
   Sailer, A
   Kobayashi, Y
   Marino, S
   Weissmann, C
   Aguzzi, A
AF Brandner, S
   Isenmann, S
   Raeber, A
   Fischer, M
   Sailer, A
   Kobayashi, Y
   Marino, S
   Weissmann, C
   Aguzzi, A
TI Normal host prion protein necessary for scrapie-induced neurotoxicity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-surface; prp
AB ACCUMULATION of the prion protein PrPSc, a pathological and protease-resistant isoform of the normal host protein PrPC, is a feature of prion disease such as scrapie(1,2). It is still unknown whether scrapie pathology comes about by neurotoxicity of PrPSc, acute depletion of PrPC, or some other mechanism. Here we investigate this question by grafting neural tissue overexpressing PrPC into the brain of PrP-deficient mice which are scrapie-resistant and do not propagate infectivity(3-5). After intracerebral inoculation with scrapie prions, the grafts accumulated high levels of PrPSc and infectivity and developed the severe histopathological changes characteristic of scrapie. Moreover, substantial amounts of graft-derived PrPSc migrated into the host brain. Even 16 months after inoculation no pathological changes were seen in PrP-deficient tissue, not even in the immediate vicinity of the grafts. Therefore, in addition to being resistant to scrapie infection, brain tissue devoid of PrPC is not damaged by exogenous PrPSc.
C1 UNIV ZURICH HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,INST NEUROPATHOL,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST MOLEC BIOL,DEPT 1,ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; University of Zurich
NR 23
TC 681
Z9 750
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 339
EP 343
DI 10.1038/379339a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300057
PM 8552188
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maldonado, E
   Shiekhattar, R
   Sheldon, M
   Cho, H
   Drapkin, R
   Rickert, P
   Lees, E
   Anderson, CW
   Linn, S
   Reinberg, D
AF Maldonado, E
   Shiekhattar, R
   Sheldon, M
   Cho, H
   Drapkin, R
   Rickert, P
   Lees, E
   Anderson, CW
   Linn, S
   Reinberg, D
TI A human RNA polymerase II complex associated with SRB and DNA-repair proteins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; transcription; gene
AB WE report here the isolation of a human RNA polymerase II complex containing a subset of the basal transcription factors and the human homologues of the yeast SRB (for suppressors of RNA polymerase B) proteins(1-3). The complex contains transcriptional coactivators and increases the activation of transcription, In addition, some components of the RNA polymerase II complex participate in DNA repair.
C1 UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,DEPT BIOCHEM,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854.
   STANFORD UNIV,DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC,DEPT CHEM,PALO ALTO,CA 94304.
   BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT BIOL,UPTON,NY 11973.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT BIOCHEM,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rutgers University System; Rutgers University New Brunswick; Rutgers University Biomedical & Health Sciences; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.; Stanford University; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory; University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 31
TC 313
Z9 349
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 86
EP 89
DI 10.1038/381086a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300063
PM 8609996
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keeling, CD
   Chin, JFS
   Whorf, TP
AF Keeling, CD
   Chin, JFS
   Whorf, TP
TI Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; record; climate; ice
AB THROUGHOUT the Northern Hemisphere the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide rises in winter and declines in summer, mainly in response to the seasonal growth in land vegetation(1-4). In the far north the amplitude of the seasonal cycle, peak to trough, is between 15 and 20 parts per million by volume(5). The annual amplitude diminishes southwards to about 3 p.p.m. near the Equator, owing to the diminishing seasonality of plant activity towards the tropics. In spite of atmospheric mixing processes, enough spatial variability is retained in the seasonal cycle of CO2 to reveal considerable regional detail in seasonal plant activity(6). Here we report that the annual amplitude of the seasonal CO2 cycle has increased by 20%, as measured in Hawaii, and by 40% in the Arctic, since the early 1960s. These increases are accompanied by phase advances of about 7 days during the declining phase of the cycle, suggesting a lengthening of the growing season. In addition, the annual amplitudes show maxima which appear to reflect a sensitivity to global warming episodes that peaked in 1981 and 1990. We propose that the amplitude increases reflect increasing assimilation of CO2 by land plants in response to climate changes accompanying recent rapid increases in temperature.
C1 NOAA,CMDL,MAUNA LOA OBSERV,HILO,HI 96721.
C3 National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA
RP Keeling, CD (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 21
TC 901
Z9 1106
U1 4
U2 262
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 146
EP 149
DI 10.1038/382146a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takeda, K
   Tanaka, T
   Shi, W
   Matsumoto, M
   Minami, M
   Kashiwamura, S
   Nakanishi, K
   Yoshida, N
   Kishimoto, T
   Akira, S
AF Takeda, K
   Tanaka, T
   Shi, W
   Matsumoto, M
   Minami, M
   Kashiwamura, S
   Nakanishi, K
   Yoshida, N
   Kishimoto, T
   Akira, S
TI Essential role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID resting b-cells; interleukin-4; expression; lipopolysaccharide; lymphokine; receptor
AB Interleukin-4(IL-4) is a pleiotropic lymphokine which plays an important role in the immune system(1). IL-4 activates two distinct signalling pathways through tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat6, a signal transducer and activator of transcription, and of a 170K protein called 4PS(2-7). To investigate the functional role of Stat6 in IL-4 signalling, we generated mice deficient in Stat6 by gene targeting. We report here that in the mutant mice, expression of CD23 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in resting B cells was not enhanced in response to IL-4. IL-4-induced B-cell proliferation costimulated by anti-IgM antibody was abolished. The T-cell proliferative response was also notably reduced. Furthermore, production of Th2 cytokines from T cells as well as IgE and IgG1 responses after nematode infection were profoundly reduced. These findings agreed with those obtained in IL4-deficient mice(8,9) or using antibodies to IL-4(10) and the IL-4 receptor(11). We conclude that Stat6 plays a central role in exerting IL-4-mediated biological responses.
C1 OSAKA UNIV, INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, SUITA, OSAKA 565, JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED 3, SUITA, OSAKA 565, JAPAN.
   HYOGO MED UNIV, DEPT IMMUNOL & MED ZOOL, NISHINOMIYA, HYOGO 663, JAPAN.
   OSAKA MED CTR MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH, RES INST, IZUMI, OSAKA 59002, JAPAN.
C3 University of Osaka; University of Osaka; Hyogo Medical University
NR 28
TC 1315
Z9 1488
U1 1
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/380627a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100046
PM 8602263
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Connolly, AJ
   Ishihara, H
   Kahn, ML
   Farese, RV
   Coughlin, SR
AF Connolly, AJ
   Ishihara, H
   Kahn, ML
   Farese, RV
   Coughlin, SR
TI Role of the thrombin receptor In development and evidence for a second receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activation; domain; mice
AB THROMBIN, a coagulation protease generated at sites of vascular injury, activates platelets, endothelial cells, leukocytes and mesenchymal cells(1,2). A G-protein-coupled receptor that is proteolytically activated by thrombin(3) is a target for drug development aimed at blocking thrombosis, inflammation and proliferation. Here we show that although disruption of the thrombin-receptor (tr) gene in mice causes about half the tr(-/-) embryos to die at embryonic day 9-10, half survive to become grossly normal adult mice with no bleeding diathesis. Strikingly, tr(-/-) platelets respond strongly to thrombin, whereas tr(-/-) fibroblasts lose their ability to respond to thrombin. We conclude that the thrombin receptor plays an unexpected role in embryonic development, suggesting a possible new function for the 'coagulation' proteases themselves. Moreover, a second platelet thrombin receptor exists, and different thrombin receptors have tissue-specific roles. This may allow development of therapeutics that will selectively block thrombin's different cellular actions.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CARDIOVASC RES INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DAIICHI RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PATHOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,GLADSTONE INST CARDIOVASC DIS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; The J David Gladstone Institutes
NR 30
TC 441
Z9 485
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 516
EP 519
DI 10.1038/381516a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500058
PM 8632823
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Begon, M
   Sait, SM
   Thompson, DJ
AF Begon, M
   Sait, SM
   Thompson, DJ
TI Predator-prey cycles with period shifts between two- and three-species systems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dynamics; oscillations; discrete; models
AB POPULATION ecology typically focuses on particular species or pairs of species within webs of interacting species to understand variations in their abundance. Classical theory(1-3) predicts multigeneration cycles in predator and prey abundance. These cycles have received considerable attention(3-6), although there is an alternative possibility, of prey generation-length cycles in predator-prey interactions(7-9). Does observation of either of these patterns depend on how firmly predators and prey are embedded in their web of interactions? Concurrent investigations of predator-prey dynamics both in isolation and within a larger web have been lacking. Here we report observations of the population dynamics of a simple predator-prey system, and also of a three-species system including predator and prey. The dynamic patterns exhibited by both systems are cyclic, but the increase from two to three species gives rise to a marked shift in cycle peroid from one to several host generation lengths.
RP Begon, M (corresponding author), UNIV LIVERPOOL, DEPT ENVIRONM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL, POPULAT BIOL RES GRP, POB 147, LIVERPOOL L69 3BX, MERSEYSIDE, ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 52
Z9 60
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 311
EP 315
DI 10.1038/381311a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trauger, JW
   Baird, EE
   Dervan, PB
AF Trauger, JW
   Baird, EE
   Dervan, PB
TI Recognition of DNA by designed ligands at subnanomolar concentrations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sequence-specific recognition; double-helical dna; covalent peptide dimers; minor-groove; zinc fingers; binding specificity; 2-dimensional nmr; distamycin; selection; motif
AB SMALL molecules that specifically bind with high affinity to any predetermined DNA sequence in the human genome would be useful tools in molecular biology and potentially in human medicine. Simple rules have been developed to control rationally the sequence specificity of minor-groove-binding polyamides containing N-methylimidazole and N-methylpyrrole amino acids. Two eight-ring pyrrole-imidazole polyamides differing in sequence by a single amino acid bind specifically to respective six-base-pair target sites which differ in sequence by a single base pair. Binding is observed at subnanomolar concentrations of ligand. The replacement of a single nitrogen atom with a C-H regulates affinity and specificity by two orders of magnitude, The broad range of sequences that can be specifically targeted with pyrrole-imidazole polyamides, coupled with an efficient solid-phase synthesis methodology, identify a powerful class of small molecules for sequence-specific recognition of double-helical DNA.
RP Trauger, JW (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV CHEM & CHEM ENGN,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 30
TC 398
Z9 461
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 559
EP 561
DI 10.1038/382559a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800056
PM 8700233
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frette, V
   Christensen, K
   MaltheSorenssen, A
   Feder, J
   Jossang, T
   Meakin, P
AF Frette, V
   Christensen, K
   MaltheSorenssen, A
   Feder, J
   Jossang, T
   Meakin, P
TI Avalanche dynamics in a pile of rice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID self-organized criticality; sandpile; earthquakes; model
AB THE idea of self-organized criticality(1) (SOC) is commonly illustrated conceptually with avalanches in a pile of sand grains. The grains are dropped onto a pile one by one, and the pile ultimately reaches a stationary 'critical' state in which its slope fluctuates about a constant angle of repose, with each new grain being capable of inducing an avalanche on any of the relevant size scales. Some numerical models of sand-pile dynamics do show SOC1-8, but the behaviour of real sand piles remains ambiguous(9-18). Here we describe experiments on a granular system--a pile of rice-in which the dynamics exhibit self-organized critical behaviour in one case (for grains with a large aspect ratio) but not in another (for less elongated grains). These results show that SOC is not as 'universal' and insensitive to the details of a system as was initially supposed(1), but that instead its occurrence depends on the detailed mechanism of energy dissipation.
C1 UNIV OSLO,DEPT PHYS,N-0316 OSLO,NORWAY.
C3 University of Oslo
NR 20
TC 412
Z9 449
U1 2
U2 95
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 49
EP 52
DI 10.1038/379049a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abercrombie, RE
   Mori, J
AF Abercrombie, RE
   Mori, J
TI Occurrence patterns of foreshocks to large earthquakes in the western United States
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID moment-tensor solutions; loma-prieta earthquake; critical slip distance; 24 november 1987; southern-california; superstition hills; focal mechanism; great-basin; july 1986; sequence
AB OBSERVATIONS of foreshocks preceding large earthquakes provide one of the few well documented cases of premonitory events that are clearly related to a subsequent earthquake. Unfortunately, the apparent randomness of foreshock occurrence-they precede some events and not others-has severely hampered their use in reliable earthquake prediction. Understanding the factors that control foreshock occurrence is critical for determining how large earthquakes initiate and whether reliable short-term prediction will ever be possible(1). Here,ve report the results of a comprehensive study of the occurrence patterns of foreshocks to large earthquakes in the western United States. The incidence of foreshocks decreases with increasing depth of the mainshock, and also depends on the mainshock slip orientation. This pattern of occurrence may be explained by a decrease in small-scale crustal heterogeneity with increasing depth, and suggests that increasing normal stress (both regional tectonic stress and lithostatic load) inhibits the occurrence of foreshocks. No relationship is observed between any aspect of foreshock occurrence and the magnitude of the subsequent mainshock, suggesting that the eventual size of the mainshock may be independent of the earthquake nucleation process, or that foreshocks are not part of this process.
C1 UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089.
   US GEOL SURVEY,PASADENA,CA 91106.
C3 University of Southern California; United States Department of the Interior; United States Geological Survey
NR 56
TC 117
Z9 148
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 303
EP 307
DI 10.1038/381303a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, H
AF Tanaka, H
TI A self-consistent phase diagram for supercooled water
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID liquid water; dynamics; simulations; temperature; transition; behavior; pressure
AB MANY of the low-temperature thermodynamic properties of water, such as heat capacity and isothermal compressibility, exhibit anomalous behaviour that tends to diverge in the supercooled state(1,2). On the basis of molecular dynamics simulations(3,4), these phenomena have recently been attributed to the influence of a critical point terminating the temperature-pressure coexistence line separating low- and high-density amorphous ices, But the fact that water tends to lose its anomalous behaviour(5) in the pressure range predicted for the new critical point poses problems for such an interpretation. Moreover, the phase diagram derived from these simulations contrasts sharply with another conjecture, whereby it is argued that at atmospheric pressure no thermodynamically continuous path exists between low-density amorphous ice and normal water(6). Here I report the results of a series of molecular dynamics simulations at constant (approximately atmospheric) pressure, which show that both ideas can be reconciled by relocating the critical point to negative pressures. The resulting phase diagram is not only simpler, but also accounts for the transition of water from a fragile to a strong liquid in the supercoooled region7,8.
RP Tanaka, H (corresponding author), KYOTO UNIV, GRAD SCH ENGN, DIV POLYMER CHEM, SAKYO KU, KYOTO 60601, JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 207
Z9 212
U1 1
U2 46
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 328
EP 330
DI 10.1038/380328a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cravatt, BF
   Giang, DK
   Mayfield, SP
   Boger, DL
   Lerner, RA
   Gilula, NB
AF Cravatt, BF
   Giang, DK
   Mayfield, SP
   Boger, DL
   Lerner, RA
   Gilula, NB
TI Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cannabinoid receptor; nucleotide-sequence; anandamide; purification; amidase; gene; identification; membrane; proteins; ketones
AB ENDOGENOUS neuromodulatory molecules are commonly coupled to specific metabolic enzymes to ensure rapid signal inactivation, Thus, acetylcholine is hydrolysed by acetylcholine esterase(1) and tryptamine neurotransmitters like serotonin are degraded by monoamine oxidases(2). Previously, we reported the structure and sleep-inducing properties of cis-9-octadecenamide, a lipid isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived cats(3). cis-9-Octadecenamide, or oleamide, has since been shown to affect serotonergic systems(4) and block gap-junction communication in glial cells (our unpublished results). We also identified a membrane-bound enzyme activity that hydrolyses oleamide to its inactive acid, oleic acid(3). We now report the mechanism-based isolation, cloning and expression of this enzyme activity, originally named oleamide hydrolase(5), from rat liver plasma membranes. We also show that oleamide hydrolase converts anandamide, a fatty-acid amide identified as the endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptor(6), to arachidonic acid, indicating that oleamide hydrolase may serve as the general inactivating enzyme for a growing family of bioactive signalling molecules, the fatty-acid amides(6-8). Therefore we will hereafter refer to oleamide hydrolase as fatty-acid amide hydrolase, in recognition of the plurality of fatty-acid amides that the enzyme can accept as substrates.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92307 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92307 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
FU NIDA NIH HHS [R01 DA015648] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 1769
Z9 2032
U1 3
U2 169
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 83
EP 87
DI 10.1038/384083a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900060
PM 8900284
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bond, JR
   Kofman, L
   Pogosyan, D
AF Bond, JR
   Kofman, L
   Pogosyan, D
TI How filaments of galaxies are woven into the cosmic web
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID universe; clusters; model; voids
AB Large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies is thought to have evolved through gravitational instabilities from small density fluctuations in the (largely homogeneous) early Universe. This structure of galaxies consists of rich and poor clusters, connected by filaments and sheets, with regions largely devoid of galaxies (voids) in between(1). Numerical simulations of the growth of initial density fluctuations through a nonlinear regime, motivated by the likely physics of the early Universe, also show a network of filaments and voids(2,3,18), but the origin of this picture of filaments as the dominant structure was not well understood. Here we show that the 'web' of filaments that defines the final state in these simulations is present in the initial density fluctuations; the pattern of the web is defined largely by the rare density peaks in the initial fluctuations, with the subsequent nonlinear evolution of the structure bringing the filamentary net work into sharper relief. Applying these results to the observed galaxy distribution, we suggest that 'superclusters' are filamentary cluster-cluster bridges, and we predict that the most pronounced filaments will be found between clusters of galaxies that are aligned,vith each other and close together.
C1 UNIV HAWAII, INST ASTRON, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
C3 University of Hawaii System
RP Bond, JR (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO, CANADIAN INST THEORET ASTROPHYS, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A7, CANADA.
NR 18
TC 961
Z9 1059
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 603
EP 606
DI 10.1038/380603a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sondek, J
   Bohm, A
   Lambright, DG
   Hamm, HE
   Sigler, PB
AF Sondek, J
   Bohm, A
   Lambright, DG
   Hamm, HE
   Sigler, PB
TI Crystal structure of a G(A) protein beta gamma dimer at 2.1 angstrom resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; subunit; pheromone
AB MANY signalling cascades use seven-helical transmembrane receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins (G(alpha beta gamma)) to convert extracellular signals into intracellular responses(1). Upon nucleotide exchange catalysed by activated receptors, heterotrimers dissociate into GTP-bound G(alpha) subunits and G(beta gamma) dimers, either of which can modulate many downstream effectors(2,3). Here we use multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data to solve the crystal structure of the beta gamma dimer of the G protein transducin. The beta-subunit is primarily a seven-bladed beta-propeller that is partially encircled by an extended gamma-subunit. The beta-propeller, which contains seven structurally similar WD repeats, defines the stereochemistry of the WD repeat and the probable architecture of all WD-repeat-containing domains. The structure details interactions between G protein beta- and gamma-subunits and highlights regions implicated in effector modulation for the conserved family of G protein beta gamma dimers.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,CHICAGO,IL 60612.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Chicago; University of Illinois Chicago Hospital
NR 32
TC 703
Z9 836
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 369
EP 374
DI 10.1038/379369a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300065
PM 8552196
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walcheck, B
   Kahn, J
   Fisher, JM
   Wang, BB
   Fisk, RS
   Payan, DG
   Feehan, C
   Betageri, R
   Darlak, K
   Spatola, AF
   Kishimoto, TK
AF Walcheck, B
   Kahn, J
   Fisher, JM
   Wang, BB
   Fisk, RS
   Payan, DG
   Feehan, C
   Betageri, R
   Darlak, K
   Spatola, AF
   Kishimoto, TK
TI Neutrophil rolling altered by inhibition of L-selectin shedding in vitro
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adhesion molecule-1; chemotactic factors; endothelial-cells; precursor; inflammation; cleavage; protein; invivo; alpha
AB THE L-selectin adhesion molecule is involved in guiding leukocytes to sites of inflammation(1). L-selectin is cleaved by an unusual proteolytic activity at a membrane-proximal site resulting in rapid shedding from the cell surface(2-7). Although it has been demonstrated that L-selectin mediates, in part, the early event of leukocyte rolling under hydrodynamic flows(8-10), the contribution of shedding to L-selectin function has remained unknown. Here we show that hydroxamic acid-based metalloprotease inhibitors block L-selectin downregulation from the cell surface of stimulated neutrophils, without affecting Mac-1 mobilization or general neutrophil activation, and inhibit cleavage of L-selectin in a cell-free system. Unexpectedly, the hydroxamic acid-based inhibitors reduced neutrophil rolling velocity under hydrodynamic flow, resulting in increased neutrophil accumulation. These results suggest that L-selectin is cleaved in seconds-much faster than previously suspected-during the process of rolling under hydrodynamic flow, and that shedding of L-selectin may contribute significantly to the velocity of leukocyte rolling, L-selectin shedding during rolling interactions may be physiologically important for limiting leukocyte aggregation and accumulation at sites of inflammation.
C1 BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUT INC,DEPT IMMUNOL,RIDGEFIELD,CT 06877.
   BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUT INC,DEPT INFLAMMATORY DIS,RIDGEFIELD,CT 06877.
   KHEPRI PHARMACEUT INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   UNIV LOUISVILLE,DEPT CHEM,LOUISVILLE,KY 40292.
   UNIV LOUISVILLE,DEPT BIOCHEM,LOUISVILLE,KY 40292.
C3 Boehringer Ingelheim; Boehringer Ingelheim; University of Louisville; University of Louisville
NR 32
TC 266
Z9 295
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 720
EP 723
DI 10.1038/380720a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700054
PM 8614468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiseman, JJ
   Ho, PTP
AF Wiseman, JJ
   Ho, PTP
TI Heated gaseous streamers and star formation in the Orion molecular cloud
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID large-scale interaction; quiescent gas; fragmentation; region; nh3; rotation; nebula; omc-1; cores
AB THE Orion molecular cloud, which is obscured by the dust and ionized gas of the Orion nebula, is the nearest example of a giant molecular cloud, Massive stars are actively forming deep in the core of this cloud as a result of large-scale cloud instabilities, fragmentation and gravitational collapse, These young stars will inject a considerable amount of energy back into the surrounding environment through stellar winds and radiation(1), and they are thus expected to exert a major influence on the evolution of the cloud, Here we present a mosaic of ten high-resolution radio maps of the region of the cloud known as OMC-1; the maps were constructed from observations of two ammonia emission lines, which trace the densest regions of the gas while mitigating the obscuring effects of the dust, We find dense filaments of molecular gas with complex motions fanning out more than 0.5 parsec from the central core of the cloud, These filaments appear as long, bead-like chains, consisting of dense clumps of gas that may be the sites of future star formation, The outer sheaths of clumps and the edges of filaments may be heated as a direct result of radiation and outflows from young stars embedded in the central core.
C1 NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903.
C3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)
RP Wiseman, JJ (corresponding author), HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS,60 GARDEN ST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 27
TC 38
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/382139a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vonBartheld, CS
   Byers, MR
   Williams, R
   Bothwell, M
AF vonBartheld, CS
   Byers, MR
   Williams, R
   Bothwell, M
TI Anterograde transport of neurotrophins and axodendritic transfer in the developing visual system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; retrograde transport; axonal-transport; receptors; brain; internalization; expression; synapses; neurons; death
AB Neurotrophic factors support the differentiation and survival of neurons(1,2) and influence properties of synaptic transmission(3,4). The neurotrophic hypothesis postulates a retrograde action of trophic factors: their production and release by target cells and their uptake by innervating axons(5). Besides the retrograde route of trophic messengers, the survival of neurons and the development of synapses is thought to be also regulated by anterograde, afferent trophic signals(6-10). We now show that exogenous neurotrophins are transported in the anterograde direction, from cell bodies to the axon terminals, and that the intact neurotrophin is released after anterograde transport, taken up and utilized by second-order visual neurons in the developing chick brain. These results suggest that anterogradely transported neurotrophins may play a role in synaptic plasticity and may have effects at more than one synapse beyond the initial release site.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   KAROLINSKA INST,DEPT DEV BIOL,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Karolinska Institutet
RP vonBartheld, CS (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 31
TC 258
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 830
EP 833
DI 10.1038/379830a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100060
PM 8587607
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wigley, TML
   Richels, R
   Edmonds, JA
AF Wigley, TML
   Richels, R
   Edmonds, JA
TI Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emissions
AB THE ultimate goal of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is to achieve ''stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations...at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference,vith the climate system''. With the concentration targets yet to be determined, Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change developed a set of illustrative pathways for stabilizing the atmospheric CO2 concentration at 350, 450, 550, 650 and 750 p.p.m.v. over the next few hundred years(1,2). But no attempt was made to determine whether the implied emissions might constitute a realistic transition away from the current heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Here me devise new stabilization profiles that explicitly (albeit qualitatively) incorporate considerations of the global economic system, estimate the corresponding anthropogenic emissions requirements, and assess the significance of the profiles in terms of global-mean temperature and sea level changes. Our findings raise a number of important issues for those engaged in climate-change policy making, particularly with regard to the optimal timing of mitigation measures.
C1 ELECT POWER RES INST, PALO ALTO, CA 94303 USA.
   PACIFIC NW LAB, WASHINGTON, DC 20024 USA.
C3 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); United States Department of Energy (DOE); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
RP Wigley, TML (corresponding author), UNIV CORP ATMOSPHER RES, POB 3000, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA.
NR 23
TC 607
Z9 680
U1 1
U2 112
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 240
EP 243
DI 10.1038/379240a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nirmal, M
   Dabbousi, BO
   Bawendi, MG
   Macklin, JJ
   Trautman, JK
   Harris, TD
   Brus, LE
AF Nirmal, M
   Dabbousi, BO
   Bawendi, MG
   Macklin, JJ
   Trautman, JK
   Harris, TD
   Brus, LE
TI Fluorescence intermittency in single cadmium selenide nanocrystals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum jumps; cdse; spectroscopy; molecules; polymer; surface
AB SEMICONDUCTOR nanocrystals offer the opportunity to study the evolution of hulk materials properties as the size of a system increases from the molecular scale(1,2). In addition, their strongly size-dependent optical properties render them attractive candidates as tunable light absorbers and emitters in optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes(3,4) and quantum-dot lasers(5,6), and as optical probes of biological systems(7). Here we show that light emission from single fluorescing nanocrystals of cadmium selenide under continuous excitation turns on and off intermittently with a characteristic timescale of about 0.5 seconds. This intermittency is not apparent from ensemble measurements on many nanocrystals. The dependence on excitation intensity and the change in on/off times when a passivating, high-bandgap shell of zinc sulphide encapsulates the nanocrystal(8,9) suggests that the abrupt turning off of luminescence is caused by photoionization of the nanocrystal. Thus spectroscopic measurements on single nanocrystals can reveal hitherto unknown aspects of their photophysics.
C1 MIT,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   AT&T BELL LABS,LUCENT TECHNOL,MURRAY HILL,NJ 07974.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); AT&T; Alcatel-Lucent; Lucent Technologies; Nokia Corporation; Nokia Bell Labs
NR 20
TC 1806
Z9 2115
U1 5
U2 575
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 802
EP 804
DI 10.1038/383802a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trachtenberg, JT
   Thompson, WJ
AF Trachtenberg, JT
   Thompson, WJ
TI Schwann cell apoptosis at developing neuromuscular junctions is regulated by glial growth factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nervous-system; motor units; muscle; identification; birth; death
AB DENERVATED adult mammalian muscle fibres are reinnervated by regenerating axons and, in the case of partially denervated muscles, by sprouts extended from remaining, intact axons(1,3). Recent experiments suggest that Schwann cells (SCs) regulate these events, inducing and guiding axonal outgrowth through the processes they extend(4,5). In contrast to adults, reinnervation of denervated neonatal muscles is deficient and axonal sprouting is absent(6-9). In light of the proposed roles for SCs in these processes, we examined whether SCs in neonatal muscles exhibit altered responses to denervation. We report here that neonatal denervation leads to the rapid, apoptotic death of SCs at rat neuromuscular junctions. Injection of glial growth factor, a member of the neuregulin family of trophic factors present in developing sensory and motor neurons(10), prevents this apoptosis in vivo. These results provide further evidence for the importance of SCs in regulating nerve grow,vth and suggest that axon-Schwann cell trophic interactions play a role in the normal development of the neuromuscular system.
RP Trachtenberg, JT (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,DEPT ZOOL,AUSTIN,TX 78712, USA.
NR 18
TC 255
Z9 280
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 174
EP 177
DI 10.1038/379174a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000061
PM 8538769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tsonis, AA
AF Tsonis, AA
TI Widespread increases in low-frequency variability of precipitation over the past century
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID land areas; fluctuations; climate
AB PRECIPITATION (rain and snow) provides, through its participation in the global hydrological and energy cycles, most of the heat flux within the atmosphere, For this reason, a knowledge of precipitation variability is important to understanding the behaviour and changes of the Earth's climate system, Precipitation measurements have been made at thousands of sites over the past hundred years or so, and recent efforts have resulted in the compilation of global data sets(1-3) and regional networks(4,17) . The latter have been analysed to reveal high-frequency (up to interannual) regional trends in precipitation variability over the past century(4). Here I exploit the global data sets to examine the low-frequency (decadal to multi-decadal) variability of precipitation over a similar time period, In agreement with other analyses(5), I find that the global mean precipitation has not changed. The fluctuations about the mean, however, have increased significantly (on decadal to multi-decadal timescales), That is, over the past century-during which climate warming has occurred-the global precipitation field has undergone changes on those scales, in which extremes have become more probable, This result is consistent with predictions from model simulations of global climate-warming scenarios(6-8).
RP Tsonis, AA (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOSCI,MILWAUKEE,WI 53201, USA.
NR 17
TC 59
Z9 77
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 700
EP 702
DI 10.1038/382700a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heierhorst, J
   Kobe, B
   Feil, SC
   Parker, MW
   Benian, GM
   Weiss, KR
   Kemp, BE
AF Heierhorst, J
   Kobe, B
   Feil, SC
   Parker, MW
   Benian, GM
   Weiss, KR
   Kemp, BE
TI Ca2+/S100 regulation of giant protein kinases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium-binding; peptide complex; calmodulin; elegans
AB Protein phosphorylation by protein kinases plays a central regulatory role in cellular processes and these kinases are themselves tightly regulated(1). One common mechanism of regulation involves Ca2+-binding proteins (CaBP) such as calmodulin (CaM)(2). Here we report a Ca2+-effector mechanism for protein kinase activation by demonstrating the specific and >1,000-fold activation of the myosin-associated giant protein kinase twitchin by Ca2+/S100A1(2). S100A1(2) is a member of a large CaBP family that is implicated in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation and motility, but whose molecular actions are largely unknown(3). The S100A1(2)-binding site is a part of the autoregulatory sequence positioned in the active site that is responsible for intrasteric autoinhibition of twitchin kinase; the mechanism of autoinhibition based on the crystal structures of two twitchin kinase fragments is described elsewhere(4). Ca2+/S100 represents a likely physiological activator for the entire family of giant protein kinases involved in muscle contractions and cytoskeletal structure(2,5-9).
C1 ST VINCENTS INST MED RES,FITZROY,VIC 3065,AUSTRALIA.
   CUNY MT SINAI SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10029.
   EMORY UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322.
C3 St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; City University of New York (CUNY) System; Emory University
NR 26
TC 120
Z9 127
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 636
EP 639
DI 10.1038/380636a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100049
PM 8602266
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shaver, PA
   Wall, JV
   Kellermann, KI
   Jackson, CA
   Hawkins, MRS
AF Shaver, PA
   Wall, JV
   Kellermann, KI
   Jackson, CA
   Hawkins, MRS
TI Decrease in the space density of quasars at high redshift
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luminosity function; evolution; absorption; population; spectrum; objects; systems; dust
AB QUASARs have been found up to redshifts of almost five, corresponding to an epoch when the Universe was less than ten per cent of its present age. This leaves a rather short time for the formation of the galaxies in which quasars are believed to be embedded. Indeed, some optical studies(1-3) indicate that the space density of quasars does decline rapidly for redshifts z > 3, as expected if this is the epoch of galaxy formation. The interpretation of this decline is equivocal, however, as it could result simply from the obscuratron of distant quasars by dust in intervening galaxies(4). Radio emission from quasars, on the other hand, is unaffected by dust, and we show here that the space density of radio-loud quasars also decreases strongly fort > 3, demonstrating that the decline is real, at least for these objects. We argue that this conclusion probably applies to all quasars. If quasars are associated with galaxy formation and/or interactions between galaxies, the decline in their space density at high redshift provides a measure of the timescale for the onset of these processes.
C1 ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ, ENGLAND.
   NATL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22903 USA.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE, INST ASTRON, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA, ENGLAND.
   ROYAL OBSERV, EDINBURGH EH9 3HJ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); University of Cambridge; University of Edinburgh
RP Shaver, PA (corresponding author), EUROPEAN SO OBSERV, KARL SCHWARZSCHILD STR 2, D-85748 GARCHING, GERMANY.
NR 31
TC 191
Z9 198
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 439
EP 441
DI 10.1038/384439a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jia, L
   Bonaventura, C
   Bonaventura, J
   Stamler, JS
AF Jia, L
   Bonaventura, C
   Bonaventura, J
   Stamler, JS
TI S-nitrosohaemoglobin: A dynamic activity of blood involved in vascular control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human-hemoglobin; nitric-oxide; binding
AB A dynamic cycle exists in which haemoglobin is S-nitrosylated in the lung when red blood cells are oxygenated, and the NO group is released during arterial-venous transit. The vasoactivity of S-nitrosohaemoglobin is promoted by the erythrocytic export of S-nitrosothiols. These findings highlight newly discovered allosteric and electronic properties of haemoglobin that appear to be involved in the control of blood pressure and which may facilitate efficient delivery of oxygen to tissues. The role of S-nitrosohaemoglobin in the transduction of NO-related activities may have therapeutic applications.
C1 DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,DURHAM,NC 27710.
   DUKE MARINE BIOMED CTR,NICHOLAS SCH ENVIRONM,PIVERS ISL,NC 28516.
C3 Duke University; Duke University
RP Jia, L (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,DIV RESP & CARDIOVASC MED,MSRB BLDG,ROOM 321,BOX 2612,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA.
NR 26
TC 1437
Z9 1572
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 221
EP 226
DI 10.1038/380221a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700043
PM 8637569
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oswalt, TD
   Smith, JA
   Wood, MA
   Hintzen, P
AF Oswalt, TD
   Smith, JA
   Wood, MA
   Hintzen, P
TI A lower limit of 9.5 Gyr on the age of the Galactic disk from the oldest white dwarf stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID luminosity function; globular-clusters; universe; galaxy; mass; evolution; distances; models
AB WHITE dwarf stars represent the final evolutionary state for most main-sequence stars. They cool slowly enough that even the oldest white dwarfs are still observable in sufficiently deep surveys and they therefore provide a record of the age and star-formation history of the Local disk of the Milky Way(1-7)-and hence a useful constraint on the age of the Galaxy itself. Here we report the initial results of a very deep survey of white dwarfs, that avoids many of the problems associated with the incompleteness of earlier surveys. We use model age-luminosity relations to interpret the luminosity function of our sample of stars, and thus obtain a minimum age for the local Galactic disk of similar to 9.5 Gyr, Our results lend weight to an emerging picture of the evolutionary history of the Milky Way, in which the halo formed similar to 14-17 Gyr ago(8,9), followed by the bulge globular dusters similar to 12-14 Gyr ago(10), with a modest hiatus before the onset of star formation in the local disk similar to 10 Gyr ago.
C1 UNIV NEVADA, DEPT PHYS, LAS VEGAS, NV 89154 USA.
   NASA, GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR, ASTRON & SOLAR PHYS LAB, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA.
   CALIF STATE UNIV LONG BEACH, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LONG BEACH, CA 90840 USA.
C3 Nevada System of Higher Education (NSHE); University of Nevada Las Vegas; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; California State University System; California State University Long Beach
RP Oswalt, TD (corresponding author), FLORIDA INST TECHNOL, DEPT PHYS & SPACE SCI, MELBOURNE, FL 32901 USA.
NR 42
TC 199
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 692
EP 694
DI 10.1038/382692a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petitjean, P
   Pecontal, E
   VallsGabaud, D
   Charlot, S
AF Petitjean, P
   Pecontal, E
   VallsGabaud, D
   Charlot, S
TI A companion to a quasar at redshift z=4.7
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-alpha emission; galaxy; discovery
AB THERE is a growing consensus that the emergence of quasars at high redshifts is related to the onset of galaxy formation(1), suggesting that the detection of concentrations of gas accompanying such quasars should provide flues about the early history of galaxies. Quasar companions have been recently identified at redshifts up to z approximate to 3 (refs 2-4). Here we report observations of Lyman-alpha emission (a tracer of ionized hydrogen) from the companion to a quasar at z = 4.7, corresponding to a time when the Universe was less than ten per cent of its present age. We argue that most of the emission arises in a gaseous nebula that has been photoionized by the quasar, but an additional component of continuum light-perhaps quasar light scattered from dust in the companion body, or emission from young stars within the nebula-appears necessary to explain the observations. These observations may be indicative of the first stages in the assembly of galaxy-sized structures.
C1 OBSERV PARIS, CNRS, URA 173, DAEC, F-92195 MEUDON, FRANCE.
   CTR RECH ASTRON LYON, CNRS, UMR 142, F-69561 ST GENIS LAVAL, FRANCE.
   OBSERV STRASBOURG, CNRS, URA 1280, F-67000 STRASBOURG, FRANCE.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Petitjean, P (corresponding author), INST ASTROPHYS PARIS, CNRS, 98 BIS, BLVD ARAGO, F-75014 PARIS, FRANCE.
NR 28
TC 55
Z9 56
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 411
EP 413
DI 10.1038/380411a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gabbiani, F
   Metzner, W
   Wessel, R
   Koch, C
AF Gabbiani, F
   Metzner, W
   Wessel, R
   Koch, C
TI From stimulus encoding to feature extraction in weakly electric fish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral-line lobe; jamming avoidance-response; gymnotiform fish; eigenmannia; neurons; electroreceptors; communication; cortex; monkey
AB ANIMALS acquire information about sensory stimuli around them and encode it using an analogue or a pulse-based code. Behaviourally relevant features need to be extracted from this representation for further processing. In the electrosensory system of weakly electric fish, single P-type electroreceptor afferents accurately encode the time course of random modulations in electric-field amplitude(1). We applied a stimulus estimation method(2) and a signal-detection method to both P-receptor afferents and their targets, the pyramidal cells in the electrosensory lateral-line lobe. We found that although pyramidal cells do not accurately convey detailed information about the time course of the stimulus, they reliably encode up- and downstrokes of random modulations in electric-field amplitude. The presence of such temporal features is best signalled by short bursts of spikes, probably caused by dendritic processing, rather than by isolated spikes. Furthermore, pyramidal cells outperform P-receptor afferents in signalling the presence of temporal features in the stimulus waveform. We conclude that the sensory neurons are specialized to acquire information accurately with little processing, whereas the following stage extracts behaviourally relevant features, thus performing a nonlinear pattern-recognition task.
C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE, DEPT BIOL, RIVERSIDE, CA 92521 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Riverside; University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Gabbiani, F (corresponding author), CALTECH, COMPUTAT & NEURAL SYST PROGRAM, DIV BIOL 13974, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 30
TC 191
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 564
EP 567
DI 10.1038/384564a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900059
PM 8955269
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dunlop, J
   Peacock, J
   Spinrad, H
   Dey, A
   Jimenez, R
   Stern, D
   Windhorst, R
AF Dunlop, J
   Peacock, J
   Spinrad, H
   Dey, A
   Jimenez, R
   Stern, D
   Windhorst, R
TI A 3.5-Gyr-old galaxy at redshift 1.55
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio galaxy; spectral evolution; deep-survey; discovery
AB ONE of the most direct methods of constraining the epoch at which the first galaxies formed-and thereby to constrain the age of the Universe-is to identify and date the oldest galaxies at high redshift, But most distant galaxies have been identified on the basis of their abnormal brightness in some spectral region(1-4); such selection criteria are biased towards objects with pronounced nuclear activity or young star-forming systems, in which the spectral signature of older stellar populations will be concealed, Here we report the discovery of a weak and extremely red radio galaxy (53W091) at z = 1.55, and present spectroscopic evidence that its red colour results from a population of old stars, Comparing our spectral data with models of the evolution of stellar populations, we estimate that we are observing this galaxy at least 3.5 Gyr after star-formation activity ceased, This implies an extremely high formation redshift (z > 4) for 53W091 and, by inference, other elliptical galaxies. Moreover, the age of 53W091 is greater than the predicted age of the Universe at z = 1.55, under the assumption of a standard Einstein-de Sitter cosmology (for any Hubble constant greater than 50 km s(-1) Mpc(-1)), indicating that this cosmological model can be formally excluded.
C1 ROYAL OBSERV,EDINBURGH EH9 3HJ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ASTRON,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
   KITT PEAK NATL OBSERV,NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85726.
   ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,TEMPE,AZ 85287.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of California System; University of California Berkeley; National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Arizona State University; Arizona State University-Tempe
RP Dunlop, J (corresponding author), UNIV EDINBURGH,INST ASTRON,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,EDINBURGH EH9 3HJ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
NR 32
TC 379
Z9 386
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 581
EP 584
DI 10.1038/381581a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fan, ZH
   Lou, YQ
AF Fan, ZH
   Lou, YQ
TI Origin of the magnetic spiral arms in the galaxy NGC6946
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neutral hydrogen; ngc-6946; dynamos; fields; disk; m51; gas
AB THE recent discovery(1) of coherent, large-scale magnetic spiral arms located between the optical spiral arms of the nearby galaxy NGC6946 is difficult to reconcile with current galactic dynamo theory(2), The formation of optical spiral arms is generally attributed to the role of density waves in the gas of the galactic disk, which trigger the formation of massive, luminous stars; turbulent processes in the gas are also believed to play a key role in the generation of the galactic magnetic field, Here we present the results of magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) calculations, which show that both fast (similar to 20 km s(-1)) and slow (similar to 0.2 km s(-1)) MHD density waves can exist in a rotating galactic disk, Slow MHD density waves occur over the portion of a galactic disk that rotates almost rigidly(3), and can give rise to a pattern of polarized radio emission similar to that observed in NGC6946, where the magnetic field is strong between the optical spiral arms. In contrast, fast MHD density waves produce spiral magnetic structures that are roughly coincident with the optical spiral arms-and which extend into the differentially rotating disk-as observed in the Whirlpool galaxy, NGC5194 (refs 4-6).
C1 UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT ASTRON & ASTROPHYS, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago
NR 34
TC 57
Z9 57
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 800
EP 802
DI 10.1038/383800a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Giurfa, M
   Eichmann, B
   Menzel, R
AF Giurfa, M
   Eichmann, B
   Menzel, R
TI Symmetry perception in an insect
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID male sexual ornaments; pattern-recognition; preference; color; bees; discrimination; orientation; honeybee; flowers; vision
AB SYMMETRICAL visual patterns have a salient status in human perception, as evinced by their prevalent occurrence in art(1), and also in animal perception, where they may be an indicator of phenotypic and genotypic quality(2-4). Symmetry perception has been demonstrated in humans(5-8), birds(9-11), dolphins(12) and apes(13). Here we show that bees trained to discriminate bilaterally symmetrical from non-symmetrical patterns learn the task and transfer it appropriately to novel stimuli, thus demonstrating a capacity to detect and generalize symmetry or asymmetry. We conclude that bees, and possibly flower-visiting insects in general, can acquire a generalized preference towards symmetrical or, alternatively, asymmetrical patterns depending on experience, and that symmetry detection is preformed or can be learned as a perceptual category by insects, because it can be extracted as an independent visual pattern feature. Bees show a predisposition for learning and generalizing symmetry because, if trained to it, they choose it more frequently, come closer to and hover longer in front of the novel symmetrical stimuli than the bees trained for asymmetry do for the novel asymmetrical stimuli. Thus, even organisms with comparatively small nervous systems can generalize about symmetry, and favour symmetrical over asymmetrical patterns.
RP Giurfa, M (corresponding author), FREE UNIV BERLIN, INST NEUROBIOL, KONIGIN LUISE STR 28-30, D-14195 BERLIN, GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 237
Z9 256
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 458
EP 461
DI 10.1038/382458a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100059
PM 18610516
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dib, C
   Faure, S
   Fizames, C
   Samson, D
   Drouot, N
   Vignal, A
   Millasseau, P
   Marc, S
   Hazan, J
   Seboun, E
   Lathrop, M
   Gyapay, G
   Morissette, J
   Weissenbach, J
AF Dib, C
   Faure, S
   Fizames, C
   Samson, D
   Drouot, N
   Vignal, A
   Millasseau, P
   Marc, S
   Hazan, J
   Seboun, E
   Lathrop, M
   Gyapay, G
   Morissette, J
   Weissenbach, J
TI A comprehensive genetic map of the human genome based on 5,264 microsatellites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB The great increase in successful linkage studies in a number of higher eukaryotes during recent years has essentially resulted from major improvements in reference genetic linkage maps(1-6), which at present consist of short tandem repeat polymorphisms of simple sequences or microsatellites(7,8). We report here the last version of the Genethon human linkage map(6). This map consists of 5,264 short tandem (AC/TG)(n) repeat polymorphisms with a mean heterozygosity of 70%. The map spans a sex-averaged genetic distance of 3,699 cM and comprises 2,335 positions, of which 2,032 could be ordered with an odds ratio of at least 1,000:1 against alternative orders. The average interval size is 1.6 cM; 59% of the map is covered by intervals of 2 cM at most and 1% remains in intervals above 10 cM.
C1 GENETHON SA,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
   CNRS,URA 1922,F-91000 EVRY,FRANCE.
   HOP ST LOUIS,INSERM,U358,PARIS,FRANCE.
   CHU LAVAL,CTR RECH,QUEBEC CITY,PQ G1V 4G2,CANADA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Cite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Saint-Louis - APHP; Laval University; Laval University Hospital
NR 21
TC 2689
Z9 2866
U1 1
U2 54
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 152
EP 154
DI 10.1038/380152a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800048
PM 8600387
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Behrens, J
   vonKries, JP
   Kuhl, M
   Bruhn, L
   Wedlich, D
   Grosschedl, R
   Birchmeier, W
AF Behrens, J
   vonKries, JP
   Kuhl, M
   Bruhn, L
   Wedlich, D
   Grosschedl, R
   Birchmeier, W
TI Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-protein interactions; tcr-alpha enhancer; xenopus embryos; e-cadherin; activation domain; hmg domain; dna; armadillo; plakoglobin; drosophila
AB THE cytoplasmic proteins beta-catenin of vertebrates and armadillo of Drosophila have two functions: they link the cadherin cell-adhesion molecules to the cytoskeleton(1-4), and they participate in the wnt/wingless signalling pathway(5-7). Here we show, in a yeast two-hybrid screen, that the architectural transcription factor LEF-1 (for lymphoid enhancer-binding factor)(8-10) interacts with beta-catenin. In mammalian cells, coexpressed LEF-1 and beta-catenin form a complex that is localized to the nucleus and can be detected by immunoprecipitation, Moreover, LEF-1 and beta-catenin form a ternary complex with DNA that displays an altered DNA bend. Microinjection of LEF-1 into Xenopus embryos induces axis duplication, which is augmented by interaction with beta-catenin. Thus beta-catenin regulates gene expression by direct interaction with transcription factors such as LEF-1, providing a molecular mechanism for the transmission of signals from cell-adhesion components or ant protein to the nucleus.
C1 MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOL MED,D-13122 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   UNIV ULM,D-89081 ULM,GERMANY.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MICROBIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; Ulm University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 30
TC 2631
Z9 3060
U1 0
U2 147
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 638
EP 642
DI 10.1038/382638a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300056
PM 8757136
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Juskaitis, R
   Wilson, T
   Neil, MAA
   Kozubek, M
AF Juskaitis, R
   Wilson, T
   Neil, MAA
   Kozubek, M
TI Efficient real-time confocal microscopy with white light sources
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE main advantage of confocal microscopes over their conventional counterparts arises from their ability to optically 'section' nearly transparent materials; the thin image slices thus obtained can be used to reconstruct three-dimensional images, a capability which is particularly useful for the study of biological specimens, Confocal microscopes have previously used either a single laser-illuminated point-source and single point-detector (which are scanned in tandem across the object) or white-light illumination with multiple point-sources and detectors, Single-point-source systems, however, do not usually form images in real time and are restricted to using available laser wavelengths, Multiple-point-source systems, on the other hand, produce images in real time but use light very inefficiently-typically 1% or less is used for imaging, Here we demonstrate a white-light, multiple-point-source method which can in principle produce images in real time,vith light efficiencies as high as 50%. This system is likely to find broad practical application, particularly in the imaging of weakly reflecting or weakly fluorescent specimens.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ENGN SCI,OXFORD OX1 3PJ,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
NR 5
TC 78
Z9 98
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 804
EP 806
DI 10.1038/383804a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400057
PM 8893003
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Canfield, DE
   Teske, A
AF Canfield, DE
   Teske, A
TI Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate reduction; marine-sediments; sulfur cycle; evolution; oxidation; iron; bacteria; rates
AB The evolution of non-photosynthetic sulphide-oxidizing bacteria was contemporaneous with a large shift in the isotopic composition of biogenic sedimentary sulphides between 0.64 and 1.05 billion years ago. Both events were probably driven by a vise in atmospheric oxygen concentrations to greater than 5-18% of present levels-a change that may also have triggered the evolution of animals.
RP Canfield, DE (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST MARINE MICROBIOL, CELSIUSSTR 1, D-28359 BREMEN, GERMANY.
NR 61
TC 690
Z9 827
U1 2
U2 208
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 127
EP 132
DI 10.1038/382127a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200038
PM 11536736
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Forster, CA
   Chiappe, LM
   Krause, DW
   Sampson, SD
AF Forster, CA
   Chiappe, LM
   Krause, DW
   Sampson, SD
TI The first Cretaceous bird from Madagascar
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; mammals
AB WE report the discovery of two exquisitely preserved specimens of a new, very primitive bird from the Late Cretaceous period of Madagascar. The new taxon, Vorona berivotrensis, is provisionally placed phylogenetically in an unresolved trichotomy with Enantiornithes and a clade consisting of Patagopteryx and Ornithurae. These specimens are the first known pre-Holocene birds from Madagascar and the first avian skeletal remains from the Mesozoic era of a large portion of Gondwana.
C1 AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST, DEPT ORNITHOL, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA.
   NEW YORK INST TECHNOL, NEW YORK COLL OSTEOPATH MED, DEPT ANAT, OLD WESTBURY, NY 11568 USA.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH); New York Institute Technology
RP Forster, CA (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT ANAT SCI, STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA.
NR 21
TC 69
Z9 73
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 532
EP 534
DI 10.1038/382532a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kedar, S
   Sturtevant, B
   Kanamori, H
AF Kedar, S
   Sturtevant, B
   Kanamori, H
TI The origin of harmonic tremor at Old Faithful geyser
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fluid-driven crack; volcanic tremor; mechanism; eruption; kilauea
AB VOLCANIC eruptions are sometimes accompanied by a characteristic type of seismicity known as harmonic tremor, in which the signal is dominated by discrete vibration frequencies(1-4). This harmonic structure could reflect resonance behaviour in the excitation source(4-6) or filtering of the seismic waves as they propagate through the surrounding rocks(7-10); but complexity and variability in the properties of volcanic systems make it difficult to discriminate between such mechanisms. To address this question, we have analysed the source and propagation characteristics of seismicity at Old Faithful geyser (Yellowstone National Park), the cyclic behaviour and accessibility of which make it an ideal natural laboratory for studying harmonic tremor associated with near-surface sources, We find that sharp pressure pulses inside the water column trigger distinct seismic events that give rise to a harmonic ground response whose frequency varies spatially but not temporally. A superposition of these seismic events creates the appearance of continuous harmonic tremor. The absence of resonance within the water column suggests that the harmonic motion must arise from the interaction of the seismic waves with heterogeneities in the surrounding elastic medium-most probably a near-surface soft layer.
C1 CALTECH,GRAD AERONAUT LABS,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Kedar, S (corresponding author), CALTECH,SEISMOL LAB,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 26
TC 77
Z9 83
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 708
EP 711
DI 10.1038/379708a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, J
   Zimmerly, S
   Perlman, PS
   Lambowitz, AM
AF Yang, J
   Zimmerly, S
   Perlman, PS
   Lambowitz, AM
TI Efficient integration of an intron RNA into double-stranded DNA by reverse splicing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast mitochondria; invitro; ribozyme
AB SOME group introns are mobile elements as well as catalytic RNAs(1,2). Introns aI1 and aI2 found in the gene COX1 in yeast mitochondria encode reverse transcriptases which promote site-specific insertion of the intron into intronless alleles ('housing')(3-6). For aI2 this predominantly occurs by reverse transcription of unspliced precursor RNA st a break in double. strand DNA made by an endonuclease encoded by the intron(7). The aI2 endonuclease involves both the excised intron RNA, which cleaves the DNA's sense strand by partial reverse splicing; and the intron-encoded reverse transcriptase which cleaves the antisense strand(8). Here we show that aI1 encodes an analogous endonuclease specific for a different target site compatible with the different exon-binding sequences of the intron RNA. Over half of aI1 undergoes complete reverse splicing in vitro, thus integrating linear intron RNA directly into the DNA. This unprecedented reaction has implications for both intron mobility and evolution, and potential genetic engineering applications.
C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC GENET,COLUMBUS,OH 43210.
   OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,COLUMBUS,OH 43210.
   OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM MED,COLUMBUS,OH 43210.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University System of Ohio; Ohio State University; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 17
TC 137
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 332
EP 335
DI 10.1038/381332a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300059
PM 8692273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanyo, ZF
   Scolnick, LR
   Ash, DE
   Christianson, DW
AF Kanyo, ZF
   Scolnick, LR
   Ash, DE
   Christianson, DW
TI Structure of a unique binuclear manganese cluster in arginase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rat-liver arginase; nitric-oxide biosynthesis; hydroxy-l-arginine; intermediate; macrophages; induction; program
AB EACH individual excretes roughly 10 kg of urea per year, as a result of the hydrolysis of arginine in the final cytosolic step of the urea cycle(1). This reaction allows the disposal of nitrogenous waste from protein catabolism, and is catalysed by the liver arginase enzyme(2). In other tissues that lack a complete urea cycle, arginase regulates cellular arginine and ornithine concentrations for biosynthetic reactions(3), including nitric oxide synthesis: in the macrophage, arginase activity is reciprocally coordinated with that of NO synthase to modulate NO-dependent cytotoxicity(4-9). The bioinorganic chemistry of arginase is particularly rich because this enzyme is one of very few that specifically requires a spin-coupled Mn2+-Mn2+ cluster for catalytic activity in vitro and in vivo(10). The 2.1 Angstrom-resolution crystal structure of trimeric(11) rat liver arginase reveals that this unique metal cluster resides at the bottom of an active-site cleft that is 15 Angstrom deep. Analysis of the structure indicates that arginine hydrolysis is achieved by a metal-activated solvent molecule which symmetrically bridges the two Mn2+ ions.
C1 UNIV PENN,DEPT CHEM,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
   TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Temple University
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM067788] Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 402
Z9 453
U1 2
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 554
EP 557
DI 10.1038/383554a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500058
PM 8849731
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clouthier, DE
   Avarbock, MR
   Maika, SD
   Hammer, RE
   Brinster, RL
AF Clouthier, DE
   Avarbock, MR
   Maika, SD
   Hammer, RE
   Brinster, RL
TI Rat spermatogenesis in mouse testis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB RECENTLY, transplantation of mouse donor spermatogonial stem cells from a fertile testis to an infertile recipient mouse testis was described(1,2). The donor tells established spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the host, and normal spermatozoa were produced. In the most successful transplants, the recipient mice were fertile and sired up to 80 per cent of progeny from donor cells(2). Here we examine the feasibility of transplanting spermatogonial stem cells from other species to the mouse seminiferous tubule to generate spermatogenesis. Marked testis cells from transgenic rats sere transplanted to the testes of immunodeficient mice, and in all of 10 recipient mice (in 19 of 20 testes), rat spermatogenesis occurred. Epididymides of eight mice were examined, and the three from mice with the longest transplants (greater than or equal to 110 days) contained rat spermatozoa with normal morphology. The generation of rat spermatogenesis in mouse testes suggests that spermatogonial stem cells of many species could be transplanted, and opens the possibility of xenogeneic spermatogenesis for other species.
C1 UNIV PENN, SCH VET MED, REPROD PHYSIOL LAB, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA.
   UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT BIOCHEM, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA.
C3 University of Pennsylvania; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD036504] Funding Source: Medline
NR 22
TC 307
Z9 353
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 418
EP 421
DI 10.1038/381418a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900050
PM 8632797
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU vanSteveninck, RRD
   Laughlin, SB
AF vanSteveninck, RRD
   Laughlin, SB
TI The rate of information transfer at graded-potential synapses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID visual-system; fly; transmission; calliphora; neurons; signal; pupil
AB THERE are few estimates of the rates at which spiking neurons transmit information(1-5), and none for synapses transmitting graded signals, We have measured the rates at which blowfly (Calliphora vicina) photoreceptors transmit information through chemical synapses to large monopolar cells (LMCs), The graded responses of these non-spiking cells transmit as much as 1,650 bits per second, five times the highest rates measured in spiking neurons(3). The widespread occurrence of non-spiking neurons in sensory systems could well reflect this superior performance. Comparing transmission rates in pre- and postsynaptic cells, we estimate that each synaptic active zone transmits similar to 50 bits s(-1). This estimate assumes statistical independence of the noise generated at active zones and makes use of a detailed morphometric analysis of photoreceptor-LMC synapses(6,7). These measurements provide a benchmark for quantifying the performance of synaptic mechanisms and for understanding the limitations that synaptic transmission and spike coding place upon neural computation.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE, DEPT ZOOL, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP vanSteveninck, RRD (corresponding author), NEC RES INST, 4 INDEPENDENCE WAY, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA.
NR 23
TC 166
Z9 178
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 642
EP 645
DI 10.1038/379642a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weirich, TE
   Ramlau, R
   Simon, A
   Hovmoller, S
   Zou, XD
AF Weirich, TE
   Ramlau, R
   Simon, A
   Hovmoller, S
   Zou, XD
TI A crystal structure determined with 0.02 angstrom accuracy by electron microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ELECTRON crystallography has two important advantages over X-ray crystallography for the determination of atomic positions in crystal structures: crystallographic phases can be determined directly from images(1), and extremely small samples can be analysed, On the other hand, the strong interaction between electrons and matter gives rise to dynamical effects(2) which complicate quantitative analysis of the experimental data, This has led to a pessimistic view of the possibility of direct crystal structure determination by electron crystallography(3,4), especially for compounds containing heavy elements. The atomic structures of a few inorganic crystals, mainly oxides, have been determined from electron microscopy images(5-7), but in no case was the atomic structure refined, Here we report the complete determination of an unknown structure, for the compound Ti11Se4, by electron crystallography. These results show that crystals that are too small for single-crystal X-ray diffraction and difficult to solve by powder diffraction may nevertheless be amenable to accurate structure determination by electron crystallography.
C1 LUND UNIV,INST GEOL,S-22362 LUND,SWEDEN.
   MAX PLANCK INST FESTKORPERFORSCH,D-70506 STUTTGART,GERMANY.
   UNIV STOCKHOLM,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
C3 Lund University; Max Planck Society; Stockholm University
NR 18
TC 146
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 144
EP 146
DI 10.1038/382144a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prange, R
   Rego, D
   Southwood, D
   Zarka, P
   Miller, S
   Ip, W
AF Prange, R
   Rego, D
   Southwood, D
   Zarka, P
   Miller, S
   Ip, W
TI Rapid energy dissipation and variability of the Io-Jupiter electrodynamic circuit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID wave current system
AB THE electrodynamic interaction between Jupiter and the closest of its large moons, Io, is unique in the Solar system. Io's volcanoes eject a considerable amount of material into the inner jovian system (>1 tonne per second), much of it in the form of ions(1); the motion of Io through Jupiter's powerful magnetic field in turn generates a million-ampere current(2) between the charged near-Io environment and the planet's ionosphere. This current is presumably carried by Alfven waves(3), the electromagnetic equivalent of sound waves. Here we present far-ultraviolet observations of the atmospheric footprint of this current, which demonstrate that most of the energy is dissipated rapidly when the waves first encounter Jupiter's ionosphere; the position of the footprint varies with time, We see no evidence for the multiple ionospheric interactions that have been proposed to explain the structure of the radio emissions associated with these waves(4).
C1 UNIV PARIS 11, INST ASTROPHYS SPATIALE, CNRS, UMR 120, F-91405 ORSAY, FRANCE.
   INST ASTROPHYS PARIS, F-75014 PARIS, FRANCE.
   UNIV MICHIGAN, DEPT ATMOSPHER OCEAN & SPACE SCI, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA.
   UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI & TECHNOL, SPACE & ATMOSPHER PHYS DEPT, LONDON SW7 2BZ, ENGLAND.
   OBSERV PARIS, ARPEGES, CNRS, URA 1757, F-92195 MEUDON, FRANCE.
   UCL, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, LONDON WCE1 6BT, ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST AERON, D-37191 KATLENBURG DUHM, GERMANY.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Sorbonne Universite; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Imperial College London; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); University of London; University College London; Max Planck Society
NR 22
TC 121
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 323
EP 325
DI 10.1038/379323a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanchez, MP
   SilosSantiago, I
   Frisen, J
   He, B
   Lira, SA
   Barbacid, M
AF Sanchez, MP
   SilosSantiago, I
   Frisen, J
   He, B
   Lira, SA
   Barbacid, M
TI Renal agenesis and the absence of enteric neurons in mice lacking GDNF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lethality
AB GLIAL-CELL-LINE-DERIVED neurotrophic factor (GDNF)(1) is a potent survival factor for dopaminergic neurons and motor neurons in culture(1,2). It also protects these neurons from degeneration in vitro(3-9), and improves symptoms like Parkinson's disease induced pharmacologically in rodents(10) and monkeys(11), Thus GDNF might have beneficial effects in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, To examine the physiological role of GDNF in the development of the mammalian nervous system, we have generated mice defective in GDNF expression by using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to delete each of its two coding exons(1), GDNF-null mice, regardless of their targeted mutation, display complete renal agenesis owing to lack of induction of the ureteric bud, an early step in kidney development, These mice also have no enteric neurons, which probably explains the observed pyloric stenosis and dilation of their duodenum, However, ablation of the GDNF gene does not affect the differentiation and survival of dopaminergic neurons, at least during embryonic development.
C1 BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,DEPT MOLEC ONCOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08543.
   BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,TRANSGEN UNIT,PRINCETON,NJ 08543.
C3 Bristol-Myers Squibb; Bristol-Myers Squibb
NR 26
TC 1020
Z9 1137
U1 0
U2 43
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 70
EP 73
DI 10.1038/382070a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300055
PM 8657306
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lazarovits, AI
   Poppema, S
   Zhang, Z
   Khandaker, M
   LeFeuvre, CE
   Singhal, SK
   Garcia, BM
   Ogasa, N
   Jevnikar, AM
   White, MJ
   Singh, G
   Stiller, CR
   Zhong, RZ
AF Lazarovits, AI
   Poppema, S
   Zhang, Z
   Khandaker, M
   LeFeuvre, CE
   Singhal, SK
   Garcia, BM
   Ogasa, N
   Jevnikar, AM
   White, MJ
   Singh, G
   Stiller, CR
   Zhong, RZ
TI Prevention and reversal of renal allograft rejection by antibody against CD45RB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB REJECTION continues to be the single largest impediment to successful organ transplantation(1). Antilymphocyte globulin, which contains antibodies that react with the leukocyte common antigen known as CD45 (refs 2-6), has proved to be one of the most effective agents for preventing rejection. We have shown earlier that a monoclonal antibody directed against the RB isoform of CD45 substantially inhibits the alloreactivity of human CD4(+) lymphocytes in vitro(7). Here we investigate whether CD45RB could be an appropriate target for preventing renal allograft rejection in mice. Mice treated with two injections of a monoclonal antibody (MB23G2) (ref. 8) raised against CD45RB protein all survived and had normal renal function. Furthermore, this antibody reversed acute rejection when therapy was delayed until day 4, and the mice survived for their natural lifespan. The immunosuppression achieved may find application in the prevention and treatment of transplant rejection in man.
C1 UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,FAC MED,DEPT MED,LONDON,ON N6A 5A5,CANADA.
   UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,FAC MED,DEPT SURG,LONDON,ON N6A 5A5,CANADA.
   UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,FAC MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,LONDON,ON N6A 5A5,CANADA.
   UNIV WESTERN ONTARIO,FAC MED,DEPT PATHOL,LONDON,ON N6A 5A5,CANADA.
   UNIV GRONINGEN,DEPT PATHOL,9713 EZ GRONINGEN,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Western University (University of Western Ontario); Western University (University of Western Ontario); Western University (University of Western Ontario); Western University (University of Western Ontario); University of Groningen
RP Lazarovits, AI (corresponding author), JOHN P ROBARTS RES INST,LONDON HLTH SCI CTR,MULTIORGAN TRANSPLANT SERV,UNIV CAMPUS,LONDON,ON N6A 5A5,CANADA.
NR 15
TC 138
Z9 157
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 717
EP 720
DI 10.1038/380717a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700053
PM 8614467
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Olshausen, BA
   Field, DJ
AF Olshausen, BA
   Field, DJ
TI Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cortex
AB THE receptive fields of simple cells in mammalian primary visual cortex can be characterized as being spatially localized, oriented(1-4) and bandpass (selective to structure at different spatial scales), comparable to the basis functions of wavelet transforms(5,6), One approach to understanding such response properties of visual neurons has been to consider their relationship to the statistical structure of natural images in terms of efficient coding(7-12), Along these lines, a number of studies have attempted to train unsupervised learning algorithms on natural images in the hope of developing receptive fields with similar properties(13-18), but none has succeeded in producing a full set that spans the image space and contains all three of the above properties. Here we investigate the proposal(8,12) that a coding strategy that maximizes sparseness is sufficient to account for these properties, We show that a learning algorithm that attempts to find sparse linear codes for natural scenes will develop a complete family of localized, oriented, bandpass receptive fields, similar to those found in the primary visual cortex, The resulting sparse image code provides a more efficient representation for later stages of processing because it possesses a higher degree of statistical independence among its outputs.
C1 CORNELL UNIV, DEPT PSYCHOL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS, CTR NEUROSCI, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA.
C3 Cornell University; University of California System; University of California Davis
NR 30
TC 3913
Z9 4742
U1 11
U2 421
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 607
EP 609
DI 10.1038/381607a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700051
PM 8637596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Burbank, DW
   Leland, J
   Fielding, E
   Anderson, RS
   Brozovic, N
   Reid, MR
   Duncan, C
AF Burbank, DW
   Leland, J
   Fielding, E
   Anderson, RS
   Brozovic, N
   Reid, MR
   Duncan, C
TI Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cosmogenic nuclides; pakistan
AB The topography of tectonically active mountain ranges reflects a poorly understood competition between bedrock uplift and erosion. Dating of abandoned river-cut surfaces in the northwestern Himalayas reveals that the Indus river incises through the bedrock at extremely high rates (2-12 mm yr(-1)). in the surrounding mountains, the average angles of hillslopes are steep and essentially independent of erosion rate, suggesting control by a common threshold process. In this rapidly deforming region, an equilibrium is maintained between bedrock uplift and river incision, with landsliding allowing hillslopes to adjust efficiently to rapid river down-cutting.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,DEPT EARTH SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST TECTON,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.
   UNIV CORDOBA,DEPT GEOL SCI,INST STUDY CONTINENTS,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz; University of California System; University of California Santa Cruz
RP Burbank, DW (corresponding author), UNIV SO CALIF,DEPT EARTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90089, USA.
NR 34
TC 966
Z9 1106
U1 3
U2 190
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 505
EP 510
DI 10.1038/379505a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metherall, P
   Barber, DC
   Smallwood, RH
   Brown, BH
AF Metherall, P
   Barber, DC
   Smallwood, RH
   Brown, BH
TI Three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID applied potential tomography
AB THE electrical resistivity of mammalian tissues varies widely(1-5) and is correlated with physiological function(6-8). Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be used to probe such variations in vivo, and offers a non-invasive means of imaging the internal conductivity distribution of the human body(9-11). But the computational complexity of EIT has severe practical limitations, and previous work has been restricted to considering image reconstruction as an essentially two-dimensional problem(10,12). This simplification can limit significantly the imaging capabilities of EIT, as the electric currents used to determine the conductivity variations will not in general be confined to a two-dimensional plane(13), A few studies have attempted three-dimensional EIT image reconstruction(14,15), but have not yet succeeded in generating images of a quality suitable for clinical applications. Here we report the development of a three-dimensional EIT system with greatly improved imaging capabilities, which combines our 64-electrode data-collection apparatus(16) with customized matrix inversion techniques. Our results demonstrate the practical potential of EIT for clinical applications, such as lung or brain imaging and diagnostic screenings.
RP Metherall, P (corresponding author), UNIV SHEFFIELD, ROYAL HALLAMSHIRE HOSP, DEPT MED PHYS & CLIN ENGN, GLOSSUP RD, SHEFFIELD S10 2JF, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
NR 24
TC 348
Z9 399
U1 2
U2 81
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 509
EP 512
DI 10.1038/380509a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300043
PM 8606768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Santer, BD
   Taylor, KE
   Wigley, TML
   Johns, TC
   Jones, PD
   Karoly, DJ
   Mitchell, JFB
   Oort, AH
   Penner, JE
   Ramaswamy, V
   Schwarzkopf, MD
   Stouffer, RJ
   Tett, S
AF Santer, BD
   Taylor, KE
   Wigley, TML
   Johns, TC
   Jones, PD
   Karoly, DJ
   Mitchell, JFB
   Oort, AH
   Penner, JE
   Ramaswamy, V
   Schwarzkopf, MD
   Stouffer, RJ
   Tett, S
TI A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hemisphere temperature trends; carbon-dioxide; climate change; greenhouse; model; gases; co2
AB The observed spatial patterns of temperature change in the free atmosphere from 1963 to 1987 are similar to those predicted by state-of-the-art climate models incorporating various combinations of changes in carbon dioxide, anthropogenic sulphate aerosol and stratospheric ozone concentrations. The degree of pattern similarity between models and observations increases through this period. It is likely that this trend is partially due to human activities, although many uncertainties remain, particularly relating to estimates of natural variability.
C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, DIV ATMOSPHER SCI, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA.
   NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES, BOULDER, CO 80307 USA.
   METEOROL OFF, HADLEY CTR CLIMATE PREDICT & RES, BRACKNELL RG12 2SY, BERKS, ENGLAND.
   UNIV E ANGLIA, CLIMAT RES UNIT, NORWICH NR4 7TJ, NORFOLK, ENGLAND.
   MONASH UNIV, COOPERAT RES CTR SO HEMISPHERE METEOROL, CLAYTON, VIC 3168, AUSTRALIA.
   PRINCETON UNIV, NOAA, GEOPHYS FLUID DYNAM LAB, PRINCETON, NJ 08542 USA.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - USA; Met Office - UK; Hadley Centre; University of East Anglia; Monash University; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; Princeton University
RP Santer, BD (corresponding author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, PROGRAM CLIMATE MODEL DIAG & INTERCOMPARISON, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA.
NR 59
TC 384
Z9 435
U1 2
U2 105
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 39
EP 46
DI 10.1038/382039a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Siemann, E
   Tilman, D
   Haarstad, J
AF Siemann, E
   Tilman, D
   Haarstad, J
TI Insect species diversity, abundance and body size relationships
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID population-dynamics; patterns; number; length
AB BIOLOGICAL diversity, population size and body size are interdependent(1-8), but there is little consensus on the nature or causes of these relations. Here we analyse the most thoroughly sampled ecological community to date, a grassland insect community sample containing 89,596 individuals of 1,167 species. Each taxonomic order had a distinct body size at which both species richness and number of individuals were highest, but these peak sizes varied more than 100-fold among five major orders, These results suggest that there may be fewer undiscovered small insect species than previously thought. Moreover, we found a surprisingly strong, simple, but unreported, relation between species richness (S) and the number of individuals (I) within size classes, S =I-0.5. Because this held across numerous body types and a 100,000-fold body-size range, there may be a general rule that is independent of body size for the relations among interspecific resource division, abundance and diversity.
RP Siemann, E (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA.
NR 31
TC 179
Z9 201
U1 1
U2 76
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 704
EP 706
DI 10.1038/380704a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amir, S
   Stewart, J
AF Amir, S
   Stewart, J
TI Resetting of the circadian clock by a conditioned stimulus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral geniculate-nucleus; phase response curves; suprachiasmatic nucleus; gene-expression; syrian-hamster; c-fos; rat; rhythms; immunoreactivity; projections
AB ENVIRONMENTAL, light is the dominant temporal cue for the entrainment of circadian rhythms. In mammals, light entrains circadian rhythms by daily resetting a pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)(1,2). Although it is widely held that phase resetting by light involves cellular elements within the SCN that are uniquely responsive to photic cues(1,3), we now report that non-photic cues that reliably precede the onset of light can, through associative learning, come to activate these elements. In rats, a neutral non-photic stimulus paired with light in pavlovian conditioning trials was capable of eliciting cellular and behavioural effects characteristic of phase-dependent resetting of the pacemaker by light, the expression of the transcription factor Fos in SCN cells, and phase shifts in free-running activity and temperature rhythms(4-7). Thus an associative learning process, pavlovian conditioning, provides a means whereby environmental cues that predict light onset can come to mimic the effect of light on the SCN pacemaker and thereby bring about entrainment of circadian rhythms.
RP Amir, S (corresponding author), CONCORDIA UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,CTR STUDIES BEHAV NEUROBIOL,1455 MAISONNEUVE BLVD,MONTREAL,PQ H3G 1M8,CANADA.
NR 29
TC 74
Z9 80
U1 2
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 542
EP 545
DI 10.1038/379542a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300051
PM 8596633
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goedert, M
   Jakes, R
   Spillantini, MG
   Hasegawa, M
   Smith, MJ
   Crowther, RA
AF Goedert, M
   Jakes, R
   Spillantini, MG
   Hasegawa, M
   Smith, MJ
   Crowther, RA
TI Assembly of microtubule-associated protein tau into Alzheimer-like filaments induced by sulphated glycosaminoglycans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID paired helical filaments; neurofibrillary tangles; heparan-sulfate; amyloid protein; disease brain; phosphorylation; isoforms; binding; identification; cytoskeleton
AB THE paired helical filament (PHF) is the major component of the neurofibrillary deposits that form a defining neuropathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (reviewed in refs 1,2). PHFs are composed of microtubule-associated protein fan, in a hyperphosphorylated state(3-8). Hyperphosphorylation of tau results in its inability to bind to microtubules(9,10) and is believed to precede PHF assembly(11). However, it is unclear whether hyperphosphorylation of tau is either necessary or sufficient for PHF formation. Here we show that non-phosphorylated recombinant tau isoforms with three microtubule-binding repeats form paired helical-like filaments under physiological conditions in vitro, when incubated with sulphated glycosaminoglycans such as heparin or heparan sulphate. Furthermore, heparin prevents tau from binding to microtubules and promotes microtubule disassembly. Finally, we show that heparan sulphate and hyperphosphorylated Lau coexist in nerve cells of the Alzheimer's disease brain at the earliest known stages of neurofibrillary pathology. These findings, with previous studies which show that heparin stimulates tau phosphorylation by a number of protein kinases(12-14), indicate that sulphated glycosaminoglycans may be a key factor in the formation of the neurofibrillary lesions of Alzheimer's disease.
RP Goedert, M (corresponding author), MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,HILLS RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
NR 33
TC 929
Z9 1046
U1 1
U2 61
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 550
EP 553
DI 10.1038/383550a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500057
PM 8849730
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Matteucci, MD
   Wagner, RW
AF Matteucci, MD
   Wagner, RW
TI In pursuit of antisense
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adhesion molecule-1 expression; phosphorothioate oligonucleotides; therapeutic agents; gene inhibition; nucleic-acids; oligodeoxynucleotides; rna; binding; oligodeoxyribonucleotide; pharmacokinetics
RP Matteucci, MD (corresponding author), GILEAD SCI INC,353 LAKESIDE DR,FOSTER CITY,CA 94404, USA.
NR 53
TC 103
Z9 113
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 20
EP 22
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR392
UT WOS:A1996VR39200007
PM 8895596
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Busettini, C
   Masson, GS
   Miles, FA
AF Busettini, C
   Masson, GS
   Miles, FA
TI A role for stereoscopic depth cues in the rapid visual stabilization of the eyes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocular-following responses; dependence
AB PRIMATES have visual tracking systems that help stabilize the eyes on the surroundings by responding to retinal image motion at ultra-short latencies(1,2). However, as the observer moves through the environment, the image motion on the retina depends on the three-dimensional structure of the scene(3,4). We report here that the very earliest of these tracking responses is elicited only by objects moving in the immediate vicinity of the plane of fixation: objects nearer or farther are ignored. This selectivity is achieved by means of a stereoscopic depth mechanism which uses the fact that the two eyes have differing viewpoints, so only objects in the plane of fixation have images that occupy corresponding positions on the two retinae. Such behaviour is readily explained by the known binocular properties of some motion-selective neurons in the visual cortex(5). Some (stereoanomalous) subjects showed highly specific tracking deficits as though lacking one subtype of these neurons.
C1 NEI,SENSORIMOTOR RES LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI)
NR 11
TC 49
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 342
EP 345
DI 10.1038/380342a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900059
PM 8598928
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eberhart, CG
   Maines, JZ
   Wasserman, SA
AF Eberhart, CG
   Maines, JZ
   Wasserman, SA
TI Meiotic cell cycle requirement for a fly homologue of human Deleted in Azoospermia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cdc25 homolog; drosophila; spermatogenesis; twine; gene
AB INFERTILITY resulting from a severe defect in sperm production affects 2% of men worldwide(1,2). Of these men with azoospermia, the absence of sperm in semen, one in eight carry de novo deletions for a specific region of the Y chromosome(3-5). A candidate gene for the Y-chromosome azoospermia factor (AZF) has been identified and named Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ)(5). Here we describe the cloning and characterization of the Drosophila gene boule, which is a homologue of DAZ. The two genes encode closely related proteins that contain a predicted RNA-binding motif, and both loci are expressed exclusively in the testis. Loss of bottle function results in azoospermia; meiotic divisions are blocked, although limited spermatid differentiation occurs. Histological examination of boule testes with cell-cycle markers indicates that the primary defect is at the meiotic G2/M transition. These results support the hypothesis that DAZ is the human AZF, and indicate that Boule and DAZ have an essential meiotic function in fly and human spermatogenesis.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 30
TC 353
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 783
EP 785
DI 10.1038/381783a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600059
PM 8657280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harder, H
   Christensen, UR
AF Harder, H
   Christensen, UR
TI A one-plume model of martian mantle convection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tharsis region; mars; gravity; planets
AB FOR at least the past two billion years, volcanism on Mars has been restricted to the Tharsis region(1). In addition; most tectonic activity on Mars(2), together with the long-wavelength topography and the non-hydrostatic gravity field(3), are strongly correlated with Tharsis, implying a close connection with deep mantle processes. These observations have motivated suggestions(4) that the thermal convection in the martian mantle is very different from that in the Earth's mantle, being dominated by a single large upwelling under Tharsis. Two-dimensional convection modelling has shown that the presence of an endothermic phase boundary in the lowermost mantle of a planet has a strong influence on convection, suppressing all but one or two upwellings(5). Recent experiments(6) indicate that such a boundary may indeed exist on Mars. Here we investigate the convective evolution of the martian mantle using a three-dimensional model which incorporates an endothermic phase transition close to the core-mantle boundary. We find that a single-plume pattern of convection gradually develops, and we show that this is consistent with the distribution of volcanism, the shape of the gravity field, and the gross tectonic stress pattern of Mars.
RP Harder, H (corresponding author), UNIV GOTTINGEN,INST GEOPHYS,HERZBERGER LANDSTR 180,D-37075 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
NR 21
TC 171
Z9 185
U1 1
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 507
EP 509
DI 10.1038/380507a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Funabiki, H
   Yamano, H
   Kumada, K
   Nagao, K
   Hunt, T
   Yanagida, M
AF Funabiki, H
   Yamano, H
   Kumada, K
   Nagao, K
   Hunt, T
   Yanagida, M
TI Cut2 proteolysis required for sister-chromatid separation in fission yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maturation-promoting factor; cell-division cycle; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; budding yeast; mutants; mitosis; kinase; gene; degradation
AB ALTHOUGH mitotic cyclins are well-known substrates for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis at the metaphase-anaphase transition(1-4), their degradation is not essential for separation of sister chromatids(5-8); several lines of evidence suggest that proteolysis of other protein(s) is required, however(4,6,9-11). Here we report the anaphase-specific proteolysis of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cut2 protein, which is essential for sister-chromatid separation(12,13). Cut2 is located in the nucleus, where it is concentrated along the short metaphase spindle. The rapid degradation of Cut2 at anaphase requires its amino-terminal region and the activity of Cut9 (ref. 14), a component of the 20S cyclosome/anaphase-promoting complex (APC), which is necessary for cyclin destruction(3,4,11). Expression of non-degradable Cut2 blocks sister-chromatid separation but not cell-cycle progression. This defect can be overcome by grafting the N terminus of cyclin B onto the truncated Cut2, demonstrating that the regulated proteolysis of Cut2 is essential for sister-chromatid separation.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT BIOPHYS,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
   IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,CLARE HALL LABS,S MIMMS EN6 3LD,HERTS,ENGLAND.
C3 Kyoto University
NR 27
TC 414
Z9 452
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 438
EP 441
DI 10.1038/381438a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900055
PM 8632802
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU NobenTrauth, K
   Naggert, JK
   North, MA
   Nishina, PM
AF NobenTrauth, K
   Naggert, JK
   North, MA
   Nishina, PM
TI A candidate gene for the mouse mutation tubby
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphodiesterase
AB A MUTATION in the tub gene causes maturity-onset obesity, insulin resistance(1), and sensory (d)eficits(2,3). In contrast to the rapid juvenile-onset weight gain seen in diabetes (db) and obese (ob) mice, obesity in tubby mice develops gradually, and strongly resembles the late-onset obesity seen in the human population. Excessive deposition of adipose tissue eventually leads to a twofold increase of body weight. Tubby mice also suffer retinal degeneration and neurosensory hearing loss(2,3). The tripartite character of the tubby phenotype shows striking similarity to human obesity syndromes, such as Alstrom(4) and Bardet-Biedl(5). Here we report the identification of a G --> T transversion in a candidate gene that abolishes a donor splice site in the 3' coding region and results in a larger transcript containing the unspliced intron. This alteration is predicted to replate the 44-carboxy-terminal amino acids with a 20-amino-acid sequence not found in the wild-type protein. Additionally, a second, prematurely truncated transcript with the unspliced intron is observed in testis messenger RNA and a 2-3-fold increase in brain mRNA is observed in tubby mice compared to B6. The phenotypic features of tubby mice may be the result of cellular apoptosis triggered by expression of the mutated tub gene.
C1 JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609.
   SEQUANA THERAPEUT INC,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Jackson Laboratory
NR 20
TC 281
Z9 309
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 534
EP 538
DI 10.1038/380534a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300052
PM 8606774
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanson, B
   White, P
   Vincent, JP
AF Sanson, B
   White, P
   Vincent, JP
TI Uncoupling cadherin-based adhesion from wingless signalling in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID polarity gene armadillo; cell-adhesion; cytoplasmic domain; beta-catenin; protein; complex; induction; molecule; homolog; region
AB THE Wnt genes encode secreted glycoproteins used in intercellular communication at multiple steps during development. Signalling by Wingless, the Drosophila Wnt-1 homologue, requires the activity of Armadillo(1,2), the homologue of vertebrate beta-catenin(3), which is a component of the cadherin/catenin complex at adherens junctions(4,5). The genetic link between wingless and armadillo suggests that cell fate specification and cell-cell adhesion might be controlled concurrently. For instance, in one extreme view, Wingless could specify cell fate entirely by modulating cell adhesion. Alternatively, it might signal independently of adherens junctions. To distinguish between these alternatives, we have expressed two polypeptides that have opposite effects on cadherin-dependent adhesion: full-length Drosophila E-cadherin and a dominant-negative truncated form. We found that overexpression of either construct mimics wingless phenotypes, thereby uncoupling changes in adhesion from signalling effects. We demonstrate that both constructs titrate Armadillo from a 'signalling' pool which is functionally distinct from the junctional pool.
C1 MRC,MOL BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 30
TC 319
Z9 355
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 627
EP 630
DI 10.1038/383627a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500055
PM 8857539
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Madhupratap, M
   Kumar, SP
   Bhattathiri, PMA
   Kumar, MD
   Raghukumar, S
   Nair, KKC
   Ramaiah, N
AF Madhupratap, M
   Kumar, SP
   Bhattathiri, PMA
   Kumar, MD
   Raghukumar, S
   Nair, KKC
   Ramaiah, N
TI Mechanism of the biological response to winter cooling in the northeastern Arabian Sea
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ocean; north; bloom; phytoplankton
AB THE Arabian Sea is one of the most biologically productive ocean regions', mainly due to the upwelling of nutrients during the summer (southwest) monsoon. But the northern Arabian Sea continues to sustain fairly high biological production after the upwelling season and during much of the winter (northeast) monsoon(2-4). The processes that enable this high winter productivity have hitherto been poorly understood, being variously attributed to surface cooling effects(2,3) or wind-driven changes in ocean circulation(4). Here we present physical, chemical and biological data that indicate that sea surface cooling drives convection processes that lead to the injection of nutrients up into the surface waters of the northeastern Arabian Sea during winter, and that this mechanism of nutrient supply is a dominant control on winter productivity. Observed seasonal changes in bacterial and microzooplankton populations may provide an explanation for the Arabian Sea 'paradox'(5-8) that mesozooplankton biomass remains more or less invariable throughout the year.
C1 NIO,REG CTR,COCHIN 682018,KERALA,INDIA.
RP Madhupratap, M (corresponding author), NATL INST OCEANOG,PANAJI 403004,GOA,INDIA.
NR 23
TC 627
Z9 652
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 549
EP 552
DI 10.1038/384549a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nyberg, L
   McIntosh, AR
   Houle, S
   Nilsson, LG
   Tulving, E
AF Nyberg, L
   McIntosh, AR
   Houle, S
   Nilsson, LG
   Tulving, E
TI Activation of medial temporal structures during episodic memory retrieval
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampus; amnesia
AB MEDIAL temporal lobe structures have been implicated in human episodic memory. Patients with medial temporal lesions show memory deficits(1-3), and functional neuroimaging studies have revealed activation in this region during episodic encoding and retrieval when data are averaged over a sample of subjects(4-7). The relevance of such observations for memory performance has remained unclear, however. Here we have used positron emission tomography (PET) to examine cerebral blood how related to verbal episodic retrieval. We observed strong positive correlations between retrieval and blood flow in left medial temporal structures in individual normal human subjects. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that regions in the left medial temporal lobe were dominant components of a pattern of brain regions that distinguished a high-retrieval condition from conditions of lower retrieval. These results suggest that medial temporal activity is related to retrieval success rather than retrieval attempt, possibly by reflecting reactivation of stored patterns.
C1 UMEA UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,S-90187 UMEA,SWEDEN.
   CLARKE INST PSYCHIAT,PET CTR,TORONTO,ON M5T 1R8,CANADA.
   UNIV STOCKHOLM,DEPT PSYCHOL,S-10691 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
C3 Umea University; University of Toronto; Centre for Addiction & Mental Health - Canada; Stockholm University
RP Nyberg, L (corresponding author), BAYCREST CTR GERIATR CARE,ROTMAN RES INST,3560 BATHURST ST,N YORK,ON M6A 2E1,CANADA.
NR 25
TC 317
Z9 360
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 715
EP 717
DI 10.1038/380715a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700052
PM 8614466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brakefield, PM
   Gates, J
   Keys, D
   Kesbeke, F
   Wijngaarden, PJ
   Monteiro, A
   French, V
   Carroll, SB
AF Brakefield, PM
   Gates, J
   Keys, D
   Kesbeke, F
   Wijngaarden, PJ
   Monteiro, A
   French, V
   Carroll, SB
TI Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western white butterfly; precis-coenia lepidoptera; reaction norms; seasonal polyphenism; quantitative character; phenotypic plasticity; bicyclus butterfly; wing patterns; genetics; number
AB The developmental and genetic bases for the formation, plasticity and diversity of eyespot patterns in butterflies are examined. Eyespot pattern mutants, regulatory gene expression, and transplants of the eyespot developmental organizer demonstrate that eyespot position, number, size and colour are determined progressively in a developmental pathway largely uncoupled from those regulating other wing-pattern elements and body structures. Species comparisons and selection experiments suggest that the evolution of eyespot patterns can occur rapidly through modulation of different stages of this pathway, and requires only single, of very few, changes in regulatory genes.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, MADISON, WI 53706 USA.
   UNIV WISCONSIN, MOL BIOL LAB, MADISON, WI 53706 USA.
   UNIV EDINBURGH, INST CELL ANIM & POPULAT BIOL, EDINBURGH EH9 3JT, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Edinburgh
RP Brakefield, PM (corresponding author), LEIDEN UNIV, INST EVOLUTIONARY & ECOL SCI, KAISERSTR 63, POSTBUS 9516, NL-2300 RA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS.
NR 34
TC 390
Z9 437
U1 0
U2 163
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 236
EP 242
DI 10.1038/384236a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100042
PM 12809139
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alam, SM
   Travers, PJ
   Wung, JL
   Nasholds, W
   Redpath, S
   Jameson, SC
   Gascoigne, NRJ
AF Alam, SM
   Travers, PJ
   Wung, JL
   Nasholds, W
   Redpath, S
   Jameson, SC
   Gascoigne, NRJ
TI T-cell-receptor affinity and thymocyte positive selection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecule
AB DEVELOPMENT Of thymocytes involves two distinct outcomes resulting from superficially similar events, Recognition by thymocytes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins plus peptide leads to their rescue from apoptosis (positive selection), and recognition of antigenic peptide induces cell death (negative selection)(1), Antigen analogues(1-3), and sometimes low concentrations of antigenic peptide(4,5), induce positive selection; such analogues are often antagonists of mature T-cell clones(1-3,6) Various models seek to explain how recognition of different peptide/MHC complexes leads to such different outcomes(1,7-10): quantitative models relate response to the affinity, avidity or kinetics of T cell-antigen receptor (TCR) binding, whereas qualitative models require conformational or spatial changes in the TCR or associated molecules to modulate signal transduction(7,9). We have used surface plasmon resonance(11) to measure the kinetics of TCR interactions with positively and negatively selecting ligands to distinguish between these models, and find that affinity correlates to the outcome of selection. A 'window' of affinity resulting in positive selection extends over a 1-log range starting threefold below the affinity for negative selection.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, RES INST, DEPT IMMUNOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL, DEPT CRYSTALLOG, LONDON WC1E 7HX, ENGLAND.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, SCH MED, DEPT LAB MED & PATHOL, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; University of London; Birkbeck University London; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
NR 29
TC 538
Z9 628
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 616
EP 620
DI 10.1038/381616a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700054
PM 8637599
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Garboczi, DN
   Ghosh, P
   Utz, U
   Fan, QR
   Biddison, WE
   Wiley, DC
AF Garboczi, DN
   Ghosh, P
   Utz, U
   Fan, QR
   Biddison, WE
   Wiley, DC
TI Structure of the complex between human T-cell receptor, viral peptide and HLA-A2
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID antigen-binding site; 3-dimensional structure; crystal-structure; mhc complexes; class-i; histocompatibility antigen; recognition; lymphocytes; molecules; antibody
AB Recognition by a T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) of peptide complexed with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule occurs through variable loops in the TCR structure which bury almost all the available peptide and a much larger area of the MHC molecule. The TCR fits diagonally across the MHC peptide-binding site in a surface feature common to all class I and class II MHC molecules, providing evidence that the nature of binding is general, A broadly applicable binding mode has implications for the mechanism of repertoire selection and the magnitude of alloreactions.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   INST RECH CLIN MONTREAL, IMMUNOL LAB, MONTREAL, PQ H2W 1R7, CANADA.
   NINCDS, MOL IMMUNOL SECT, NEUROIMMUNOL BRANCH, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montreal (IRCM); Universite de Montreal; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
NR 53
TC 921
Z9 1105
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 134
EP 141
DI 10.1038/384134a0
PG 8
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600056
PM 8906788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Galaktionov, K
   Chen, XC
   Beach, D
AF Galaktionov, K
   Chen, XC
   Beach, D
TI Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dna-binding; ornithine decarboxylase; signal-transduction; induced apoptosis; max; protein; transformation; activation; expression; oncogenes
AB The product of the proto-oncogene c-myc, in partnership with Max, forms a transcription factor that can promote either oncogenic transformation or apoptosis. The Myc/Max heterodimer binds to elements in the cdc25A gene and activates transcription. Like myc, cdc25A, itself a proto-oncogene, can induce apoptosis in cells depleted of growth factor, and Myc-induced apoptosis also requires cdc25A. These findings indicate that cdc25A is a physiologically relevant transcriptional target of c-myc.
C1 COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, COLD SPRING HARBOR, NY 11724 USA.
C3 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 50
TC 651
Z9 728
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 511
EP 517
DI 10.1038/382511a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800041
PM 8700224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, H
   Kuperman, A
   Coombs, N
   MamicheAfara, S
   Ozin, GA
AF Yang, H
   Kuperman, A
   Coombs, N
   MamicheAfara, S
   Ozin, GA
TI Synthesis of oriented films of mesoporous silica on mica
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB POROUS inorganic solids find,vide application in, for example, catalysis and separation technologies. One of the most promising routes to such materials exploits cooperative interactions between a supramolecular organic template and inorganic precursor molecules to create an ordered porous solid(1-7). This general approach offers considerable flexibility, and has led to materials with a wide range of bulk morphologies and controlled pore diameters spanning several orders of magnitude(8-10). From a technological point of view, the preparation of such materials in the form of mesoporous thin films is desirable, but attempts to achieve this aim have been largely unsuccessful, resulting in disordered materials(11), Here we report the synthesis of thin (similar to 0.2-1.0 mu m) ordered films of mesoporous silica on freshly cleaved mica substrates. The films are stable on removal from the substrate. We propose a model to explain the formation of these films, in which the surface structure and reactivity of the mica substrate controls the orientation of the micellar precursor species, which in turn imposes order on the resulting solid film.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,LASH MILLER CHEM LABS,MAT CHEM RES GRP,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A1,CANADA.
   IMAGETEK ANALYT IMAGING,TORONTO,ON M6J 2K4,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
NR 14
TC 676
Z9 749
U1 1
U2 177
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 703
EP 705
DI 10.1038/379703a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ward, M
AF Ward, M
TI Tough competition in Europe
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 0
Z9 0
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 742
EP 744
DI 10.1038/383742a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800062
PM 8878490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ackerman, AS
   Toon, OB
AF Ackerman, AS
   Toon, OB
TI Unrealistic desiccation of marine stratocumulus clouds by enhanced solar absorption
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mixed layer model; aircraft observations; diurnal-variation; albedo; water
AB THE absorption of solar radiation by clouds affects the distribution of heat that drives atmospheric and ocean circulations. Many investigators have measured cloud solar absorption values exceeding theoretical estimates, although the discrepancies have been. regarded as inconclusive(1). But more recent measurements indicate that clouds absorb up to three times as much solar energy than conventional theory predicts(2,3). Marine stratocumulus clouds are particularly sensitive to solar absorption because marine boundary-layer mixing is typically driven by cloud radiative processes. Here we present model simulations of a stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer, incorporating different levels of solar absorption. With conventional absorption, the simulations reproduce observed cloud behaviour. But those with artificially enhanced absorption result in an unrealistic daytime depletion of cloud water, because a reduction in cloud radiative cooling results in decreased boundary-layer mixing. Moreover, we show that it is unlikely that liquid water or any plausible dissolved material can absorb the energy required by the recent measurements of solar absorption. Our results therefore indicate that either enhanced solar absorption occurs only in clouds other than marine stratocumulus, or the enhancement of cloud solar absorption indicated hy recent measurements(2,3) is overestimated.
RP Ackerman, AS (corresponding author), NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035, USA.
NR 27
TC 13
Z9 15
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 512
EP 515
DI 10.1038/380512a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fink, GR
   Halligan, PW
   Marshall, JC
   Frith, CD
   Frackowiak, RSJ
   Dolan, RJ
AF Fink, GR
   Halligan, PW
   Marshall, JC
   Frith, CD
   Frackowiak, RSJ
   Dolan, RJ
TI Where in the brain does visual attention select the forest and the trees?
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID humans; cortex; areas; organization; stimuli; v2
AB THE perceptual world is organized hierarchically: the forest consists of trees, which in turn have leaves, Visual attention can emphasize the overall picture (global form) or the focal details of a scene (local components)(1). Neuropsychological studies have indicated that the left hemisphere is biased towards local and the right towards global processing, The underlying attentional and perceptual mechanisms are maximally impaired by unilateral lesions to the temporal and parietal cortex(2,3). We measured brain activity of normal subjects during two experiments using 'hierarchically' organized figures, In a directed attention task, early visual processing (prestriate) areas were activated: attention to the global aspect of the figures activated the right lingual gyrus whereas locally directed attention activated the left inferior occipital cortex. In a subsequent divided attention task, the number of target switches from local to global (and vice versa) covaried with temporal-parietal activation, The findings provide direct evidence for hemispheric specialization in global and local perception; furthermore, they indicate that temporal-parietal areas exert attentional control over the neural transformations occurring in prestriate cortex.
C1 INST NEUROL,WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL,LONDON WC1N 3BG,ENGLAND.
   RIVERMEAD REHABIL CTR,OXFORD OX1 4XD,ENGLAND.
   RADCLIFFE INFIRM,UNIV DEPT CLIN NEUROL,NEUROPSYCHOL UNIT,OXFORD OX2 6HE,ENGLAND.
   ROYAL FREE HOSP,SCH MED,LONDON NW3 2PF,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; Radcliffe Infirmary; University of Oxford; University of London; University College London; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; UCL Medical School
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 19
TC 527
Z9 569
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 626
EP 628
DI 10.1038/382626a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300052
PM 8757132
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kim, J
   Sebring, A
   Esch, JJ
   Kraus, ME
   Vorwerk, K
   Magee, J
   Carroll, SB
AF Kim, J
   Sebring, A
   Esch, JJ
   Kraus, ME
   Vorwerk, K
   Magee, J
   Carroll, SB
TI Integration of positional signals and regulation of wing formation and identity by Drosophila vestigial gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hedgehog; encodes; cells; disc
AB Appendage formation is organized by signals from discrete sources that presumably act upon downstream genes to control growth and patterning. The Drosophila vestigial gene is selectively required for wing-cell proliferation, and is sufficient to induce outgrowths of wing tissue from eyes, legs and antennae. Different signals activate separate enhancers to control vestigial expression: first, in the dorsal/ventral organizer through the Notch pathway, and subsequently, in the developing wing blade by decapentaplegic and a signal from the dorsal/ventral organizer. Signal integration must be a general feature of genes like vestigial, that regulate growth or patterning along more than one axis.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,MOLEC BIOL LAB,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 52
TC 426
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 133
EP 138
DI 10.1038/382133a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200039
PM 8700202
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levin, JE
   Miller, JP
AF Levin, JE
   Miller, JP
TI Broadband neural encoding in the cricket cercal sensory system enhanced by stochastic resonance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID primary interneurons; information; representation
AB Sensory systems are often required to detect a small amplitude signal embedded in broadband background noise. Traditionally, ambient noise is regarded as detrimental to encoding accuracy. Recently, however, a phenomenon known as stochastic resonance has been described in which, for systems with a nonlinear threshold, increasing the input noise level can actually improve the output signal-to-noise ratio over a limited range of signal and noise strengths. Previous theoretical and experimental studies of stochastic resonance in physica(1-7) and biological(6-10) systems have dealt exclusively with single-frequency sine stimuli embedded in a broadband noise background. In the past year it has been shown in a theoretical and modelling study that stochastic resonance can be observed with broadband signals(11,12). Here we demonstrate that broadband stochastic resonance is manifest in the peripheral layers of neural processing in a simple sensory system, and that it plays a role over a wide range of biologically relevant stimulus parameters. Further, we quantify the functional significance of the phenomenon within the context of signal processing, using information theory.
RP Levin, JE (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT MOLEC & CELL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 23
TC 631
Z9 679
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/380165a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800053
PM 8600392
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hedges, SB
   Parker, PH
   Sibley, CG
   Kumar, S
AF Hedges, SB
   Parker, PH
   Sibley, CG
   Kumar, S
TI Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; phylogeny
AB THE classical hypothesis for the diversification of birds and mammals proposes that most of the orders diverged rapidly in adaptive radiations after the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) extinction event 65 million years ago (1-3). Evidence is provided by the near-absence of fossils representing modern orders before the K/T boundary(4,5). However, fossil-based estimates of divergence time are known to be conservative because of sampling biases(6), and some molecular/time estimates point to earlier divergences among orders(7-10). In an attempt to resolve this controversy, we have estimated times of divergence among avian and mammalian orders with a comprehensive set of genes that exhibit a constant rate of substitution. Here we report molecular estimates of divergence times that average about 50-90% earlier than those predicted by the classical hypothesis, and show that the timing of these divergences coincides with the Mesozoic fragmentation of emergent land areas. This suggests that continental breakup may have been an important mechanism in the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals.
C1 PENN STATE UNIV,INST MOLEC EVOLUT GENET,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802.
C3 Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Pennsylvania State University - University Park
RP Hedges, SB (corresponding author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,208 MUELLER LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA.
NR 20
TC 392
Z9 424
U1 1
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 226
EP 229
DI 10.1038/381226a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900051
PM 8622763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dubrova, YE
   Nesterov, VN
   Krouchinsky, NG
   Ostapenko, VA
   Neumann, R
   Neil, DL
   Jeffreys, AJ
AF Dubrova, YE
   Nesterov, VN
   Krouchinsky, NG
   Ostapenko, VA
   Neumann, R
   Neil, DL
   Jeffreys, AJ
TI Human minisatellite mutation rate after the Chernobyl accident
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ionizing-radiation; human dna; children; length; loci
AB Germline mutation at human minisatellite loci has been studied among children horn in heavily polluted areas of the Mogilev district of Belarus after the Chernobyl accident and in a control population. The frequency of mutation was found to be twice as high in the exposed families as in the control group. Mutation rate in the Mogilev families was correlated with the level of caesium-137 surface contamination, consistent with radiation induction of germline mutation.
C1 UNIV LEICESTER, DEPT GENET, LEICESTER LE1 7RH, LEICS, ENGLAND.
   RES INST RADIAT MED, MOGILYOV 212004, BELARUS.
C3 University of Leicester
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 31
TC 329
Z9 367
U1 0
U2 67
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 683
EP 686
DI 10.1038/380683a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700040
PM 8614461
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, RM
   Resende, MLV
   Flood, J
   Rowan, MG
   Beale, MH
   Potter, U
AF Cooper, RM
   Resende, MLV
   Flood, J
   Rowan, MG
   Beale, MH
   Potter, U
TI Detection and cellular localization of elemental sulphur in disease-resistant genotypes of Theobroma cacao
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfur; phytoalexin; glyceollin; plants
AB DISEASE-RESISTANT genotypes are the basis for controlling many major microbial pathogens of economic plants. Resistance is often linked with organic, antimicrobial phytoalexins, produced de novo in cells surrounding apoptotic or 'hypersensitive' cells that die rapidly after contact with incompatible pathogens(1-3). Here we report the production by resistant genotypes of Theobroma cacao of four phytoalexins in response to a xylem-invading fungal pathogen; these comprised two phenolics, a triterpenoid and, highly unusually in a higher eukaryote, elemental sulphur as cyclooctasulphur S-8. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed a high accumulation of sulphur only in cells and structures in potential contact,vith the vascular pathogen; that is, xylem parenchyma, xylem vessel cell walls and gels occluding vessels. Our data provide a rare example of cellular localization of an antimicrobial substance and evidence for the first time for accumulation of elemental sulphur in a plant Linked with a resistance response; this discovery comes centuries after man first used elemental sulphur as a potent fungicide(4,5).
C1 UNIV BATH,SCH PHARM & PHARMACOL,BATH BA2 7AY,AVON,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BATH,SCH MAT SCI,BATH BA2 7AY,AVON,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BRIDGEPORT,DEPT AGR SCI,LONG ASHTON RES STN,IACR,LONG ASHTON BS18 9AF,AVON,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Bath; University of Bath; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
RP Cooper, RM (corresponding author), UNIV BATH,SCH BIOL & BIOCHEM,BATH BA2 7AY,AVON,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 75
Z9 93
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 159
EP 162
DI 10.1038/379159a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schreibmayer, W
   Dessauer, CW
   Vorobiov, D
   Gilman, AG
   Lester, HA
   Davidson, N
   Dascal, N
AF Schreibmayer, W
   Dessauer, CW
   Vorobiov, D
   Gilman, AG
   Lester, HA
   Davidson, N
   Dascal, N
TI Inhibition of an inwardly rectifying K+ channel by G-protein alpha-subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-gamma; receptors; expression
AB Cholinergic muscarinic, serotonergic, opioid and several other G-protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors activate inwardly rectifying K+ channels of the GIRK family, slowing the heartbeat and decreasing the excitability of neuronal cells'. Inhibitory modulation of GIRKs by G-protein-coupled receptors may have important implications in cardiac and brain physiology, Previously G alpha and G beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins have both been implicated in channel opening(2,3), but recent studies attribute this role primarily to the G beta gamma dimer that activates GIRKs in a membrane-delimited fashion, probably by direct binding to the channel protein(4-8). We report here that free GTP gamma S-activated G(alpha i1), but not G(alpha i2) or G(alpha i3), potently inhibits G(beta 1 gamma 2)-induced GIRK activity in excised membrane patches of Xenopus oocytes expressing GIRK1. High-affinity but partial inhibition is produced by G(alpha s)-GTP gamma S. G(alpha i1)-GTP gamma S also inhibits G(beta 1 gamma 2)-activated GIRK in atrial myocytes. Antagonistic interactions between G(alpha) and G(beta gamma) may be among the mechanisms determining specificity of G protein coupling to GIRKs.
C1 GRAZ UNIV,INST MED PHYS & BIOPHYS,A-8010 GRAZ,AUSTRIA.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED SCH,DEPT PHARMACOL,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   TEL AVIV UNIV,SACKLER SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,IL-69978 RAMAT AVIV,ISRAEL.
   CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 University of Graz; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Tel Aviv University; Sackler Faculty of Medicine; California Institute of Technology
NR 30
TC 99
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 624
EP 627
DI 10.1038/380624a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100045
PM 8602262
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rulifson, EJ
   Micchelli, CA
   Axelrod, JD
   Perrimon, N
   Blair, SS
AF Rulifson, EJ
   Micchelli, CA
   Axelrod, JD
   Perrimon, N
   Blair, SS
TI wingless refines its own expression domain on the Drosophila wing margin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID split complex genes; signaling pathway; protein; polarity; notch; boundary; zeste-white-3; neurogenesis; suppressor; activation
AB THE imaginal discs of Drosophila, which give rise to the adult appendages, are patterned during a period of intense cell proliferation. The specification of differing regions occurs in some cases by subdividing the disc epithelium into lineage compartments(1). However, in most cases precise boundaries are formed between different cell types without early compartmentalization(2). One such boundary occurs between the wingless (wg)-expressing cells of the wing margin and the adjacent proneural cells, which give rise to margin sensory bristles. Here we show that this boundary arises in part by a mechanism of 'self-refinement', by which wingless protein (Wg) represses wg expression in adjacent cells. Cells unable to receive the Wg signal do not resolve the boundary between wg-expressing and proneural cells.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ZOOL,MADISON,WI 53706.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GENET,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,PROGRAM NEUROSCI,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 30
TC 102
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 72
EP 74
DI 10.1038/384072a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900056
PM 8900280
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stanley, MHR
   Amaral, LAN
   Buldyrev, SV
   Havlin, S
   Leschhorn, H
   Maass, P
   Salinger, MA
   Stanley, HE
AF Stanley, MHR
   Amaral, LAN
   Buldyrev, SV
   Havlin, S
   Leschhorn, H
   Maass, P
   Salinger, MA
   Stanley, HE
TI Scaling behaviour in the growth of companies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID firm growth; size
AB A successful theory of corporate growth should include both the external and internal factors that affect the growth of a company(1-18). Whereas traditional models emphasize production-related influences such as investment in physical capital and in research and development(18), recent models(10-20) recognize the equal importance of organizational infrastructure. Unfortunately, no exhaustive empirical account of the growth of companies exists by which these models can be tested. Here we present a broad, phenomenological picture of the dependence of growth on company size, derived from data for all publicly traded US manufacturing companies between 1975 and 1991. We find that, for firms with similar sales, the distribution of annual (logarithmic) growth rates has an exponential form; the spread in the distribution of rates decreases with increasing sales as a power law over seven orders of magnitude. A model wherein the probability of a company's growth depends on its past as well as present sales accounts for the former observation. As the latter observation applies to companies that manufacture products of all kinds, organizational structures common to all firms might well be stronger determinants of growth than production-related factors, which differ for companies producing different goods.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,MINERVA CTR,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
   BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
   BOSTON UNIV,SCH MANAGEMENT,DEPT FINANCE & ECON,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Boston University; Bar Ilan University; Bar Ilan University; Boston University
RP Stanley, MHR (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 31
TC 541
Z9 607
U1 1
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 804
EP 806
DI 10.1038/379804a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, DM
   Nouraini, S
   Field, D
   Tang, SJ
   Friesen, JD
AF Xu, DM
   Nouraini, S
   Field, D
   Tang, SJ
   Friesen, JD
TI An RNA-dependent ATPase associated with U2/U6 snRNAs in pre-mRNA splicing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small nuclear-rna; yeast; protein; spliceosome; mechanism; suggests; fidelity; pathway; roles; u2
AB THE hydrolysis of ATP by a group of RNA dependent ATPases (DEAD/H proteins(1)) is required for spliceosome assembly, but not for the subsequent transesterification reactions(2). Little is known about the function of these ATPases in relation to the RNA conformational changes that occur in formation of active structures, in which U2/U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) interactions(3,4) are essential for splicing to take place, Using a synthetic lethal genetic screen, we have isolated four yeast splicing factors involved in U2/U6 snRNA interactions (D.X. et al., manuscript in preparation). The RNA-dependent ATPase activity associated with one such factor, the Slt22 protein, is stimulated preferentially by annealed U2/U6 snRNAs. Both mutant slt22-1 and U2 snRNA cause a reduction in stimulation, The slt22-1 mutation blocks splicing at or before the first step, resulting in the accumulation of an unusual complex which lacks U5 snRNA. Our results indicate that the U2/U6 snRNA interactions facilitated by Slt22 are also Involved in the interaction of U5 snRNA with tire spliceosome.
C1 HOSP SICK CHILDREN, RES INST, DEPT GENET, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X8, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET, TORONTO, ON M5G 1X8, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids); University of Toronto
NR 25
TC 71
Z9 78
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 709
EP 713
DI 10.1038/381709a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900056
PM 8649518
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Otipoby, KL
   Andersson, KB
   Draves, KE
   Klaus, SJ
   Farr, AG
   Kerner, JD
   Perlmutter, RM
   Law, CL
   Clark, EA
AF Otipoby, KL
   Andersson, KB
   Draves, KE
   Klaus, SJ
   Farr, AG
   Kerner, JD
   Perlmutter, RM
   Law, CL
   Clark, EA
TI CD22 regulates thymus-independent responses and the lifespan of B cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine-phosphatase 1c; antigen receptor; t-cells; adhesion molecule; stem-cells; activation; association; ligands; marrow; gene
AB THE B-lymphocyte-restricted glycoprotein CD22 is expressed on mature IgM(+) IgD(+) B cells(1-3), and is capable of binding to ligands on T and B cells(2,4-7). CD22 can interact with both the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) complex(8,9) and signalling molecules, including the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1 (PTP1C, SHP)(10-12), a putative negative regulator of BCR signalling(13,14). Thus CD22 may facilitate interactions with lymphocytes and regulate the threshold of BCR signalling(1,11,13). To define the in vivo function of CD22, we generated CD22-deficient mice. Here we show that CD22 is required for normal antibody responses to thymus-independent antigens and regulates the lifespan of mature B cells.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,DEPT IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,DEPT BIOL STRUCT,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM & MED,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 31
TC 347
Z9 383
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 634
EP 637
DI 10.1038/384634a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600031
PM 8967951
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Penton, A
   Hoffmann, FM
AF Penton, A
   Hoffmann, FM
TI Decapentaplegic restricts the domain of wingless during Drosophila limb patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID imaginal disks; gene; expression
AB SIGNALLING proteins in the BMP-decapentaplegic (dpp), WNT-wingless (wg) and Shh-hedgehog (hh) families have been implicated in Limb and appendage development in both invertebrates and vertebrates(1-3), In Drosophila, dpp protein (Dpp) induces distal outgrowth and patterning of legs and wings, but the molecular responses to Dpp are not well characterized(4-9). Analysis of clones mutant for the Dpp receptors encoded by punt or thickveins (tkv) reveals that repression of wg expression is one critical function of Dpp signalling in leg and wing discs. Distal clones that lie on the anterior edge of the anterior-posterior compartment boundary ectopically express wg and cause pattern abnormalities, suggesting that Dpp represses Hh activation of wg in the distal primordia of the leg and wing. By repressing Hg expression in the leg, Dpp signalling limits the region that responds to high levels of Wg and Dpp to the site of distal outgrowth. Such negative regulatory feedback loops between signalling molecules are likely to be critical for limb patterning in other species.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,MCARDLE LAB CANC RES,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH MED,GENET LAB,MADISON,WI 53706.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison
NR 29
TC 92
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/382162a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200048
PM 8700205
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, A
   Wiggs, CL
   Ungerleider, LG
   Haxby, JV
AF Martin, A
   Wiggs, CL
   Ungerleider, LG
   Haxby, JV
TI Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mental-imagery; visual-cortex; recognition; impairment; pictures
AB AN intriguing and puzzling consequence of damage to the human brain is selective loss of knowledge about a specific category of objects, One patient may be unable to identify or name living things(1-3), whereas another may have selective difficulty identifying man-made objects(4-6). To investigate the neural correlates of this remarkable dissociation, we used positron emission tomography to map regions of the normal brain that are associated with naming animals and tools. We found that naming pictures of animals and tools was associated with bilateral activation of the ventral temporal lobes and Broca's area, In addition, naming animals selectively activated the left medial occipital lobe-a region involved in the earliest stages of visual processing. In contrast, naming tools selectively activated a left premotor area also activated by imagined hand movements(7), and an area in the left middle temporal gyrus also activated by the generation of action words(8-10). Thus the brain regions active during object identification are dependent, in part, on the intrinsic properties of the object presented.
RP Martin, A (corresponding author), NIMH, PSYCHOL & PSYCHOPATHOL LAB, BLDG 10, ROOM 3D-41, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 26
TC 1238
Z9 1355
U1 0
U2 57
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 649
EP 652
DI 10.1038/379649a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800055
PM 8628399
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Overpeck, J
   Rind, D
   Lacis, A
   Healy, R
AF Overpeck, J
   Rind, D
   Lacis, A
   Healy, R
TI Possible role of dust-induced regional warming in abrupt climate change during the last glacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice core; north-atlantic; record; sheet; aerosols; events; cycle; sea
AB RECORDS from loess, sediments and ice cores indicate that the concentrations of tropospheric aerosols were higher in glacial periods than they are today, and that they peaked just before glacial terminations(1-10). Energy-balance models have suggested(11-14) that these high glacial aerosol loadings were a source of glacial cooling of the order of 1-3 degrees C. Here we present a different view based on three-dimensional climate simulations, which suggest that high glacial dust loading may have caused significant, episodic regional warming of over 5 degrees C downwind of major Asian and ice-margin dust sources, Less warming was likely close to and over the oceans because of local cooling by seasalt and marine sulphate aerosols. Abrupt changes in dust loading are associated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich climate events and with glacial termination(3,8,15), suggesting that dust-induced warming may have played a role in triggering these large shifts in Pleistocene climate.
C1 UNIV COLORADO, INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   UNIV COLORADO, DEPT GEOL SCI, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA.
   NASA, GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV, CTR CLIMATE SYST RES, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; Columbia University
RP Overpeck, J (corresponding author), NOAA, NATL GEOPHYS DATA CTR, PALEOCLIMATOL PROGRAM, 325 BROADWAY, E-GC, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA.
NR 36
TC 92
Z9 100
U1 1
U2 36
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 447
EP 449
DI 10.1038/384447a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kramer, U
   CotterHowells, JD
   Charnock, JM
   Baker, AJM
   Smith, JAC
AF Kramer, U
   CotterHowells, JD
   Charnock, JM
   Baker, AJM
   Smith, JAC
TI Free histidine as a metal chelator in plants that accumulate nickel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alyssum; tolerance; phytochelatins; copper
AB A NUMBER of terrestrial plants accumulate large quantities of metals such as zinc, manganese, nickel, cobalt and copper in their shoots(1). The largest group of these so-called 'metal hyperaccumulators' is found in the genus Alyssum, in which nickel concentrations can reach 3% of leaf dry biomass(2,3), Apart from their intrinsic interest, plants exhibiting this trait could be of value in the decontamination of metal-polluted soils(4-6). However, the biochemical basis of the capacity for metal accumulation has not been elucidated. Here we report that exposing hyperaccumulator species of Alyssum to nickel elicits a large and proportional increase in the levels of free histidine, which is shown to be coordinated with nickel in vivo. Moreover, supplying histidine to a non-accumulating species greatly increases both its nickel tolerance and capacity for nickel transport to the shoot, indicating that enhanced production of histidine is responsible for the nickel hyperaccumulation phenotype in Alyssum.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, DEPT PLANT SCI, OXFORD OX1 3RB, ENGLAND.
   UNIV MANCHESTER, DEPT EARTH SCI, MANCHESTER M13 9PL, LANCS, ENGLAND.
   UNIV SHEFFIELD, DEPT ANIM & PLANT SCI, SHEFFIELD S10 2TN, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Manchester; University of Sheffield
NR 30
TC 692
Z9 793
U1 0
U2 148
PU NATURE RESEARCH
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 635
EP 638
DI 10.1038/379635a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oldenbourg, R
AF Oldenbourg, R
TI A new view on polarization microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
RP Oldenbourg, R (corresponding author), MARINE BIOL LAB,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543, USA.
NR 9
TC 189
Z9 229
U1 2
U2 58
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 811
EP 812
DI 10.1038/381811a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600070
PM 8657288
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Song, XD
   Richards, PG
AF Song, XD
   Richards, PG
TI Seismological evidence for differential rotation of the Earth's inner core
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pkikp travel-times; free oscillations; anisotropy; viscosity
AB The travel times of seismic waves that traverse the Earth's inner core show a small but systematic variation over the past three decades. This variation is best explained by a rotation of the inner core that moves the symmetry axis of its known seismic anisotropy. The inferred rotation rate is on the order of 1 degrees per year faster than the daily rotation of the mantle and crust.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10027.
C3 Columbia University
RP Song, XD (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 34
TC 362
Z9 445
U1 4
U2 85
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 221
EP 224
DI 10.1038/382221a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dias, R
   Robbins, TW
   Roberts, AC
AF Dias, R
   Robbins, TW
   Roberts, AC
TI Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID frontal-cortex; lobe
AB The prefrontal cortex is implicated in such human characteristics as volition, planning, abstract reasoning and affect(1-6). Frontal-lobe damage can cause disinhibition such that the behaviour of a subject is guided by previously acquired responses that are inappropriate to the current situation(7-9). Here we demonstrate that disinhibition, or a loss of inhibitory control, can be selective for particular cognitive functions and that different regions of the prefrontal cortex provide inhibitory control in different aspects of cognitive processing. Thus, whereas damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) in monkeys causes a loss of inhibitory control in attentional selection, damage to the orbito-frontal cortex in monkeys causes a loss of inhibitory control in 'affective' processing, thereby impairing the ability to alter behaviour in response to fluctuations in the emotional significance of stimuli. These findings not only support the view that the prefrontal cortex has multiple functions, but also provide evidence for the distribution of different cognitive functions within specific regions of prefrontal cortex.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT EXPTL PSYCHOL,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EB,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 18
TC 1255
Z9 1448
U1 0
U2 104
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/380069a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700058
PM 8598908
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cook, DJ
   Schlemmer, S
   Balucani, N
   Wagner, DR
   Steiner, B
   Saykally, RJ
AF Cook, DJ
   Schlemmer, S
   Balucani, N
   Wagner, DR
   Steiner, B
   Saykally, RJ
TI Infrared emission spectra of candidate interstellar aromatic molecules
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID micron emission; iras sources; features; spectroscopy; hydrocarbons; cations; bands; state
AB INTERSTELLAR dust is responsible, through surface reactions, for the creation of molecular hydrogen, the main component of the interstellar clouds in which new stars form, Intermediate between small, gas-phase molecules and dust are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Such molecules could account for 2-30% of the carbon in the Galaxy(1), and may provide nucleation sites for the formation of carbonaceous dust(2,3). Although PAHs have been proposed(4,5) as the sources of the unidentified infrared emission bands that are observed in the spectra of a variety of interstellar sources(6-11), the emission characteristics of such molecules are sources still poorly understood. Here we report laboratory emission spectra of several representative PAHs, obtained in conditions approximating those of the interstellar medium, and measured over the entire spectral region spanned by the unidentified infrared bands. We find that neutral PAHs of small and moderate size can at best make only a minor contribution to these emission bands, Cations of these molecules, as well as much larger PAHs and their cations, remain viable candidates for the sources of these bands.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT CHEM, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 29
TC 107
Z9 113
U1 1
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 227
EP 229
DI 10.1038/380227a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700044
PM 8637570
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beck, R
   Hoernes, P
AF Beck, R
   Hoernes, P
TI Magnetic spiral arms in the galaxy NGC6946
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID field; ngc-6946; reconnection; gas
AB MAGNETIC fields pervade spiral galaxies(1)--at least all those searched so far; these fields have a substantial energy density, and hence could play an important role in galaxy evolution. Dynamo theory has been used for many years to explain the presence and overall structure of galactic magnetic fields, through the amplification of a weak seed field(2,3). Here we report the observation of two 'magnetic spiral arms' in the nearby galaxy NGC6946, lying between the optical spiral arms. This is surprising because dynamo action is thought to be related to star formation activity(4), which is concentrated within or in the leading edges of the optical spiral arms. The magnetic spiral arms are about 500-1,000 parsecs wide and more than 12 kiloparsecs long, and have greater symmetry than the optical arms. This organized structure probably reflects the signature of some global mechanism relating to magnetic field generation, but no current theory--in particular dynamo theory in its present form--is able to explain this phenomenon.
RP Beck, R (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST RADIOASTRON,HUGEL 69,D-53121 BONN,GERMANY.
NR 19
TC 144
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 47
EP 49
DI 10.1038/379047a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Foster, JG
   Lambert, DD
   Frick, LR
   Maas, R
AF Foster, JG
   Lambert, DD
   Frick, LR
   Maas, R
TI Re-Os isotopic evidence for genesis of Archaean nickel ores from uncontaminated komatiites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID western-australia; continental-crust; sm-nd; kambalda; mantle; systematics; geochemistry; emplacement; constraints; sulfides
AB THE late Archaean greenstone terranes of Western Australia contain abundant komatiites (high-MgO lavas) hosting magmatic sulphide deposits rich in nickel, copper and platinum-group elements, Thermal erosion and assimilation of sulphidic sea-floor sediments has been proposed as a mechanism by which the komatiites were brought to sulphide saturation(1-4), Such models have important implications not only for the genesis of these sulphide ores, but also for interpreting the magnitude and extent of isotopic heterogeneity in the Archaean mantle, Here we report that massive, matrix and disseminated sulphide ores and a komatiite from Western Australia yield a magmatic Re-Os isochron age of 2,706 +/- 36 Myr and a near-chondritic initial Os-187/Os-188 ratio of 0.10889 +/- 0.00035, whereas a proposed sulphidic sedimentary contaminant has an extremely radiogenic Os-187/Os-188 of 1.0983 at 2,706 Myr, These data demonstrate that the ore-forming komatiites were derived from the upper mantle without significant contamination by radiogenic crust either before eruption or during turbulent how at the surface, Thus, ground melting and assimilation of sulphidic sediments may not be as important in ore genesis as current theories suggest.
C1 WESTERN MIN CORP PROPRIETARY LTD,KAMBLADA NICKEL MINES,KAMBALDA,WA 6442,AUSTRALIA.
   LA TROBE UNIV,SCH EARTH SCI,VICTORIAN INST EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,MELBOURNE,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA.
C3 La Trobe University
RP Foster, JG (corresponding author), MONASH UNIV,VICTORIAN INST EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,DEPT EARTH SCI,MELBOURNE,VIC 3168,AUSTRALIA.
NR 36
TC 170
Z9 228
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 703
EP 706
DI 10.1038/382703a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Livingstone, JR
AF Livingstone, JR
TI Antibody characterization by isothermal titration calorimetry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermodynamics; binding
AB Isothermal titration calorimetry is a useful tool for the characterization of antibodies and antibody-related products, which uses heat as a detection medium, circumventing the problems associated with other analytical methods.
RP Livingstone, JR (corresponding author), MICROCAL INC, TECH SERV, 22 IND DR E, NORTHAMPTON, MA 01060 USA.
NR 11
TC 22
Z9 25
U1 1
U2 128
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 491
EP 492
DI 10.1038/384491a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700070
PM 8945480
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cooper, DJ
   Watson, AJ
   Nightingale, PD
AF Cooper, DJ
   Watson, AJ
   Nightingale, PD
TI Large decrease in ocean-surface CO2 fugacity in response to in situ iron fertilization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID southern-ocean; sulfur-hexafluoride; atmospheric co2; carbon-dioxide; phytoplankton; seawater
AB THE equatorial Pacific Ocean is a 'high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll' region where nitrate and phosphate are abundant all year round, These nutrients cannot therefore be limiting to phytoplankton production. It has been suggested that the bioavailability of iron-a micronutrient-may be preventing full biological utilization of the major nutrients(1-3). The results of a previous in situ iron fertilization experiment in this region provided support for this hypothesis(4), but the observed biological response resulted in only a small decrease in surface-water CO2 fugacity(5). Here we report a much larger, biologically induced uptake of surface-water CO2 that occurred during a second study(6). The fugacity of CO2 in the centre of the (iron-fertilized) patch of surface ocean fell from a background value near 510 mu atm to approximately 420 mu atm, corresponding to a transient 60% decrease in the natural ocean-to-atmosphere CO2 flux. We conclude that iron supply to this ocean region can strongly modulate the local shortterm source of CO2 to the atmosphere, but has little long-term influence on atmospheric CO2 partial pressure. However, if such a modulation also occurs in the Southern Ocean, then iron bioavailability at high southern latitudes could have a significant effect on atmospheric CO2 partial pressure(7-11), for example over glacial-interglacial periods.
C1 UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH ENVIRONM SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
C3 University of East Anglia
RP Cooper, DJ (corresponding author), PLYMOUTH MARINE LAB,PROSPECT PL,W HOE,PLYMOUTH PL1 3DH,DEVON,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 122
Z9 132
U1 2
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 511
EP 513
DI 10.1038/383511a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kustov, AA
   Robinson, DL
AF Kustov, AA
   Robinson, DL
TI Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey superior colliculus; visual-attention; stimulation; macaques; cells; localization; saccades
AB WE are able to move visual attention away from the direction of gaze, fixating on one object while attending to something else at a different location. Within the region of peripheral vision, It has been widely assumed that the attentional neural systems are separate from the motor systems, but some studies challenge this idea(1-5). It has now been suggested that the attentional system is part of the premotor processing in the brain(6). This model proposes that attentional processes evolved as part of the motor systems, with isolated attentional shifts representing an artificial separation of a natural linkage, Here we test how attentional shifts might be linked to the preparations for making saccadic eye movements. We studied the superior colliculus in monkeys as they shifted their attention during different tasks, and found that each attentional shift is associated with eye-movement preparation.
C1 NEI,SENSORIMOTOR RES LAB,SECT VISUAL BEHAV,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Eye Institute (NEI)
NR 25
TC 506
Z9 570
U1 0
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 74
EP 77
DI 10.1038/384074a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900057
PM 8900281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, HL
   Jin, MY
   Jarnagin, RC
   Bunning, TJ
   Adams, W
   Cull, B
   Shi, YS
   Kumar, S
   Samulski, ET
AF Wang, HL
   Jin, MY
   Jarnagin, RC
   Bunning, TJ
   Adams, W
   Cull, B
   Shi, YS
   Kumar, S
   Samulski, ET
TI Thermally stable nonlinear optical activity in a smectic-A liquid crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 2nd-harmonic generation; polymer-films; stability; behavior; systems
AB THE key requirement for a material to exhibit nonlinear optical (NLO) activity is the presence of non-centrosymmetric (polar) order, an attribute that is usually restricted to certain crystalline classes and ferroelectric liquid crystals(1,2). NLO activity can also be obtained in some amorphous organic materials by applying an intense electric field (corona discharge) above the glass transition temperature, T-g, and subsequently quenching the field-induced polar orientation order(3,4). Such materials are attractive for NLO device applications, as they promise lower costs and easier processibility than their crystalline organic and inorganic counterparts(5). But field-induced polar order is not stable, and the eventual return to equilibrium (apolar) order results in a deterioration of NLO activity, particularly at temperatures near T-g (refs 6, 7). Here we show that this thermally activated decay of polar order can be circumvented by using a liquid crystal in which both mesogens (molecules that induce a liquid-crystal phase) and NLO-active chromophores are appended to macro-molecular siloxane rings. We find that a shear-aligned melt of these composite macromolecules gives rise to a material with a monodomain lamellar superstructure that retains bistable, field-induced polar order above T-g. We attribute the thermal stability of these materials to an energetically favoured polar packing arrangement of the constituent macromolecules.
C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT CHEM,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599.
   KRICT,HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMER LAB,TAEJON 305606,SOUTH KOREA.
   USAF,WRIGHT LAB,MAT DIRECTORATE,MLPJ,WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB,OH 45433.
   SCI APPLICAT INT CORP,DAYTON,OH 45431.
   KENT STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS,KENT,OH 44242.
   KENT STATE UNIV,INST LIQUID CRYSTAL,KENT,OH 44242.
C3 University of North Carolina; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill; Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT); United States Department of Defense; United States Air Force; US Air Force Research Laboratory; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Kent; Kent State University Salem; University System of Ohio; Kent State University; Kent State University Salem; Kent State University Kent
NR 25
TC 16
Z9 18
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 244
EP 247
DI 10.1038/384244a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mirenowicz, J
   Schultz, W
AF Mirenowicz, J
   Schultz, W
TI Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleus-accumbens; ventral striatum; monkey; responses; reward; invivo; microdialysis; amygdala; primate; complex
AB MIDBRAIN dopamine systems are crucially involved in motivational processes underlying the learning and execution of goal-directed behaviour(1-5). Dopamine neurons in monkeys are uniformly activated by unpredicted appetitive stimuli such as food and liquid rewards and conditioned, reward-predicting stimuli. By contrast, fully predicted stimuli are ineffective(6-8), and the omission of predicted reward depresses their activity(9). These characteristics follow associative-learning rules(10,11), suggesting that dopamine responses report an error in reward prediction(12). Accordingly, neural network models are efficiently trained using a dopamine-like reinforcement signal(13,14). However, it is unknown whether the responses to environmental stimuli concern specific motivational attributes or reflect more general stimulus salience(4,15). To resolve this, we have compared dopamine impulse responses to motivationally opposing appetitive and aversive stimuli. In contrast to appetitive events, primary and conditioned non-noxious aversive stimuli either failed to activate dopamine neurons or, in cases of close resemblance with appetitive stimuli, induced weaker responses than appetitive stimuli. Thus, dopamine neurons preferentially report environmental stimuli with appetitive rather than aversive motivational value.
C1 UNIV FRIBOURG,INST PHYSIOL,CH-1700 FRIBOURG,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Fribourg
NR 30
TC 653
Z9 786
U1 0
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 449
EP 451
DI 10.1038/379449a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400059
PM 8559249
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rubin, DM
   Coux, O
   Wefes, I
   Hengartner, C
   Young, RA
   Goldberg, AL
   Finley, D
AF Rubin, DM
   Coux, O
   Wefes, I
   Hengartner, C
   Young, RA
   Goldberg, AL
   Finley, D
TI Identification of the gal4 suppressor Sug1 as a subunit of the yeast 26S proteasome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tat-mediated transactivation; binding-protein; 26-s protease; modulator; family; genes
AB THE SUG1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a putative ATPase. Mutations in SUG1 were isolated(1) as suppressors of a mutation in the transcriptional activation domain of GAL4. Sug1 was recently proposed to be a subunit of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and to mediate the association of transcriptional activators with holoenzyme(2). We show here that Sug1 is not a subunit of the holoenzyme, at least in its purified form, but of the 26S proteasome(3,4), a large complex of relative molecular-mass 2,000K that catalyses the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Sug1 co-purifies with the proteasome in both conventional and nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. Our observations account for the reduced ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in sug1 mutants(5) and suggest that the effects of sug1 mutations on transcription are indirect results of defective proteolysis.
C1 HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 28
TC 147
Z9 156
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 655
EP 657
DI 10.1038/379655a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800057
PM 8628401
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Allain, FHT
   Gubser, CC
   Howe, PWA
   Nagai, K
   Neuhaus, D
   Varani, G
AF Allain, FHT
   Gubser, CC
   Howe, PWA
   Nagai, K
   Neuhaus, D
   Varani, G
TI Specificity of ribonucleoprotein interaction determined by RNA folding during complex formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small nuclear ribonucleoprotein; u1a protein; crystal-structure; premessenger rna; nmr-spectroscopy; binding domain; polyadenylation; conformation
AB Many proteins involved in pre-mRNA processing contain one or more copies of a 70-90-amino-acid alpha beta module called the ribonucleoprotein domain(1-4). RNA maturation depends on the specific recognition by ribonucleoproteins of RNA elements within pre-mRNAs and small nuclear RNAs. The human U1A protein binds an RNA hairpin during splicing(5-8), and regulates its own expression by binding an internal loop(9) in the 3'-untranslated region of its pre mRNA, preventing polyadenylation3. Here we report the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the complex between the regulatory element of the U1A 3'-untranslated region (UTR)(9-11) and the U1A protein RNA-binding domain. Specific intermolecular recognition requires the interaction of the variable loops of the ribonucleoprotein domain with the well-structured helical regions of the RNA. Formation of the complex then orders the flexible RNA single-stranded loop against the protein beta-sheet surface, and reorganizes the carboxy-terminal region of the protein to maximize surface complementarity and functional group recognition.
C1 MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QB,ENGLAND.
C3 MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology
NR 30
TC 240
Z9 259
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 646
EP 650
DI 10.1038/380646a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100052
PM 8602269
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rose, C
   Vargas, F
   Facchinetti, P
   Bourgeat, P
   Bambal, RB
   Bishop, PB
   Chan, SMT
   Moore, ANJ
   Ganellin, CR
   Schwartz, JC
AF Rose, C
   Vargas, F
   Facchinetti, P
   Bourgeat, P
   Bambal, RB
   Bishop, PB
   Chan, SMT
   Moore, ANJ
   Ganellin, CR
   Schwartz, JC
TI Characterization and Inhibition of a cholecystokinin-inactivating serine peptidase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic-membranes; brain-slices; glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol; endogenous cholecystokinin; tetrapeptide degradation; enkephalinase inhibitor; substrate-specificity; octapeptide cck-8; proteins; aminopeptidase
AB A cholecystokinin (CCK)-inactivating peptidase was purified and identified as a membrane-bound isoform of tripeptidyl peptidase II (EC 3.4. 14. 10), a cytosolic subtilisin-like peptidase of previously unknown functions. The peptidase was found in neurons responding to cholecystokinin, as well as in non-neuronal cells. Butabindide, a potent and specific inhibitor, was designed and shown to protect endogenous cholecystokinin from inactivation and to display pro-satiating effects mediated by the CCKA receptor.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL, CHRISTOPHER INGOLD LABS, DEPT CHEM, LONDON WC1H 0AJ, ENGLAND.
   UNIV PARIS 05, FAC PHARM, F-75006 PARIS, FRANCE.
C3 University of London; University College London; Universite Paris Cite
RP Rose, C (corresponding author), CTR PAUL BROCA, INSERM, U109, UNITE NEUROBIOL & PHARMACOL, 2TER RUE ALESIA, F-75014 PARIS, FRANCE.
NR 50
TC 143
Z9 152
U1 0
U2 6
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 403
EP 409
DI 10.1038/380403a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000051
PM 8602240
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daub, H
   Weiss, FU
   Wallasch, C
   Ullrich, A
AF Daub, H
   Weiss, FU
   Wallasch, C
   Ullrich, A
TI Role of transactivation of the EGF receptor in signalling by G-protein-coupled receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID swiss 3t3 cells; tyrosine phosphorylation; kinase; growth; fibroblasts; activation; transduction; mechanism; stimulate
AB TRANSDUCTION of a mitogenic signal from the cell membrane to the nucleus involves the adapter proteins SHC and Grb2, which mediate activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway(1-5). In contrast to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the signalling steps leading to Ras/MAP kinase activation by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are still poorly characterized but appear to include beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins and as-yet unidentified tyrosine kinases(6-8). We report here that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the neu oncoprotein become rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated upon stimulation of Rat-1 cells with the GPCR agonists endothelin-1, lysophosphatic acid and thrombin, suggesting that there is an intracellular mechanism for transactivation. Specific inhibition of EGFR function by either the selective tyrphostin AG1478 or a dominant-negative EGFR mutant suppressed MAP kinase activation and strongly inhibited induction of fos gene expression and DNA synthesis, Our results demonstrate a role for RTKs as downstream mediators in GPCR mitogenic signalling and suggest a ligand-independent mechanism of RTK activation through intracellular signal crosstalk.
RP Daub, H (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,AM KLOPFERSPITZ 18A,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 1319
Z9 1482
U1 2
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 557
EP 560
DI 10.1038/379557a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300055
PM 8596637
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lecuit, T
   Brook, WJ
   Ng, M
   Calleja, M
   Sun, H
   Cohen, SM
AF Lecuit, T
   Brook, WJ
   Ng, M
   Calleja, M
   Sun, H
   Cohen, SM
TI Two distinct mechanisms for long-range patterning by decapentaplegic in the Drosophila wing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID optomotor-blind; gene-expression; melanogaster; morphogenesis; thresholds; activin; homolog
AB Secreted signalling molecules provide cells with positional information that organizes long-range pattern during the development of multicellular animals. Evidence is presented that localized expression of Decapentaplegic instructs cells about their position along the anterior-posterior axis of the Drosophila wing in two distinct ways. One mechanism is based on the local concentration of the secreted protein; the other is based on the ability of the cells to retain an instruction received at an earlier time when their progenitors were in close proximity to the signal. Both mechanisms are involved in axis formation.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, E-28029 MADRID, SPAIN.
   ACAD SINICA, INST MOL BIOL, TAIPEI 11529, TAIWAN.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Autonomous University of Madrid; Academia Sinica - Taiwan
NR 44
TC 571
Z9 660
U1 0
U2 29
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 387
EP 393
DI 10.1038/381387a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900041
PM 8632795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nussenzweig, A
   Chen, CH
   Soares, VD
   Sanchez, M
   Sokol, K
   Nussenzweig, MC
   Li, GC
AF Nussenzweig, A
   Chen, CH
   Soares, VD
   Sanchez, M
   Sokol, K
   Nussenzweig, MC
   Li, GC
TI Requirement for Ku80 in growth and immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strand-break-repair; dependent protein-kinase; dna end-binding; catalytic subunit; cell-line; gene; mice; mutant; autoantigen; sensitivity
AB THE DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a mammalian serine/threonine kinase that is implicated in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks(1-4), DNA replication(1,5), transcription(6-8), and V(D)J recombination(9-12). To determine the role of the DNA-binding subunit of DNA-PK in vivo, we targeted Ku80 in mice. In mutant mice, T and B lymphocyte development is arrested at early progenitor stages and there is a profound deficiency in V(D)J rearrangement. Although Ku80(-/-) mice are viable and reproduce, they are 40-60% of the size of littermate controls. Consistent with this growth defect, fibroblasts derived from Ku80(-/-) embryos showed an early loss of proliferating cells, a prolonged doubling time, and intact cell-cycle checkpoints that prevented cells with damaged DNA from entering the cell-cycle. The unexpected growth phenotype suggests a new and important link between Ku80 and growth control.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,DEPT MED PHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,DEPT RADIAT ONCOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,PROGRAM MOL BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LAB MOL IMMUNOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,LAB ANIM RES CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NR 29
TC 571
Z9 636
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 551
EP 555
DI 10.1038/382551a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800054
PM 8700231
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Djorgovski, SG
   Pahre, MA
   Bechtold, J
   Elston, R
AF Djorgovski, SG
   Pahre, MA
   Bechtold, J
   Elston, R
TI Identification of a galaxy responsible for a high-redshift Lyman-alpha absorption system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID emission; kinematics; absorber
AB DAMPED Lyman-alpha systems are high column-density intergalactic clouds of hydrogen, the existence of which is inferred from absorption lines appearing in the emission spectra of distant quasars. The galaxies believed to be responsible for these absorption systems have been suggested as possible progenitors of the normal disk galaxies observed in the local Universe(1). Indeed, Lyman-alpha systems appear to contain a substantial fraction of the baryons known to exist in galaxies today(2,3). Here we report the optical detection of a galaxy (designated DLA2233 + 131) associated with a known(4) damped Lyman-alpha absorption system at a redshift of z = 3.150. The properties of this galaxy correspond closely to those expected of a young disk galaxy in the early stages of formation, and show no evidence for an active nucleus. This finding gives strong support to the idea that damped Lyman-alpha systems represent a population of young galaxies at high redshifts.
C1 CERRO TOLOLO INTERAMER OBSERV,NATL OPT ASTRON OBSERV,LA SERENA,CHILE.
   UNIV ARIZONA,STEWARD OBSERV,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
C3 National Optical Astronomy Observatory; Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory; University of Arizona
RP Djorgovski, SG (corresponding author), CALTECH,PALOMAR OBSERV,MS 105-24,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 29
TC 107
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 234
EP 236
DI 10.1038/382234a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verghese, P
   Stone, LS
AF Verghese, P
   Stone, LS
TI Perceived visual speed constrained by image segmentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID responses; velocity; motion; area; discrimination; direction; contrast; cortex; field
AB LITTLE is known about how or where the visual system parses the visual scene into objects or surfaces. However, it is generally assumed that the segmentation and grouping of pieces of the image into discrete entities is due to 'later' processing stages, after the 'early' processing of the visual image by local mechanisms selective for attributes such as colour, orientation, depth, and motion(1). Speed perception is also thought to be mediated by early mechanisms tuned for speed(2-5). Here we show that manipulating the way in which an image is parsed changes the way in which local speed information is processed. Manipulations that cause multiple stimuli to appear as parts of a single patch degrade speed discrimination, whereas manipulations that perceptually divide a single large stimulus into parts improve discrimination. These results indicate that processes as early as speed perception may be constrained by the parsing of the visual image into discrete entities.
C1 NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Ames Research Center
NR 27
TC 60
Z9 63
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 161
EP 163
DI 10.1038/381161a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900051
PM 8610014
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, D
   Carpenter, R
   Vincent, C
   Copsey, L
   Coen, E
AF Luo, D
   Carpenter, R
   Vincent, C
   Copsey, L
   Coen, E
TI Origin of floral asymmetry in Antirrhinum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flower development; homeotic genes; majus; transposon; element
AB Dorsoventral asymmetry in flowers is thought to have evolved many times from a radially symmetrical ancestral condition. The first gene controlling floral asymmetry, cycloidea in Antirrhinum, has been isolated. The cycloidea gene is expressed at a very early stage in dorsal regions of floral meristems, where it affects growth rate and primordium initiation. Expression continues through to later stages in dorsal primordia to affect the asymmetry, size and cell types of petals and stamens.
C1 JOHN INNES CTR PLANT SCI RES,DEPT GENET,NORWICH NR4 7UH,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
C3 UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); John Innes Centre
NR 23
TC 657
Z9 798
U1 1
U2 172
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 794
EP 799
DI 10.1038/383794a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400054
PM 8893002
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wang, XT
   Culotta, VC
   Klee, CB
AF Wang, XT
   Culotta, VC
   Klee, CB
TI Superoxide dismutase protects calcineurin from inactivation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphoprotein phosphatase; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; active-site; kinase; identification; adaptation; complexes; gene
AB CALCINEURIN is the only protein phosphatase known to be under the control of Ca2+ and calmodulin(1,2). It is targeted by immuno-suppressive drugs and has a critical role in T-cell activation(3,4). It is specifically inhibited by immunosuppressant immunophilin complexes, which enabled its function in regulating a wide range of cellular responses to Ca2+-mobilizing signals(5,6) to be identified. Calcineurin in situ is 10-20 times more active than in the purified form and is subject to a time- and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent reversible inactivation that is facilitated by small, heat-stable molecules(7). Here we identify a factor that prevents the inactivation of calcineurin be vitro and in vivo as the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which indicates that inactivation may be the result of oxidative damage to the Fe-Zn active centre of calcineurin. The redox state of iron provides a mechanism to regulate calcineurin activity by desensitizing the enzyme and coupling Ca2+-dependent protein dephosphorylation to the redox state of the cell. The protection of calcineurin against inactivation by superoxide dismutase constitutes a new physiological role for this enzyme which enables the Ca2+-dependent regulation of cellular processes to be modulated by the redox potential.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DIV TOXICOL SCI,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
C3 Johns Hopkins University
RP Wang, XT (corresponding author), NCI,BIOCHEM LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA.
NR 30
TC 238
Z9 260
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 434
EP 437
DI 10.1038/383434a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300061
PM 8837775
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seydoux, G
   Mello, CC
   Pettitt, J
   Wood, WB
   Priess, JR
   Fire, A
AF Seydoux, G
   Mello, CC
   Pettitt, J
   Wood, WB
   Priess, JR
   Fire, A
TI Repression of gene expression in the embryonic germ lineage of C-elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; protein; encodes; xol-1; skn-1; fate
AB THE distinction between soma and germline was recognized more than a century ago: somatic cells form the body of an organism, whereas germ cells serve to produce future generations', In Caenorhabditis elegans, the separation of soma and germline occurs through a series of asymmetrical divisions, in which embryonic germline blastomeres divide unequally to produce one somatic daughter and one germline daughter(2), Here we show that after each asymmetrical division, embryonically transcribed RNAs are detected in somatic, but not germline, blastomeres, This asymmetry depends on the activity of the germline-specific factor, PIE-1, In the absence of PIE-1, embryonically transcribed RNAs are detected in both somatic and germline blastomeres, Furthermore, ectopic expression of PIE-1 in somatic blastomeres can significantly reduce the accumulation of new transcripts in these cells, Taken together, these results suggest that germ-cell fate depends on an inhibitory mechanism that blocks new gene expression in the early embryonic germ lineage.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL BIOL & GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21205.
   FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SEATTLE,WA 98109.
   FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,DIV BASIC SCI,SEATTLE,WA 98109.
   UNIV COLORADO,DEPT MOL CELLULAR & DEV BIOL,BOULDER,CO 80309.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder
RP Seydoux, G (corresponding author), CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,DEPT EMBRYOL,115 W UNIV PKWY,BALTIMORE,MD 21210, USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM037706] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 263
Z9 347
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/382713a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300049
PM 8751441
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU NostenBertrand, M
   Errington, ML
   Murphy, KPSJ
   Tokugawa, Y
   Barboni, E
   Kozlova, E
   Michalovich, D
   Morris, RGM
   Silver, J
   Stewart, CL
   Bliss, TVP
   Morris, RJ
AF NostenBertrand, M
   Errington, ML
   Murphy, KPSJ
   Tokugawa, Y
   Barboni, E
   Kozlova, E
   Michalovich, D
   Morris, RGM
   Silver, J
   Stewart, CL
   Bliss, TVP
   Morris, RJ
TI Normal spatial learning despite regional inhibition of LTP in mice lacking Thy-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal granule cells; dentate gyrus invitro; ii mutant mice; memory; modulation; lesions; rat
AB The process of learning involves stable changes in synaptic efficacy for which long-term potentiation (LTP)(1) provides a widely adopted mammalian model. Synaptic modification induced by learning or LTP may involve the action of cell adhesion molecules(2-4). One such candidate is the ubiquitous neuronal glycoprotein Thy-1 (refs 5, 6). In mice in which the gene encoding Thy-1 has been inactivated, we find a regionally selective impairment of LTP in vivo in the hippocampal formation: LTP is normal in area CA1 but strongly inhibited in the dentate gyrus. Spatial learning by Thy-1-deficient mice, as assessed in the watermaze(7), is unimpaired. Thus LTP in the cortical input to the dentate gyrus seems not to be required for spatial learning.
C1 NATL INST MED RES, DEPT NEUROBIOL, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
   NATL INST MED RES, DEPT NEUROPHYSIOL, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
   CORNELL UNIV, COLL MED, N SHORE UNIV HOSP, DIV MOLEC MED, NEW YORK, NY 11030 USA.
   UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA, DEPT HUMAN BIOPATHOL, I-00100 ROME, ITALY.
   ERASMUS UNIV ROTTERDAM, DEPT CELL BIOL & GENET, 3000 DR ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV EDINBURGH, CTR NEUROSCI, EDINBURGH EH8 9LE, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL, NUTLEY, NJ 07110 USA.
   UNITED MED & DENT SCH, GUYS HOSP, DEPT EXPTL PATHOL, LONDON SE1 9RT, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; Northwell Health; North Shore University Hospital; Cornell University; Sapienza University Rome; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam - Excl Erasmus MC; University of Edinburgh; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; King's College London
NR 30
TC 213
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 11
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/379826a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100059
PM 8587606
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mirkin, CA
   Letsinger, RL
   Mucic, RC
   Storhoff, JJ
AF Mirkin, CA
   Letsinger, RL
   Mucic, RC
   Storhoff, JJ
TI A DNA-based method for rationally assembling nanoparticles into macroscopic materials
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID surfaces; silver
AB COLLOIDAL, particles of metals and semiconductors have potentially useful optical, optoelectronic and material properties(1-4) that derive from their small (nanoscopic) size. These properties might lead to applications including chemical sensors, spectroscopic enhancers, quantum dot and nanostructure fabrication, and microimaging methods(2-4). A great deal of control can now be exercised over the chemical composition, size and polydispersity(1,2) of colloidal particles, and many methods have been developed for assembling them into useful aggregates and materials, Here we describe a method for assembling colloidal gold nanoparticles rationally and reversibly into macroscopic aggregates. The method involves attaching to the surfaces of two batches of 13-nm gold particles non-complementary DNA oligonucleotides capped with thiol groups, which bind to gold, When we add to the solution an oligonucleotide duplex with 'sticky ends' that are complementary to the two grafted sequences, the nanoparticles self-assemble into aggregates, This assembly process can be reversed by thermal denaturation. This strategy should now make it possible to tailor the optical, electronic and structural properties of the colloidal aggregates by using the specificity of DNA interactions to direct the interactions between particles of different size and composition.
RP Mirkin, CA (corresponding author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV, DEPT CHEM, 2145 SHERIDAN RD, EVANSTON, IL 60208 USA.
NR 24
TC 5788
Z9 6815
U1 24
U2 3011
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 607
EP 609
DI 10.1038/382607a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300046
PM 8757129
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keeling, RF
   Piper, SC
   Heimann, M
AF Keeling, RF
   Piper, SC
   Heimann, M
TI Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O-2 concentration
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; ocean; oxygen; circulation; transport; cycle
AB THE global budget for sources and sinks of anthropogenic CO2 has been found to be out of balance unless the oceanic sink is supplemented by an additional 'missing sink', plausibly associated with land biota(1,25). A similar budgeting problem has been found for the Northern Hemisphere alone(2,3), suggesting that northern land biota may be the sought-after sink, although this interpretation is not unique(2-5); to distinguish oceanic and land carbon uptake, the budgets rely variously, and controversially, on ocean models(2,6,7), (CO2)-C-13/(CO2)-C-12 data(2,4,5), sparse oceanic observations of p(CO2) (ref. 3) or C-13/C-12 ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon, (4,5,8) or single-latitude trends in atmospheric O-2 as detected from changes in O-2/N-2 ratio.(9,10). Here we present an extensive O-2/N-2 data set which shows simultaneous trends in O-2/N-2 in both northern and southern hemispheres and allows the O-2/N-2 gradient between the two hemispheres to be quantified. The data are consistent with a budget in which, for the 1991-94 period, the global oceans and the northern land biota each removed the equivalent of approximately 30% of fossil-fuel CO2 emissions, while the tropical land biota as a whole were not a strong source or sink.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST METEOROL,HAMBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Keeling, RF (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 34
TC 456
Z9 525
U1 1
U2 153
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 218
EP 221
DI 10.1038/381218a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sun, J
   Perona, P
AF Sun, J
   Perona, P
TI Early computation of shape and reflectance in the visual system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID perception
AB A COMPELLING sense of three-dimensional shape may be conveyed by the photograph of an object. Cues such as contour, shading, perspective and occlusion, to name a few, contribute to this percept. Psychophysical experiments suggest that certain aspects of three-dimensional shape are computed rapidly and in parallel by the visual system(1-7,15). Here we report that reflectance is also computed rapidly; moreover, it is the apparent reflectance, rather than brightness or perceptual three-dimensional shape, that is the primary basis for discrimination during the early stages of visual processing.
C1 CALTECH 11681, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 California Institute of Technology
RP Sun, J (corresponding author), CALTECH 11681, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 15
TC 46
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 165
EP 168
DI 10.1038/379165a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000058
PM 8538766
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, B
   Katz, N
   Lake, G
   Dressler, A
   Oemler, A
AF Moore, B
   Katz, N
   Lake, G
   Dressler, A
   Oemler, A
TI Galaxy harassment and the evolution of clusters of galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dwarf galaxy; rich clusters
AB NEARBY clusters of galaxies are filled with red elliptical 'E' and lenticular 'S0' galaxies(1), while younger clusters (at redshifts of greater than or similar to 0.4) contain substantial populations of blue spiral galaxies with morphological peculiarities(2-7) (see Fig. 1), Thus, within the last 4-5 billion years, galaxies in clusters underwent strong evolution that completely changed their character, By contrast, galaxies that are not associated with clusters show far less morphological evolutions(8). Here we propose that multiple highspeed encounters between galaxies-'galaxy harassment'-drives the morphological evolution in clusters, Our simulations show that these encounters are very different from mergers; they transform small disk galaxies into dwarf elliptical or dwarf spheroidal galaxies, Harassment will leave detectable debris arcs and could provide fuel for quasars in sub-luminous host galaxies.
C1 OBSERV CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON, PASADENA, CA 91101 USA.
   YALE UNIV, DEPT ASTRON, NEW HAVEN, CT 06511 USA.
C3 Carnegie Institution for Science; Yale University
RP Moore, B (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT ASTRON, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 39
TC 1595
Z9 1724
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 613
EP 616
DI 10.1038/379613a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sabatini, BL
   Regehr, WG
AF Sabatini, BL
   Regehr, WG
TI Timing of neurotransmission at fast synapses in the mammalian brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID squid giant synapse; presynaptic terminals; calcium transients; sensory neurons; parallel fibers; transmission; currents; fura-2; rat; exocytosis
AB UNDERSTANDING the factors controlling synaptic delays has broad implications. On a systems level, the speed of synaptic transmission limits the communication rate between neurons and strongly influences local circuit dynamics(1,2). On a molecular level, the delay from presynaptic calcium entry to postsynaptic responses constrains the molecular mechanism of vesicle fusion(3). Previously it has not been possible to elucidate the determinants of synaptic delays in the mammalian central nervous system, where presynaptic terminals are small and difficult to study. We have developed a new approach to study timing at rat cerebellar synapses: we used optical techniques to measure voltage and calcium current simultaneously from presynaptic boutons while monitoring postsynaptic currents electrically(4-6). Here we report that the classic view that vesicle release is driven by calcium entry during action-potential repolarization(7) holds for these synapses at room temperature, but not at physiological temperatures, where postsynaptic responses commence just 150 mu s after the start of the presynaptic action potential. This brisk communication is a consequence of rapid calcium channel kinetics, which allow significant calcium entry during the upstroke of the presynaptic action potential, and extremely fast calcium-driven vesicle fusion, which lags behind calcium influx by 60 mu s.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 30
TC 328
Z9 418
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 170
EP 172
DI 10.1038/384170a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600066
PM 8906792
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Casey, WH
   Ludwig, C
AF Casey, WH
   Ludwig, C
TI The mechanism of dissolution of oxide minerals
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID coordination chemistry; orthosilicate minerals; surface-chemistry; kinetics; rates; dust
AB THE exchange of metal ions between an oxide mineral surface and water occurs in a wide range of processes, including corrosion(1), the breakdown, of inhaled dusts(2,3), soil formation(4) and the cycling of toxic substances in the environment(5). In studies of the mechanisms of dissolution, the measured rate-law order with respect to protons(6-15) cannot be reconciled with the number of protons needed to form any reasonable assumed activated complex. Here we suggest that this discrepancy can be avoided if one takes into account the number of protonation and deprotonation steps leading to detachment of the hydrated metal ion. We show that the experimental proton rate order reflects a net balance of protons removed and attached in these steps. Our mechanism explains why the rate order generally coincides with the metal valence(8,9,11,12,16-18), and why there is a similarity between rates of water ligand liability in dissolved complexes and rates of mineral dissolution(19-22) and metal desorption(23). It eliminates the need to invoke catalysis by protons, and establishes a close consistency between reactions at surfaces and (better understood) ligand-exchange reactions in solution.
C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, DEPT GEOL, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA.
   EAWAG, CH-8600 DUBENDORF, SWITZERLAND.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology (EAWAG)
RP Casey, WH (corresponding author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA.
NR 28
TC 70
Z9 73
U1 3
U2 63
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 506
EP 509
DI 10.1038/381506a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mukhin, LM
   Koscheev, AP
   Dikov, YP
   Huth, J
   Wanke, H
AF Mukhin, LM
   Koscheev, AP
   Dikov, YP
   Huth, J
   Wanke, H
TI Experimental simulations of the photodecomposition of carbonates and sulphates on Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID martian atmosphere
AB THERE is indirect spectroscopic evidence for the presence of sulphates and carbonates on the martian surface(1-5), and such minerals are also found in SNC meteorites(6), which are thought to be of martian origin. But although carbonates are expected to be abundant in the martian regolith(7-9), attempts to detect them directly have been unsuccessful(10,11). Here we report laboratory studies of the decomposition of calcium carbonate and magnesium sulphate under ultraviolet irradiation, which mimic the conditions under which photodecomposition of surface minerals by solar ultraviolet light might occur on Mars. We find that, even for a low abundance(6) of carbonate minerals in the martian regolith, the rate of CO2 release due to photodecomposition is higher than the rate of CO2 loss from the atmosphere by solar-wind-induced sputtering processes(12-15), making this profess a potential net source of atmospheric CO2 over time. SO2 is also released from the sulphate, albeit more slowly. The rate of carbonate degradation is high enough to explain the apparent absence of these compounds at the martian surface.
C1 INST SPACE RES,MOSCOW,RUSSIA.
   KARPOV INST PHYS CHEM,ACT PARTICLE ABSORPT LAB,MOSCOW 103064,RUSSIA.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST ORE DEPOSIT PETROG MINERAL & GEOCHEM,MOSCOW 109017,RUSSIA.
   MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,ABT KOSMOCHEM,D-55122 MAINZ,GERMANY.
C3 Russian Academy of Sciences; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Max Planck Society
RP Mukhin, LM (corresponding author), EMBASSY RUSSIAN FEDERAT,2650 WISCONSIN AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20007, USA.
NR 23
TC 45
Z9 49
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 141
EP 143
DI 10.1038/379141a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000050
PM 8538763
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schubert, G
   Zhang, KK
   Kivelson, MG
   Anderson, JD
AF Schubert, G
   Zhang, KK
   Kivelson, MG
   Anderson, JD
TI The magnetic field and internal structure of Ganymede
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tidal dissipation; io; surface; flow; core
AB BEFORE the recent fly-bys of Ganymede by the Galileo spacecraft, viable models of the internal structure of Jupiter's largest moon ranged from a uniform mixture of rock and ice to a differential body with a rocky core and any icy mantle(1). Analysis of the Doppler shift of radio signals from Galileo has now shown that Ganymede is strongly differentiated with a relatively dense core surrounded by a thick shell of ice(2). Other instruments have revealed that Ganymede has an intrinsic magnetic field(3,4), which is aligned approximately antiparallel to Jupiter's magnetic field. Here we argue that these results imply that Ganymede has an outer silicate core surrounding a liquid (or partially liquid) inner core of iron or iron sulphide, and that the magnetic field is generated by dynamo action within this metallic core. Io also appears to have an intrinsic magnetic field(5,6) (antiparallel to that of Jupiter), implying that it too has a metallic core(7) in which the field is generated either by dynamo action or by magneto-convection.
C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
   UNIV EXETER, DEPT MATH, EXETER EX4 4QJ, DEVON, ENGLAND.
   CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Exeter; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); California Institute of Technology
RP Schubert, G (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI, LOS ANGELES, CA 90095 USA.
NR 25
TC 119
Z9 136
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 544
EP 545
DI 10.1038/384544a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yan, SD
   Chen, X
   Fu, J
   Chen, M
   Zhu, HJ
   Roher, A
   Slattery, T
   Zhao, L
   Nagashima, M
   Morser, J
   Migheli, A
   Nawroth, P
   Stern, D
   Schmidt, AM
AF Yan, SD
   Chen, X
   Fu, J
   Chen, M
   Zhu, HJ
   Roher, A
   Slattery, T
   Zhao, L
   Nagashima, M
   Morser, J
   Migheli, A
   Nawroth, P
   Stern, D
   Schmidt, AM
TI RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID glycation end-products; cell-adhesion molecule-1; neurite outgrowth; binding-proteins; oxidant stress; neurological disease; endothelial-cells; microglial cells; tau-protein; receptor
AB Amyloid-beta peptide is central to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, because it is neurotoxic-directly by inducing oxidant stress, and indirectly by activating microglia. A specific cell-surface acceptor site that could focus its effects on target cells has been postulated but not identified. Here we present evidence that the receptor for advanced glycation end products' (RAGE) is such a receptor, and that it mediates effects of the peptide on neurons and microglia. increased expression of RAGE in Alzheimer's disease brain indicates that it is relevant to the pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction and death.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT SURG,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT PHYSIOL & MED,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   SUN HLTH RES INST,SUN CITY,AZ 85372.
   BERLEX BIOSCI,RICHMOND,CA 94804.
   UNIV TURIN,I-10126 TURIN,ITALY.
   UNIV HEIDELBERG,DEPT MED,D-69115 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Banner Research; Banner Health; Banner Sun Health Research Institute; University of Turin; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
RP Yan, SD (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT PATHOL,630 W 168TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
NR 45
TC 1814
Z9 2089
U1 0
U2 147
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 685
EP 691
DI 10.1038/382685a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300040
PM 8751438
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eom, SH
   Wang, JM
   Steitz, TA
AF Eom, SH
   Wang, JM
   Steitz, TA
TI Structure of Taq polymerase with DNA at the polymerase active site
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID i klenow fragment; escherichia-coli; exonuclease activity; angstrom resolution; crystal-structure; protein
AB THE DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (Tag polymerase) is homologous to Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Pol I) and likewise has domains responsible for DNA polymerase and 5' nuclease activities(1,2). The structures of the polymerase domains of Tag polymerase and of the Klenow fragment (KF) of Pol I are almost identical, whereas the structure of a vestigial editing 3'-5' exonuclease domain of Tag polymerase that lies between the other two domains is dramatically altered, resulting in the absence of this activity in the thermostable enzyme(2). The structures have been solved for editing complexes between KF and single-stranded DNA(3,4) and for duplex DNA with a 3' overhanging single strand(5), but not for a complex containing duplex DNA at the polymerase active-site, Here we present the co-crystal structure of Taq polymerase with a blunt-ended duplex DNA bound to the polymerase active-site cleft; the DNA neither bends nor goes through the large polymerase cleft, and the structural form of the bound DNA is between the B and A forms. A wide minor groove allows access to protein side chains that hydrogen-bond to the N3 of purines and the O2 of pyrimidines at the blunt-end terminus. Part of the DNA bound to the polymerase site shares a common binding site with DNA bound to the exonuclease site, but they are translated relative to each other by several angstroms along their helix axes.
C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
C3 Yale University; Yale University; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 30
TC 320
Z9 385
U1 0
U2 128
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 278
EP 281
DI 10.1038/382278a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000057
PM 8717047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mojzsis, SJ
   Arrhenius, G
   McKeegan, KD
   Harrison, TM
   Nutman, AP
   Friend, CRL
AF Mojzsis, SJ
   Arrhenius, G
   McKeegan, KD
   Harrison, TM
   Nutman, AP
   Friend, CRL
TI Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID isua supracrustal belt; sedimentary-rocks; western-australia; pilbara block; carbon; environment; greenland; origin; iron
AB IT is unknown when life first appeared on Earth. The earliest known microfossils (similar to 3,500 Myr before present) are structurally complex, and if it is assumed that the associated organisms required a long time to develop this degree of complexity, then the existence of life much earlier than this can be argued(1,2). But the known examples of crustal rocks older than similar to 3,500 Myr have experienced intense metamorphism, which would have obliterated any fragile microfossils contained therein. It is therefore necessary to search for geochemical evidence of past biotic activity that has been preserved within minerals that are resistant to metamorphism. Here we report ion-microprobe measurements of the carbon-isotope composition of carbonaceous inclusions within grains of apatite (basic calcium phosphate) from the oldest known sediment sequences-a similar to 3,800-Myr-old banded iron formation from the Isua supracrustal belt, West Greenland(35), and a similar formation from the nearby Akilia island that is possibly older than 3,850 Myr (ref, 3). The carbon in the carbonaceous inclusions is isotopically light, indicative of biological activity; no known abiotic process can explain the data. Unless some unknown abiotic process exists which is able both to create such isotopically light carbon and then selectively incorporate it into apatite grains, our results provide evidence for the emergence of life on Earth by at least 3,800 Myr before present.
C1 WM KECK FDN CTR ISOTOPE GEOCHEM,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
   OXFORD BROOKES UNIV,DEPT GEOL & CARTOG,OXFORD OX3 0BP,ENGLAND.
C3 Australian National University; Oxford Brookes University
RP Mojzsis, SJ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 37
TC 878
Z9 1010
U1 1
U2 312
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 55
EP 59
DI 10.1038/384055a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900051
PM 8900275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU deCharms, RC
   Merzenich, MM
AF deCharms, RC
   Merzenich, MM
TI Primary cortical representation of sounds by the coordination of action-potential timing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID auditory-cortex; striate cortex; macaque monkey; neurons; responses; cat; synchronization
AB CORTICAL population coding could in principle rely on either the mean rate of neuronal action potentials, or the relative timing of action potentials, or both, When a single sensory stimulus drives many neurons to fire at elevated rates, the spikes of these neurons become tightly synchronized(1,2), which could be involved in 'binding' together individual firing-rate feature representations into a unified object percept(3), Here we demonstrate that the relative timing of cortical action potentials can signal stimulus features themselves, a function even more basic than feature grouping, Populations of neurons in the primary auditory cortex can coordinate the relative timing of their action potentials such that spikes occur closer together in time during continuous stimuli. In this way cortical neurons can signal stimuli even when their firing rates do not change, Population coding based on relative spike timing can systematically signal stimulus features, it is topographically mapped, and it follows the stimulus time course even where mean firing rate does not.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, KECK CTR INTEGRAT NEUROSCI, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 30
TC 421
Z9 481
U1 1
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 610
EP 613
DI 10.1038/381610a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700052
PM 8637597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moxham, CM
   Malbon, CC
AF Moxham, CM
   Malbon, CC
TI Insulin action impaired by deficiency of the G-protein subunit G(i alpha 2)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID phosphatase-activity; phosphorylation state; glucose-transport; antisense rna; diabetic rats; phosphotyrosine
AB Integration of information between tyrosine kinase(1) and G-protein-mediated pathways(2) is necessary, but remains poorly understood. Here we use cells from transgenic mice harbouring inducible expression of RNA antisense to the gene encoding G(i alpha 2) (refs 3, 4) to show that G(i alpha 2) is critical for insulin action. G(i alpha 2) deficiency in adipose tissue and liver produces hyperinsulinaemia, impaired glucose tolerance and resistance to insulin in vivo. Insulin resistance affects glucose-transporter activity and recruitment, counterregulation of lipolysis, and activation of glycogen synthase, all of which are cardinal responses to insulin(5). G(i alpha 2) deficiency increases protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity and attenuates insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS (insulin-receptor substrate 1) in vivo. G(i alpha 2) deficiency creates a model for the insulin resistance characteristic of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)(6), implicating G(i alpha 2) as a positive regulator of insulin action.
RP Moxham, CM (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,UNIV MED CTR,DEPT MOLEC PHARMACOL,DIABET & METAB DIS RES PROGRAM,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 30
TC 184
Z9 197
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 840
EP 844
DI 10.1038/379840a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100063
PM 8587610
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ng, M
   DiazBenjumea, FJ
   Vincent, JP
   Wu, J
   Cohen, SM
AF Ng, M
   DiazBenjumea, FJ
   Vincent, JP
   Wu, J
   Cohen, SM
TI Specification of the wine by localized expression of wingless protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID haltere development; drosophila embryo; disc; mutation; system; cells; genes
AB LIMB development in Drosophila depends on subdivision of the limb primordia into functional units called compartments(1-4). Cell interactions across compartment boundaries establish pattern-organizing centres that control growth and specify cell fates along the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes of the limbs(2,3,5-9). AP sub,division of the disc primordia is inherited from the embryonic ectoderm(10). DV subdivision of the wine; disc occurs during the second larval instar through localized expression of the apterous protein (Apterous) in dorsal cells(2,11). A third major subdivision of the wing disc into wing and body-wall compartments also occurs in the second instar(1). Here we show that specification of the wing primordium in early second instar depends on activity of the AP patterning system but not the DV system. These results define two distinct roles for the wingless gene: a primary role in specifying the wing primordium. and a subsequent role mediating the patterning activities of the DV compartment boundary(9,12,13).
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   MRC,MOLEC BIOL LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB2 2QH,ENGLAND.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); MRC Laboratory Molecular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine
NR 25
TC 187
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 316
EP 318
DI 10.1038/381316a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300054
PM 8692268
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mann, RS
   AbuShaar, M
AF Mann, RS
   AbuShaar, M
TI Nuclear import of the homeodomain protein Extradenticle in response to Wg and Dpp signalling
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID homeotic gene-expression; visceral mesoderm; drosophila embryos; pattern-formation; limb development; distal-less; germ layers; midgut; ultrabithorax; wingless
AB IN Drosophila, Decapentaplegic (Dpp)(1) and Wingless (Wg)(2) are two secreted signalling proteins of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and Wnt families, respectively. Although both are often required during development, only a few downstream components of these signalling pathways have been described. Here we present evidence that in the embryonic midgut both signalling pathways control the subcellular localization of the homeodomain protein encoded by the extradenticle (exd) gene. Exd protein is predominantly nuclear in endoderm cells close to Dpp- and Wg-secreting cells of the, visceral mesoderm, but is in the cytoplasm in more distant endoderm cells. Both dpp and log are required for the nuclear localization of Exd in the endoderm.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,COLL PHYS & SURG,INTEGRATED PROGRAM CELLULAR MOL & BIOPHYS STUDIES,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Columbia University
RP Mann, RS (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOPHYS,630 W 168TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM058575] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 111
Z9 119
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 630
EP 633
DI 10.1038/383630a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500056
PM 8857540
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zeng, HK
   Qian, ZW
   Myers, MP
   Rosbash, M
AF Zeng, HK
   Qian, ZW
   Myers, MP
   Rosbash, M
TI A light-entrainment mechanism for the Drosophila circadian clock
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna levels; period; gene; melanogaster; mutants; product; protein
AB Biochemical studies indicate that the Drosophila timeless protein (Tim) is a stoichiometric partner of the period protein (Per) in fly head extracts. A Per-Tim heterodimeric complex explains the reciprocal autoregulation of the proteins on transcription. The complex is under clock control, and many circadian features of the Tim cycle resemble those of the Per cycle. However, Tim is rapidly degraded in the early morning or in response to light, releasing Per from the complex. The Per-Tim complex is a functional unit of the Drosophila circadian clock, and Tim degradation may be the initial response of the clock to light.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NATL SCI FDN SCI,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,TECHNOL CTR BIOL TIMING,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NATL SCI FDN SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,TECHNOL CTR BIOL TIMING,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,GENET LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University
NR 34
TC 409
Z9 486
U1 0
U2 40
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 129
EP 135
DI 10.1038/380129a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800041
PM 8600384
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferreira, PA
   Nakayama, TA
   Pak, WL
   Travis, GH
AF Ferreira, PA
   Nakayama, TA
   Pak, WL
   Travis, GH
TI Cyclophilin-related protein RanBP2 acts as chaperone for red/green opsin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclosporine-a binding; bovine rhodopsin; homolog ninaa; active-site; drosophila; membrane; interact; ran/tc4; encodes; retina
AB CYCLOPHILINS are ubiquitous and abundant proteins that exhibit peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerization (PPlase) activity in vitro(1,2). Their functions in vivo, however, are not well understood. Two new retinal cyclophilin isoforms, types I and II, are highly expressed in cone photoreceptors of the vertebrate retina(3). Type-II cyclophilin is identical to RanBP2, a large protein that binds the GTPase Ran(4,5). Here we report that two contiguous domains in RanBP(2), Ran binding domain 4 (RBD4) and cyclophilin, act in concert as a chaperone for the opsin molecule of the red/green-sensitive visual pigment of a dichromatic vertebrate. In Drosophila, the cyclophilin NinaA(6,7) is expressed in all photoreceptors(8) and is required for the expression of only a subset of opsins(8,9). The molecular basis of these photoreceptor class-specific effects and the functions of NinaA and other cyclophilins in vivo remain unclear(10). Unlike NinaA, which forms a stable complex with opsin from retinular cells R1-6(11) we find that the cyclophilin domain of RanBP2 does not bind opsin directly; rather, it augments and stabilizes the interaction between red/green (R/G) opsin and the RBD4 domain. This involves a cyclophilin-mediated modification of R/G opsin, possibly involving proline isomerization. The RBD4-cyclophilin supradomain of RanBP2, therefore, is a form of vertebrate chaperone of defined substrate specificity, which may be involved in the processing and/or transport of long-wavelength opsin in cone photoreceptor cells.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,PROGRAM NEUROSCI,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV CONNECTICUT,CTR HLTH,DEPT BIOSTRUCT & FUNCT,FARMINGTON,CT 06030.
   PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Connecticut; Purdue University System; Purdue University
RP Ferreira, PA (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT PSYCHIAT,5323 HARRY HINES BLVD,DALLAS,TX 75235, USA.
NR 30
TC 196
Z9 214
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 637
EP 640
DI 10.1038/383637a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500058
PM 8857542
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Byrd, H
   Suponeva, EP
   Bocarsly, AB
   Thompson, ME
AF Byrd, H
   Suponeva, EP
   Bocarsly, AB
   Thompson, ME
TI Photocurrent generation in metal bisphosphonate multilayer thin films
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID photoinduced charge separation; electrodes; layers
AB Attempts to mimic the highly efficient process of photosynthesis(1-3) are of considerable interest, the goal being to design artificial systems for the efficient conversion of solar energy into chemical or electrical energy(4-14). In both natural and artificial systems, the underlying process is photoinduced charge separation, typically involving a redox reaction between a photoexcited donor molecule and an acceptor molecule. Through careful choice of the molecular arrangement, and the redox potentials of the donors, intermediate charge carriers and accepters, it is possible to minimize the reverse electron transfer process and thereby obtain stable photoinduced charge separation. In this context, photochemical electron accepters based on methylviologen and its derivatives have been widely studied(5,6,8-12,14-19). Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of metal biphosphonate multilayer thin films composed of viologen-based acceptor layers and donor layers of p-phenylenediamine. Our method of film growth provides control over both the structure and composition of the multilayer films, leading to efficient photoinduced charge separation and directional electron transport. These films generate photocurrents when irradiated with ultraviolet and visible light.
C1 UNIV SO CALIF, DEPT CHEM, LOS ANGELES, CA 90089 USA.
   MONTEVALLO UNIV, DEPT CHEM, MONTEVALLO, AL 35115 USA.
   PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT CHEM, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA.
C3 University of Southern California; Princeton University
NR 25
TC 65
Z9 71
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 610
EP 612
DI 10.1038/380610a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alidibirov, M
   Dingwell, DB
AF Alidibirov, M
   Dingwell, DB
TI Magma fragmentation by rapid decompression
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mount-st-helens; grain-size; dacite; mechanisms; eruption; rheology; melts; lava
AB The processes leading to magma fragmentation and the generation of pyroclastic debris during explosive volcanic eruptions are of fundamental importance in volcanology. Observations of explosive eruptions(1-3), as well as theoretical analyses of the underlying processes: have raised the question of whether the rapid decompression of highly viscous, vesicular magma that results from the collapse of a lava dome or volcanic edifice can, in itself, produce explosive magma fragmentation and pyroclast formation. Here we report the results of a laboratory investigation of pyroclast formation following rapid decompression. Samples of magma from the 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, when rapidly depressurized from initial pressures of up to 12 MPa (and at temperatures in the range 750-825 degrees C), fragmented to form pyroclastic products that are in many respects similar to those formed in real eruptions. Moreover, we observe explosive fragmentation at temperatures well below those normally associated with magmatic processes, suggesting that even relatively cool magma bodies can be very hazardous when subjected to rapid unloading events.
RP Alidibirov, M (corresponding author), UNIV BAYREUTH,BAYER GEOINST,POSTFACH 101251,D-95440 BAYREUTH,GERMANY.
NR 23
TC 250
Z9 269
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 146
EP 148
DI 10.1038/380146a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU KraanKorteweg, RC
   Woudt, PA
   Cayatte, V
   Fairall, AP
   Balkowski, C
   Henning, PA
AF KraanKorteweg, RC
   Woudt, PA
   Cayatte, V
   Fairall, AP
   Balkowski, C
   Henning, PA
TI A nearby massive galaxy cluster behind the Milky Way
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 8000 km s(-1); redshift survey; elliptical galaxy; iras galaxy; coma cluster; optical galaxy; great attractor; rich clusters; local group; spectroscopy
AB THE recession velocities of relatively nearby galaxies show systematic deviations from a uniform expansion field, These deviations indicate the presence of the 'Great Attractor'-a large concentration of mass (similar to 5 x 10(16) solar masses) that lies in the direction of the southern Milky Way(1,2), Attempts to quantify both the nature and extent of the Great Attractor(3-11) have been hampered by the fact that it is largely hidden by the disk of the Milky Way. Although there is an excess of galaxies in this region(12), no dominant galaxy cluster or other concentration of mass has hitherto been identified, Here we present results from a survey of galaxies obscured (or partially obscured) by the southern Milky Way, Our results show that a previously identified galaxy cluster, Abell 3627, which lies only 9 degrees from the predicted centre of the Great Attractor(13), is very massive (similar to 5 x 10(15) solar masses). The cluster's redshift is also near that predicted for the core of the Great Attractor(2,3,12-14), suggesting that it lies at or near the bottom of the Attractor's gravitational potential well.
C1 UNIV PARIS 07,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE.
   UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT ASTRON,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA.
   UNIV NEW MEXICO,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131.
C3 Universite Paris Cite; University of Cape Town; University of New Mexico
RP KraanKorteweg, RC (corresponding author), OBSERV PARIS,DAEC,CNRS,D0173,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE.
NR 40
TC 109
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 519
EP 521
DI 10.1038/379519a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Haase, KM
   Devey, CW
   Goldstein, SL
AF Haase, KM
   Devey, CW
   Goldstein, SL
TI Two-way exchange between the Easter mantle plume and the Easter microplate spreading axis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tectonic evolution; southeast pacific; island; model; ocean; rates
AB THE conventional model whereby plume volcanism forms linear age-progressive volcanic chains, with the youngest activity occurring nearest a spreading axis (at a 'hotspot'), has been challenged for the Easter seamount chain(1-4). Whereas early work suggested the existence of a linear melting anomaly (a 'hotline')(1,2) more recent studies(3,4) have proposed a hotspot near Salas y Gomez island, connected with the Easter microplate spreading system by an <similar to 880-km-long, volcanically active plume channel. Here we use geochemical, geological and geochronlogical data to argue that the hotspot lies close to Easter Island. Moreover, new isotopic data for lavas from the seamount chain provide evidence for bi-directional flow between the spreading axis and the plume, thus supporting geophysical and fluid-dynamical models of mantle flow in a plume/spreading asis system(5-7). Material balance and flux considerations show the Easter plume to be weak and cool compared with those beneath larger features such as Iceland, Hawaii and the Galapagos islands.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM,D-55020 MAINZ,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Haase, KM (corresponding author), CHRISTIAN ALBRECHTS UNIV KIEL,INST GEOL PALAONTOL,OLSHAUSENSTR 40,D-24118 KIEL,GERMANY.
NR 37
TC 37
Z9 39
U1 1
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 344
EP 346
DI 10.1038/382344a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ertem, G
   Ferris, JP
AF Ertem, G
   Ferris, JP
TI Synthesis of RNA oligomers on heterogeneous templates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 5'-phosphorimidazolide; ribonucleotides; montmorillonite; ribozyme; replication; adenosine; minerals; catalyst; model; life
AB THE concept of an RNA world(1,2) in the chemical origin of life is appealing, as nucleic acids are capable of both information storage and acting as templates that catalyse the synthesis of complementary molecules(3). Template-directed synthesis has been demonstrated for homogeneous oligonucleotides that, like natural nucleic acids, have 3',5' linkages between the nucleotide monomers(4-7). But it seems likely that prebiotic routes to RNA-like molecules would have produced heterogeneous molecules,vith various kinds of phosphodiester linkages and both linear and cyclic nucleotide chains. Here we show that such heterogeneity need be no obstacle to the templating of complementary molecules. Specifically, we show that heterogeneous oligocytidylates, formed by the montmorillonite clay-catalysed condensation of actuated monomers, can serve as templates for the synthesis of oligoguanylates. Furthermore, we show that oligocytidylates that are exclusively 2',5'-linked can also direct synthesis of oligoguanylates. Such heterogeneous templating reactions could have increased the diversity of the pool of protonucleic acids from which life ultimately emerged.
RP Ertem, G (corresponding author), RENSSELAER POLYTECH INST,DEPT CHEM,TROY,NY 12180, USA.
NR 28
TC 133
Z9 170
U1 1
U2 56
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 238
EP 240
DI 10.1038/379238a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900040
PM 8538788
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fisher, GJ
   Datta, SC
   Talwar, HS
   Wang, ZQ
   Varani, J
   Kang, S
   Voorhees, JJ
AF Fisher, GJ
   Datta, SC
   Talwar, HS
   Wang, ZQ
   Varani, J
   Kang, S
   Voorhees, JJ
TI Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID iv collagenase gene; c-jun; glucocorticoid receptor; acid; expression; gelatinase; promoter; binding; forms
AB DAMAGE to skin collagen and elastin (extracellular matrix) is the hallmark of long-term exposure to solar ultraviolet irradiation(1-3), and is believed to be responsible for the wrinkled appearance of sun-exposed skin(4,5). We report here that matrix-degrading metalloproteinase messenger RNAs, proteins and activities are induced in human skin in vivo within hours of exposure to ultraviolet-B irradiation (UVB). Induction of metalloproteinase proteins and activities occurred at UVB doses well below those that cause skin reddening. Within minutes, low-dose UVB upregulated the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappa B, which are known to be stimulators of metalloproteinase genes(6,7). All-trans retinoic acid, which transrepresses AP-1 (ref. 8), applied before irradiation with UVB, substantially reduced AP-1 and metalloproteinase induction, We propose that elevated metalloproteinases, resulting from activation of AP-1 and NF-kappa B by low dose solar irradiation, degrade collagen and elastin in skin, Such damage, if imperfectly repaired would result in solar scars, which through accumulation from a lifetime of repeated low-dose sunlight exposure could cause premature skin ageing (photoageing).
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
RP Fisher, GJ (corresponding author), UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT DERMATOL,KRESGE 1,R6558,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109, USA.
NR 30
TC 1139
Z9 1277
U1 2
U2 152
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 335
EP 339
DI 10.1038/379335a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300056
PM 8552187
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schalk, I
   Zeng, K
   Wu, SK
   Stura, EA
   Matteson, J
   Huang, MD
   Tandon, A
   Wilson, IA
   Balch, WE
AF Schalk, I
   Zeng, K
   Wu, SK
   Stura, EA
   Matteson, J
   Huang, MD
   Tandon, A
   Wilson, IA
   Balch, WE
TI Structure and mutational analysis of Rab GDP-dissociation inhibitor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID para-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase; gtp-binding protein; choroideremia gene; crystal-structure; macromolecular crystallography; geranylgeranyl transferase; purification; resolution; substrate; homolog
AB The crystal structure of the bovine alpha-isoform of Rab GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI), which functions in vesicle-membrane transport to recycle and regulate Rab GTPases, has been determined to a resolution of 1.81 Angstrom. GDI is constructed of two main structural units, a large complex multisheet domain I and a smaller alpha-helical domain II. The structural organization of domain I is surprisingly closely related to FAD-containing monooxygenases and oxidases. Sequence-conserved regions common to GDI and the choroideraemia gene product, which delivers Rab to catalytic subunits of Rab geranylgeranyltransferase II, are clustered on one face of the molecule. The two most sequence-conserved regions, which form a compact structure at the apex of GDI, are shown by site-directed mutagenesis to play a critical role in the binding of Rab proteins.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 52
TC 142
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 42
EP 48
DI 10.1038/381042a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300048
PM 8609986
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slupphaug, G
   Mol, CD
   Kavli, B
   Arvai, AS
   Krokan, HE
   Tainer, JA
AF Slupphaug, G
   Mol, CD
   Kavli, B
   Arvai, AS
   Krokan, HE
   Tainer, JA
TI A nucleotide-flipping mechanism from the structure of human uracil-DNA glycosylase bound to DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; escherichia-coli; excision; specificity; refinement; substrate; dynamics; base
AB ANY uracil bases in DNA, a result of either misincorporation or deamination of cytosine, are removed by uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG), one of the most efficient and specific of the base-excision DNA-repair enzymes(1). Crystal structures of human(2,3) and viral(4) UDGs complexed with free uracil have indicated that the enzyme binds an extrahelical uracil. Such binding of undamaged extra-helical bases has been seen in the structures of two bacterial methyltransferases(5,6) and bacteriophage T4 endonuclease V (ref. 7). Here we characterize the DNA binding and kinetics of several engineered human UDG mutants and present the crystal structure of one of these, which to our knowledge represents the first structure of any eukaryotic DNA repair enzyme in complex with its damaged, target DNA. Electrostatic orientation along the UDG active site, insertion of an amino acid (residue 272) into the DNA through the minor groove, and compression of the DNA backbone flanking the uracil all result in the flipping-out of the damaged base from the DNA major groove, allowing specific recognition of its phosphate, deoxyribose and uracil moieties. Our structure thus provides a view of a productive complex specific for cleavage of uracil from DNA and also reveals the basis for the enzyme-assisted nucleotide flipping by this critical DNA-repair enzyme.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT MOL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   NORWEGIAN UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, UNIGEN CTR MOL BIOL, N-7005 TRONDHEIM, NORWAY.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Norwegian University of Science & Technology (NTNU)
NR 25
TC 501
Z9 595
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 87
EP 92
DI 10.1038/384087a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900061
PM 8900285
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU RoelkeParker, ME
   Munson, L
   Packer, C
   Kock, R
   Cleaveland, S
   Carpenter, M
   OBrien, SJ
   Pospischil, A
   HofmannLehmann, R
   Lutz, H
   Mwamengele, GLM
   Mgasa, MN
   Machange, GA
   Summers, BA
   Appel, MJG
AF RoelkeParker, ME
   Munson, L
   Packer, C
   Kock, R
   Cleaveland, S
   Carpenter, M
   OBrien, SJ
   Pospischil, A
   HofmannLehmann, R
   Lutz, H
   Mwamengele, GLM
   Mgasa, MN
   Machange, GA
   Summers, BA
   Appel, MJG
TI A canine distemper virus epidemic in Serengeti lions (Panthera leo)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB CANINE distemper virus (CDV) is thought to have caused several fatal epidemics in canids within the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem of East Africa, affecting silver-backedjackals (Canis mesomelas) and bat-cared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) in 1978 (ref. 1), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in 1991 (refs 2, 3). The large, closely monitored Serengeti lion population(4,5) was not affected in these epidemics. However, an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus closely related to CDV emerged abruptly in the lion population of the Serengeti National Pack, Tanzania, in early 1994, resulting in fatal neurological disease characterized by grand mal seizures and myoclonus; the lions that died had encephalitis and pneumonia. Here we report the identification of CDV from these lions, and the close phylogenetic relationship between CDV isolates from lions and domestic dogs. By August 1994, 85% of the Serengeti lion population had anti-CDV antibodies, and the epidemic spread north to lions in the Maasai Mara National reserve, Kenya, and uncounted hyaenas, bat-eared foxes, and leopards were also affected.
C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901.
   SERENGETI WILDLIFE RES INST,TANZANIA NATL PARKS,ARUSHA,TANZANIA.
   MESSERLI FDN,ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,ST PAUL,MN 55108.
   KENYA WILDLIFE SERV,NAIROBI,KENYA.
   INST ZOOL,LONDON NW1 4RY,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,LONDON WC1E 7HT,ENGLAND.
   NCI,VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST VET PATHOL,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,DEPT VET INTERNAL MED,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   SOKOINE UNIV AGR,DEPT VET PATHOL,MOROGORO,TANZANIA.
   VET INVEST CTR,ARUSHA,TANZANIA.
   CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853.
   CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,JAMES A BAKER INST ANIM HLTH,ITHACA,NY 14853.
C3 University of Tennessee System; University of Tennessee Knoxville; UT Institute of Agriculture; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); University of Zurich; University of Zurich; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Cornell University; Cornell University
NR 20
TC 577
Z9 673
U1 0
U2 177
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 441
EP 445
DI 10.1038/379441a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400057
PM 8559247
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gaiano, N
   Amsterdam, A
   Kawakami, K
   Allende, M
   Becker, T
   Hopkins, N
AF Gaiano, N
   Amsterdam, A
   Kawakami, K
   Allende, M
   Becker, T
   Hopkins, N
TI Insertional mutagenesis and rapid cloning of essential genes In zebrafish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID drosophila genome; mutation; vector; cells; mice
AB LARGE-SCALE chemical mutagenesis screens in zebrafish have led to the isolation of thousands of lethal mutations in genes that are essential for embryonic development(1,2). However, the cloning of these mutated genes is difficult at present as it requires positional cloning methods, In Drosophila, chemical mutagenesis screens were complemented with P-element insertional mutagenesis which facilitated the cloning of many genes that had been identified by chemical lesions(3,4). To facilitate the cloning of vertebrate genes that are important during embryogenesis, we have developed an insertional mutagenesis strategy in zebrafish using a retroviral vector, Here, in a pilot screen of 217 proviral insertions, we obtained three insertional mutants with embryonic lethal phenotypes, and identified two of the disrupted genes, One of these, no arches, is essential for normal pharyngeal arch development, and is homologous to the recently characterized Drosophila zinc-finger gene, clipper, which encodes a novel type of ribonuclease(5). As it is easy to generate tens to hundreds of thousands of proviral transgenes in zebrafish(6), it should now be possible to use this screening method to mutate and then rapidly clone a large number of genes affecting vertebrate developmental and cellular processes.
C1 MIT,CTR CANC RES,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 17
TC 206
Z9 242
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 829
EP 832
DI 10.1038/383829a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400065
PM 8893009
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Abdrakhmatov, KY
   Aldazhanov, SA
   Hager, BH
   Hamburger, MW
   Herring, TA
   Kalabaev, KB
   Makarov, VI
   Molnar, P
   Panasyuk, SV
   Prilepin, MT
   Reilinger, RE
   Sadybakasov, IS
   Souter, BJ
   Trapeznikov, YA
   Tsurkov, VY
   Zubovich, AV
AF Abdrakhmatov, KY
   Aldazhanov, SA
   Hager, BH
   Hamburger, MW
   Herring, TA
   Kalabaev, KB
   Makarov, VI
   Molnar, P
   Panasyuk, SV
   Prilepin, MT
   Reilinger, RE
   Sadybakasov, IS
   Souter, BJ
   Trapeznikov, YA
   Tsurkov, VY
   Zubovich, AV
TI Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present-day crustal deformation rates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cenozoic tectonics; central-asia; earthquakes; california; collision; himalaya; geodesy; tarim; india
AB THE Tien Shan-a high, seismically active intracontinental mountain belt, 1,000-2,000 km north of the Himalaya-has grown as a result of India's collision with Asia(1). The crustal shortening (similar to 200 +/- 50 km; refs 2, 3) and thickening that gave rise to the Tien Shan accommodates only a small fraction of India's total penetration into Asia (2,000-3,000 km), and the temporal relationship of deformation in this belt to the India-Asia collision remains unclear. Here we report geodetic measurements of the Tien Shan, using the Global Positioning System (GPS), that indicate that the current crustal shortening rate is nearly half of India's convergence rate with Eurasia in this area(4). We infer a total shortening rate for the Tien Shan of similar to 20 mm yr(-1), which is approximately twice that inferred previously from the extrapolation of slip rates in the Holocene(3) and earthquake-induced displacements during this century(5), suggesting that the rate of mountain building in this region has accelerated severalfold since the onset of collision similar to 50-55 Myr ago(6,7). If, as we argue, the current shortening rate can be extrapolated to geological timescales, then our results suggest that most of the Tien Shan has been constructed during the past 10 Myr, perhaps in response to an increased horizontal force following an abrupt rise of the Tibetan plateau(8,9).
C1 KAZAKH AGCY PROTECT MUD FLOWS & LANDSLIDES,ALMATY 480100,KAZAKHSTAN.
   MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   INDIANA UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47401.
   MAIN AGCY GEODESY & CARTOG REPUBL KAZAKHSTAN,ALMATY 480096,KAZAKHSTAN.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,SCI CTR ENGN GEOL & ENVIRONM,MOSCOW 101000,RUSSIA.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST PHYS EARTH,MOSCOW 123810,RUSSIA.
   KYRGYZ ACAD SCI,INST GEOL,BISHKEK 720481,KYRGYZSTAN.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST HIGH TEMP,ELECTROMAGNET FIELD EXPEDIT,BISHKEK 720451,KYRGYZSTAN.
   GOVT AGCY GEODESY & CARTOG REPUBL KYRGYZSTAN,BISHKEK 720001,KYRGYZSTAN.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington; Russian Academy of Sciences; Russian Academy of Sciences; Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Russian Academy of Sciences; National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic (NAS KR); Russian Academy of Sciences; Research Station of the Russian Academy of Sciences - Bishkek
RP Abdrakhmatov, KY (corresponding author), KYRGYZ ACAD SCI,KYRGYZ INST SEISMOL,ASANABAI 52-1,BISHKEK 720060,KYRGYZSTAN.
NR 38
TC 502
Z9 625
U1 4
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 450
EP 453
DI 10.1038/384450a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hasselquist, D
   Bensch, S
   vonSchantz, T
AF Hasselquist, D
   Bensch, S
   vonSchantz, T
TI Correlation between male song repertoire, extra-pair paternity and offspring survival in the great reed warbler
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID female choice selects; acrocephalus-arundinaceus; reproductive success; mate attraction; dna; viability; polygyny
AB IN many birds, females copulate with males other than their social mate, resulting in extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs)(1-7). It is still unknown, however, why females seek EPFs(7,8). In one study, males that accounted for most EPFs had higher survival(6), but neither the characteristics revealing male quality nor the benefits accruing to females selecting attractive males were identified. Great reed warblers, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, are socially polygynous, and females base their mate choice on territory quality(9) and song-repertoire size(10), both of which predict harem size and reproductive success(11,12). By DNA fingerprinting(13), we demonstrate that female great reed warblers obtain EPFs from neighbouring males with larger song repertoires than their social mate. In addition, the relative post-fledging survival of offspring was positively correlated with their genetical fathers' song repertoire size. These data support the hypothesis that females, by engaging in extra-pair fertilizations, seek genetic benefits for their offspring(7,8).
C1 LUND UNIV,DEPT ANIM ECOL,S-22362 LUND,SWEDEN.
C3 Lund University
NR 30
TC 569
Z9 645
U1 2
U2 161
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 229
EP 232
DI 10.1038/381229a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carrigan, CR
   Heinle, RA
   Hudson, GB
   Nitao, JJ
   Zucca, JJ
AF Carrigan, CR
   Heinle, RA
   Hudson, GB
   Nitao, JJ
   Zucca, JJ
TI Trace gas emissions on geological faults as indicators of underground nuclear testing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID comprehensive test ban
AB UNDERGROUND nuclear explosions produce trace amounts of distinctive but ephemeral radionuclide gases. In the context of monitoring a comprehensive test ban treaty, the detection of these gases within the territory of a signatory, during a challenge inspection(1-5), may indicate the occurrence of a clandestine nuclear event. Here we report the results of an experiment simulating a well-contained underground nuclear explosion, undertaken to test the ability of natural gas-transport professes to move highly dilute and rapidly decaying radionuclides to the surface. We find that trace gases are transported to the surface within periods of weeks to a year, by how along faults and fractures driven by barometric pressure variations. Both our observations and related simulations exhibit a chromatographic behaviour, with gases of higher atomic mass and lower diffusivity reaching the surface more rapidly. For a 1-kilotonne nuclear test under conditions identical to those of our experiment, we predict that short-lived Xe-133 and Ar-37 would be detectable, respectively, about 50 and 80 days after the detonation. Our results indicate that radionuclide sampling along natural faults and fractures, as a forensic tool, can be an extremely sensitive way to detect nearby underground nuclear explosions that do not fracture the surface.
C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,ISOTOPE SCI DIV L231,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
   LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,GEOPHYS & GLOBAL SECUR DEPT L205,LIVERMORE,CA 94550.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
RP Carrigan, CR (corresponding author), LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,GEOSCI & ENVIRONM TECHNOL DEPT L206,POB 808,LIVERMORE,CA 94550, USA.
NR 15
TC 154
Z9 171
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 528
EP 531
DI 10.1038/382528a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DErchia, AM
   Gissi, C
   Pesole, G
   Saccone, C
   Arnason, U
AF DErchia, AM
   Gissi, C
   Pesole, G
   Saccone, C
   Arnason, U
TI The guinea-pig is not a rodent
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial-dna; nucleotide-sequence; evolution; phylogeny; mammals; gene; seal
AB IN 1991 Graur et al. raised the question of whether the guinea-pig, Cavia porcellus, is a rodent(1). They suggested that the guinea-pig and myomorph rodents diverged before the separation between myormorph rodents and a lineage leading to primates and artiodactyls. Several findings have since been reported, both for and against this phylogeny, thereby highlighting the issue of the validity of molecular analysis in mammalian phylogeny. Here we present findings based on the sequence of the complete mitochondrial genome of the guinea-pig, which strongly contradict rodent monophyly. The conclusions are based on the cumulative evidence provided by orthologically inherited genes and the use of three different analytic al methods, none of which joins the guinea-pig with myomorph rodents. In addition to the phylogenetic conclusions, we also draw attention to several factors that are important for the validity of phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data.
C1 UNIV BARI, DIPARTMENTO BIOCHIM & BIOL MOLEC, I-70125 BARI, ITALY.
   LUND UNIV, DEPT EVOLUTIONARY MOL SYSTEMAT, S-22362 LUND, SWEDEN.
   UNIV BASILICATA, DIPARTIMENTO BIOL DBAF, I-30100 POTENZA, ITALY.
   CNR, CTR STUDIO MITOCONDRI & METAB ENERGET, I-70125 BARI, ITALY.
C3 Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Lund University; University of Basilicata; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
NR 28
TC 284
Z9 304
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 597
EP 600
DI 10.1038/381597a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700048
PM 8637593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Miller, SA
AF Miller, SA
TI Fluid-mediated influence of adjacent thrusting on the seismic cycle at Parkfield
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; earthquake prediction experiment; california; recurrence; creep; zone; segment; depth
AB THE San Andreas fault near Parkfield, California has experienced moderate to large earthquakes about every 20 years since 1881, the most recent of which occurred in 1966(1-3). Statistical recurrence and precursory quiescence models(1,4,5) led to a prediction of the next event for 1992 or before, but this event has not yet occurred, Here I present a model(6) that attributes the 'non-occurrence' of the expected earthquake to the influence of adjacent thrusting on the rate of fault weakening from increasing pore pressures within the fault zone, Reductions in fault-normal strain rates(7-9), and the onset of seismic quiescence along the San Andreas fault, both coincide with adjacent blind thrust faulting in the 1982-85 earthquake sequence of New Idria, Coalinga and Kettleman Hills, These events 'turned off' a compaction-induced weakening mechanism and extended the (proposed) seismic cycle at Parkfield, A model simulation of this effect shows a strong correlation in space and time of calculated and observed earthquake hypocentres, and shows that observed seismicity patterns from 1969-95 can be explained by reduced compaction rates brought on by adjacent thrusting, The model may have applications to other linked thrust/strike-slip fault systems, such as are found in southern California and other transpressional regions.
RP Miller, SA (corresponding author), SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,ETH ZURICH,INST GEOL,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 31
TC 56
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 799
EP 802
DI 10.1038/382799a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Newell, PT
   Meng, CI
   Lyons, KM
AF Newell, PT
   Meng, CI
   Lyons, KM
TI Suppression of discrete aurorae by sunlight
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID arcs
AB IT HAS long been assumed that aurorae, like stars, are present during daylight, but hidden by the high surface brightness of the sky, The brightest aurorae are discrete curtains of light created by beams of electrons accelerated in the Earth's magnetosphere. Many theories' have been proposed to explain discrete aurorae, but the one that provides the best match to recent observations(2) invokes a positive feedback mechanism between the conductivity of the ionosphere, which is enhanced by the injection of electrons, and the current carried by these same electrons(3-5). Here we present a statistical study of electron precipitation events by using nine years of charged-particle data from weather satellites, We find that the beams of accelerated electrons that cause the discrete aurorae occur mainly in darkness: the winter hemisphere is favoured over the summer hemisphere, and night is favoured over day. We also find that discrete aurorae rarely occur in the presence of diffuse aurorae, which provide sufficient conductivity to support the electric currents between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere. Taken together, these observations strongly support the view that ionospheric conductivity is the key factor controlling the occurrence of discrete aurorae.
RP Newell, PT (corresponding author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,APPL PHYS LAB,JOHNS HOPKINS RD,LAUREL,MD 20723, USA.
NR 9
TC 259
Z9 270
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 766
EP 767
DI 10.1038/381766a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hugot, JP
   LaurentPuig, P
   GowerRousseau, C
   Olson, JM
   Lee, JC
   Beaugerie, L
   Naom, I
   Dupas, JL
   VanGossum, A
   Orholm, M
   BonaitiPellie, C
   Weissenbach, J
   Mathew, CG
   LennardJones, JE
   Cortot, A
   Colombel, JF
   Thomas, G
AF Hugot, JP
   LaurentPuig, P
   GowerRousseau, C
   Olson, JM
   Lee, JC
   Beaugerie, L
   Naom, I
   Dupas, JL
   VanGossum, A
   Orholm, M
   BonaitiPellie, C
   Weissenbach, J
   Mathew, CG
   LennardJones, JE
   Cortot, A
   Colombel, JF
   Thomas, G
TI Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID inflammatory bowel-disease; complex segregation analysis; linkage analysis; epidemiology
AB Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis are the major forms of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases in the western world, and occur in young adults with an estimated prevalence of more than one per thousand inhabitants'. The causes of inflammatory bowel diseases remain unknown, but genetic epidemiology studies(2-5) suggest that inherited factors may contribute in part to variation in individual susceptibility to Crohn's disease. A genome-wide search performed on two consecutive and independent panels of families with multiple affected members, using a non-parametric two-point sibling-pair linkage method, identified a putative CD-susceptibility locus on chromosome 16 (P < 0.01 for each panel). The localization was centred around loci D16S409 and D16S419 by using multipoint sibpair analysis (ref. 6, and J.M.O., manuscript submitted) (P < 1.5 x 10(-5)). This region of the genome contains candidate genes which may be relevant to the pathogenic mechanism of inflammatory bowel diseases.
C1 INST CURIE,LAB GENET TUMEURS,INSERM,U434,F-75231 PARIS,FRANCE.
   CTR HOSP REG & UNIV LILLE,REGISTRE MALAD INFLAMMATOIRES TUBE DIGEST NORD QU,F-59037 LILLE,FRANCE.
   CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,CLEVELAND,OH 44109.
   ST MARKS HOSP,LONDON EC1V 2PS,ENGLAND.
   HOP ROTHSCHILD,SERV GASTROENTEROL & HEPTAOL,F-75571 PARIS,FRANCE.
   UNITED MED & DENT SCH,GUYS & ST THOMAS HOSP,DIV MED & MOLEC GENET,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
   HOP NORD AMIENS,SERV HEPATOGASTROENTEROL,F-80054 AMIENS,FRANCE.
   HOP ERASME,SERV GASTROENTEROL & HEPATOPANCREATOL,B-1070 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM.
   GRP ETUD THERAPEUT AFFECT INFLAMMATORIES DIGEST,F-75012 PARIS,FRANCE.
   HERLEV HOSP,DEPT MED GASTROENTEROL,COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
   INST GUSTAVE ROUSSY,CANC EPIDEMIOL UNIT,F-94805 VILLEJUIF,FRANCE.
   GENETHON,CNRS,URA 1922,F-91002 EVRY,FRANCE.
C3 UNICANCER; Universite PSL; Institut Curie; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); Universite de Lille; CHU Lille; University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University; Imperial College London; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Sorbonne Universite; Hopital Universitaire Rothschild - APHP; University of London; King's College London; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; Universite de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV); CHU Amiens; Universite Libre de Bruxelles; University of Copenhagen; Herlev & Gentofte Hospital; UNICANCER; Gustave Roussy; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 27
TC 807
Z9 921
U1 0
U2 31
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 821
EP 823
DI 10.1038/379821a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100057
PM 8587604
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dong, JW
   Albertini, DF
   Nishimori, K
   Kumar, TR
   Lu, NF
   Matzuk, MM
AF Dong, JW
   Albertini, DF
   Nishimori, K
   Kumar, TR
   Lu, NF
   Matzuk, MM
TI Growth differentiation factor-9 is required during early ovarian folliculogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID factor-beta superfamily; primordial germ-cells; mouse oocytes; functional-analysis; mice deficient; gene; expression; culture; pattern; proliferation
AB GROWTH factors synthesized by ovarian somatic cells directly affect oocyte growth and function(1-6), but it is unclear whether oocyte-secreted factors(6-9) play a reciprocal role in modulating somatic cell functions in vivo. During the functional analysis of members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily in mouse development(10-15), we have uncovered a new family member, growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9), which is required for ovarian folliculogenesis. GDF-9 messenger RNA is synthesized only in the oocyte from the primary one-layer follicle stage until after ovulation(16,17). Here we analyse ovaries from GDF-9-deficient female mice and demonstrate that primordial and primary one-layer follicles can be formed, but there is a block in follicular development beyond the primary one-layer follicle stage which leads to complete infertility. Oocyte growth and zona pellucida formation proceed normally, but other aspects of oocyte differentiation are compromised. Thus, GDF-9 is the first oocyte-derived growth factor required for somatic cell function in vivo.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELLULAR BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02111.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Tufts University
NR 27
TC 1077
Z9 1301
U1 1
U2 98
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 531
EP 535
DI 10.1038/383531a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500052
PM 8849725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Collinge, J
   Sidle, KCL
   Meads, J
   Ironside, J
   Hill, AF
AF Collinge, J
   Sidle, KCL
   Meads, J
   Ironside, J
   Hill, AF
TI Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of 'new variant' CJD
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID creutzfeldt-jakob-disease; transmissible mink encephalopathy; bovine spongiform encephalopathy; mice expressing human; scrapie; protein; prp; replication; propagation; medicine
AB Strains of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are distinguished by differing physicochemical properties of PrPSc, the disease-related isoform of prion protein, which can be maintained on transmission to transgenic mice. 'New variant' Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has strain characteristics distinct from other types of CJD and which resemble those of BSE transmitted to mice, domestic cat and macaque, consistent with BSE being the source of this new disease. Strain characteristics revealed here suggest that the prion protein may itself encode disease phenotype.
C1 WESTERN GEN HOSP, NATL CJD SURVEILLANCE UNIT, EDINBURGH EH4 2XU, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND.
   ST MARYS HOSP, DEPT NEUROL, LONDON W2 1NY, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh; Imperial College London
RP Collinge, J (corresponding author), ST MARYS, IMPERIAL COLL SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL GENET, NEUROGENET UNIT, LONDON W2 1PG, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 42
TC 1502
Z9 1626
U1 0
U2 126
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 685
EP 690
DI 10.1038/383685a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800044
PM 8878476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stern, A
   Campins, H
AF Stern, A
   Campins, H
TI Chiron and the Centaurs: Escapees from the Kuiper belt
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solar-system; 5145-pholus; discovery
AB The Centaurs-a group of objects orbiting chaotically among the giant planets of our Solar System-appear to be a population transitional in size between typical short-period comets and the large Kuiper-belt objects that orbit beyond Neptune. They promise to reveal much about the origin of and interrelationships between the icy bodies of the outer Solar System.
C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ASTRON,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611.
   SW RES INST,DEPT SPACE SCI,BOULDER,CO 80302.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of Florida
NR 29
TC 31
Z9 33
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 507
EP 510
DI 10.1038/382507a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Copeland, JWR
   Nasiadka, A
   Dietrich, BH
   Krause, HM
AF Copeland, JWR
   Nasiadka, A
   Dietrich, BH
   Krause, HM
TI Patterning of the Drosophila embryo by a homeodomain-deleted Ftz polypeptide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fushi-tarazu; dna-binding; gene; expression; protein; segmentation; domain; establishment; maintenance; activation
AB HOMEODOMAIN proteins regulate diverse developmental processes in a wide range of organisms, yet bind in vitro to DNA sequences that are remarkably similar(1). This has raised the fundamental question of how target gene specificity is achieved in vivo. The Drosophila fushi tarazu protein (Ftz) contains a homeodomain(2) and is required for the formation of alternate segments(3). We have shown previously that a homeodomain-deleted Ftz polypeptide (Ftz Delta HD), incapable of binding DNA in vitro, could regulate endogenous ftz gene expression(4). Here we test Ftz Delta HD activities in a ftz mutant background and find that, surprisingly, Ftz Delta HD can directly regulate ftz-dependent segmentation, suggesting that it can control target gene expression through interactions with other proteins. A likely candidate is the pair-rule protein Paired (Prd). Ftz Delta HD bound directly to Prd in vitro and required Prd to repress wingless in vivo. These results emphasize the pivotal importance of protein-protein interactions in homeodomain protein function.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,CHARLES H BEST INST,BANTING & BEST DEPT MED RES,TORONTO,ON M5G 1L6,CANADA.
   DEPT MED & MOLEC GENET,TORONTO,ON M5G 1L6,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
NR 22
TC 82
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 162
EP 165
DI 10.1038/379162a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000057
PM 8538765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gems, D
   Riddle, DL
AF Gems, D
   Riddle, DL
TI Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans reduced by mating but not gamete production
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fertilization-defective mutants; female drosophila-melanogaster; life-span; wild-type; sperm; evolution; males; gene
AB THEORIES Of life-history evolution propose that trade-offs occur between fitness components, including longevity and maximal reproduction(1-3). In Drosophila, female lifespan is shortened by increased egg production(4), receipt of male accessory fluid(5) and courting(6), Male lifespan is also reduced by courting and/or mating(7). Here we show that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, mating with males reduces the lifespan of hermaphrodites by a mechanism independent of egg production or receipt of sperm, Conversely, males appear unaffected by mating, Thus, in C. elegans there is no apparent trade-off between longevity and increased egg or sperm production, but there is a substantial cost to hermaphrodites associated with copulation.
C1 UNIV MISSOURI, DIV BIOL SCI, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA.
C3 University of Missouri System; University of Missouri Columbia
RP Gems, D (corresponding author), UNIV MISSOURI, PROGRAM MOLEC BIOL, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA.
NR 24
TC 167
Z9 196
U1 1
U2 31
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 723
EP 725
DI 10.1038/379723a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700051
PM 8602217
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stone, DM
   Hynes, M
   Armanini, M
   Swanson, TA
   Gu, QM
   Johnson, RL
   Scott, MP
   Pennica, D
   Goddard, A
   Phillips, H
   Noll, M
   Hooper, JE
   deSauvage, F
   Rosenthal, A
AF Stone, DM
   Hynes, M
   Armanini, M
   Swanson, TA
   Gu, QM
   Johnson, RL
   Scott, MP
   Pennica, D
   Goddard, A
   Phillips, H
   Noll, M
   Hooper, JE
   deSauvage, F
   Rosenthal, A
TI The tumour-suppressor gene patched encodes a candidate receptor for Sonic hedgehog
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terminal cleavage product; motor-neuron induction; floor plate; polarizing activity; drosophila segment; larval cuticle; feedback loop; zygotic loci; protein; pattern
AB The protein Sonic hedgehog (Shh) controls patterning and growth during vertebrate development. Here we demonstrate that it binds Patched (vPtc), which has been identified as a tumour-suppressor protein in basal cell carcinoma, with high affinity. We show that Ptc can form a physical complex with a newly cloned vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila protein Smoothened (vSmo), and that vSmo is coexpressed with vPtc in many tissues but does not bind Shh directly. These findings, combined with available genetic evidence from Drosophila, support the hypothesis that Ptc is a receptor for Shh, and that vSmo could be a signalling component that is linked to Ptc.
C1 GENENTECH INC,DEPT NEUROSCI,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT MOL ONCOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT MOL BIOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT DEV BIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT GENET,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   UNIV ZURICH,INST MOL BIOL,DIV 2,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT CELLULAR & STRUCT BIOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; University of Zurich; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver
NR 39
TC 958
Z9 1162
U1 0
U2 46
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 129
EP 134
DI 10.1038/384129a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600055
PM 8906787
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yang, KH
   Scott, SD
AF Yang, KH
   Scott, SD
TI Possible contribution of a metal-rich magmatic fluid to a sea-floor hydrothermal system
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; sulfide; vapor; chemistry; deposits; vesicles; copper; model; ridge
AB THE source of the hydrothermal fluids vented in active volcanic areas on the sea floor(1-3) has been a matter of some debates(4-7); they may arise purely from the interaction of circulating sea water with the hot rocks through which it passes(1,3,8), or there mag be an admixture of a fluid escaping from magma at depth, as is seen in subaerial geothermal systems(9), The answer to this question also bears on the origin of the sulphide ores deposited by sea-floor hydrothermal systems, and their ancient analogues(8,10,11) preserved on land. Here we present direct evidence for the presence of magmatic fluid in the lavas that host an actively forming massive sulphide deposit in the eastern Manus back-are basin. We find high concentrations of chlorides and sulphides of ore-forming metals such as copper, zinc and iron in CO2-rich gaseous bubbles found both in melt inclusions frapped in the phenocrysts of the volcanic rocks, and in the matrix glass, We conclude that a metal-rich fluid was present in the magma before eruption, and probably exsolved as the pressure decreased. This finding suggests the possibility for the contribution of large quantities of ore- forming metals to a sea-floor hydrothermal system.
C1 UNIV TORONTO, DEPT GEOL, SCOTIABANK MARINE GEOL RES LAB, TORONTO, ON M5S 3B1, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
NR 37
TC 225
Z9 282
U1 1
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 420
EP 423
DI 10.1038/383420a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verdine, GL
AF Verdine, GL
TI The combinatorial chemistry of nature
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID modular polyketide synthase; polymerase chain-reaction; recombinant proteins; biosynthesis; overproduction; rapamycin; products; complex; domain
RP Verdine, GL (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CHEM & CHEM BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138, USA.
NR 28
TC 112
Z9 140
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 11
EP 13
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR392
UT WOS:A1996VR39200004
PM 8895593
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carpenter, PB
   Mueller, PR
   Dunphy, WG
AF Carpenter, PB
   Mueller, PR
   Dunphy, WG
TI Role for a Xenopus Orc2-related protein in controlling DNA replication
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID origin recognition complex; schizosaccharomyces-pombe; fission yeast; cell-cycle; invitro; system; eggs; phosphorylation; initiation; mitosis
AB THE six-subunit origin recognition complex (ORC) is essential for the initiation of DNA replication at specific origins in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(1-9). An important issue is whether DNA replication in higher eukaryotes, in which the characteristics of replication origins are poorly defined(10), occurs by an ORC-dependent mechanism, We have identified a Xenopus laevis Orc2-related protein (XORC2) by its ability to rescue a mitotic-catastrophe mutant of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, We show that immunodepletion of XORC2 from Xenopus egg extracts(11-13) abolishes the replication of chromosomal DNA but not elongation synthesis on a single-stranded DNA template, Indirect immunofluorescence indicates that XORC2 binds to chromatin well before the commencement of DNA synthesis, and even under conditions that prevent the association of replication licensing factor(s) with the DNA. These findings suggest that Orc2 plays an important role at an early step of chromosomal replication in animal cells.
C1 CALTECH, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DIV BIOL 21676, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; California Institute of Technology
NR 30
TC 183
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 357
EP 360
DI 10.1038/379357a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300062
PM 8552193
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schorle, H
   Meier, P
   Buchert, M
   Jaenisch, R
   Mitchell, PJ
AF Schorle, H
   Meier, P
   Buchert, M
   Jaenisch, R
   Mitchell, PJ
TI Transcription factor AP-2 essential for cranial closure and craniofacial development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural crest; vertebrates; disruption; binding; origin; cells; tube
AB DURING closure of the neural tube in the mouse, transcription factor AP-2 (refs 1-4) is expressed in ectoderm and in neural-crest cells migrating from the cranial neural folds(5). Cranial neural crest cells provide patterning information for craniofacial morphogenesis, generate most of the skull bones, and, together with placodal ectoderm, form the cranial ganglia(6-8). To study the role of AP-2 during embryogenesis, we undertook a targeted mutagenesis of the AP-2 gene in the mouse. Here we report that AP-2(-/-) mice died perinatally with cranio-abdominoschisis and severe dismorphogenesis of the face, skull, sensory organs and cranial ganglia. Failure of cranial closure between 9 and 9.5 days postcoitum coincided with increased apoptosis in the midbrain, anterior hindbrain and proximal mesenchyme of the first branchial arch, but did not involve loss of expression of twist or Pax-3, two other regulatory genes known to be required for cranial closure.
C1 MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   UNIV ZURICH, INST MOLEC BIOL, CH-8057 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.
   WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); University of Zurich; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
NR 30
TC 514
Z9 587
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 235
EP 238
DI 10.1038/381235a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900054
PM 8622765
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wheeler, PA
   Gosselin, M
   Sherr, E
   Thibault, D
   Kirchman, DL
   Benner, R
   Whitledge, TE
AF Wheeler, PA
   Gosselin, M
   Sherr, E
   Thibault, D
   Kirchman, DL
   Benner, R
   Whitledge, TE
TI Active cycling of organic carbon in the central Arctic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID marginal ice-zone; matter; waters; phytoplankton; particulate; temperature; regions; biomass; cold; sea
AB THE notion of a barren central Arctic Ocean has been accepted since English's pioneering work(1) on drifting ice-islands. The year-round presence of ice, a short photosynthetic season and low temperatures were thought to severely limit biological production(1,2), although the paucity of data was often noted. Because primary production appeared to be low(1,2), subsequent studies assumed that most organic carbon was either derived from river inputs or imported from adjacent continental-shelf regions(3,4). Here we present shipboard measurements of biological production, biomass and organic carbon standing-stocks made during a cruise through the ice covering the central Arctic Ocean. Our results indicate that the central Arctic region is not a biological desert. Although it is less productive than oligotrophic ocean regions not covered by ice, it supports an active biological community which contributes to the cycling of organic carbon through dissolved and particulate pools.
C1 UNIV QUEBEC,DEPT OCEANOG,RIMOUSKI,PQ G5L 3A1,CANADA.
   INST NATL RECH SCI OCEANOL,RIMOUSKI,PQ G5L 3A1,CANADA.
   UNIV DELAWARE,COLL MARINE STUDIES,LEWES,DE 19958.
   UNIV TEXAS,INST MARINE SCI,PORT ARANSAS,TX 78373.
C3 University of Quebec; University of Quebec; University of Delaware; University of Texas System
RP Wheeler, PA (corresponding author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL OCEAN & ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA.
NR 30
TC 211
Z9 234
U1 0
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 697
EP 699
DI 10.1038/380697a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, CM
   Vazquez, E
   Metaxas, A
   Tyler, PA
AF Young, CM
   Vazquez, E
   Metaxas, A
   Tyler, PA
TI Embryology of vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea methane/sulphide seeps
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID riftia-pachyptila
AB THE Vestimentifera are gutless worms that live around deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, obtaining energy from hydrogen sulphide with the aid of endosymbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria(1-3). Their phylogenetic relationships have been debated ever since they were first discovered(4,5). Moreover, hydrothermal vents are ephemeral and spatially patchy, raising questions about how vestimentiferan populations are established and maintained(6-9), and how symbionts are transmitted(10). Although postsettling juveniles have been described(11,12), embryos and larvae have been neither collected nor cultured. Here we describe the early development of vestimentiferans from cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico(13), and discuss the implications of our findings for dispersal potential and phylogeny.
C1 UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT OCEANOG,SOUTHAMPTON SO9 5NH,HANTS,ENGLAND.
C3 NERC National Oceanography Centre; University of Southampton
RP Young, CM (corresponding author), HARBOR BRANCH OCEANOG INST INC,DEPT LARVAL ECOL,5600 US HIGHWAY 1 N,FT PIERCE,FL 34946, USA.
NR 24
TC 98
Z9 105
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 514
EP 516
DI 10.1038/381514a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murphy, C
   Saffrich, R
   Grummt, W
   Gournier, H
   Rybin, V
   Rubino, M
   Auvinen, P
   Lutcke, A
   Parton, RG
   Zerial, M
AF Murphy, C
   Saffrich, R
   Grummt, W
   Gournier, H
   Rybin, V
   Rubino, M
   Auvinen, P
   Lutcke, A
   Parton, RG
   Zerial, M
TI Endosome dynamics regulated by a Rho protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID actin stress fibers; membrane; endocytosis; gtpases; cells; cdc42; microfilaments; cytochalasin; inhibition; fusion
AB Vesicular transport is a dynamic process that requires coordinated interactions between membrane and cytoskeleton. The mechanisms and molecules integrating these interactions are unclear. A Rho protein, RhoD, might provide a molecular link between membrane traffic and the cytoskeleton. Activated RhoD causes rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and cell surface, and governs early endosome motility and distribution.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
NR 38
TC 198
Z9 224
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 427
EP 432
DI 10.1038/384427a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700052
PM 8945468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gallimore, RG
   Kutzbach, JE
AF Gallimore, RG
   Kutzbach, JE
TI Role of orbitally induced changes in tundra area in the onset of glaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; climate
AB THE link between glacial-interglacial cycles and changes in insolation due to variations in the Earth's orbital parameters is well established(1-4). But of the attempts to simulate incipient glaciation using three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs) driven by orbital forcing alone(5-10), only one(10) has been successful. GCM experiments(7,11) show that reduced summer insolation 115,000 years ago (during an interglacial-to-glacial climate shift) produces sufficient high-latitude cooling to clause expansion of tundra at the expense of boreal forest(11), which in turn can induce more cooling(11-14). Here we show, using a global climate model, that the increase in surface albedo (under snow-covered conditions) that results from a biome model estimate(11) of tundra expansion 115,000 years ago is sufficient to induce glaciation over extreme-northeastern Canada. If the additional cooling from this estimated tundra expansion induces further expansion, then widespread glaciation occurs at latitudes above 65 degrees N. These results suggest that the climate feedback from high-latitude tundra expansion might have contributed to the onset of the most recent glaciation.
RP Gallimore, RG (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,INST ENVIRONM STUDIES,CTR CLIMAT RES,1225 W DAYTON ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 28
TC 126
Z9 132
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 503
EP 505
DI 10.1038/381503a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duffy, JE
AF Duffy, JE
TI Eusociality in a coral-reef shrimp
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID snapping shrimp; evolution; sociality
AB THE apex of animal social organization is cusociality, which has three characteristics: overlapping generations, reproductive division of labour, and cooperative care of young(1,2). So far, eusociality has been recognized only among social insects and the African mole-rats(3-5). Here I report the first case of eusociality in a marine animal. The sponge-dwelling shrimp Synalpheus regalis lives in colonies that may have >300 individuals, but that contain only one reproductive female. Direct-developing juveniles remain in the natal sponge, and allozyme data suggest that most colony members are full sibs. In laboratory experiments, larger colony members, most of whom apparently never breed, defended the colony against heterospecific intruders. Ecological similarities among mole-rats, termites and these sponge-dwelling shrimp, all of which are diploid animals, strengthen arguments that eusociality is favoured by gradual metamorphosis, parental care, and occupation of protected, expansible niches(6).
C1 COLL WILLIAM & MARY, VIRGINIA INST MARINE SCI, GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 USA.
C3 William & Mary; Virginia Institute of Marine Science
RP Duffy, JE (corresponding author), COLL WILLIAM & MARY, SCH MARINE SCI, GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062 USA.
NR 30
TC 209
Z9 247
U1 2
U2 110
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 512
EP 514
DI 10.1038/381512a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sellers, P
   Kelly, CA
   Rudd, JWM
   MacHutchon, AR
AF Sellers, P
   Kelly, CA
   Rudd, JWM
   MacHutchon, AR
TI Photodegradation of methylmercury in lakes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mercury; water; sediments; rates
AB METHYLMERCURY can accumulate in fish to concentrations that threaten human health(1). Fish methylmercury concentrations are high in many reservoirs(2) and acidic lakes(3), and also in many remote lakes(4,5)-a fact that may be related to increased atmospheric deposition of anthropogenically mobilized mercury during the past few decades(6). Although sources of methylmercury to lakes and reservoirs are known(7), in-lake destruction has not been demonstrated to occur at the low concentrations found in most water bodies. Here we report in situ incubations of lake water that show that methylmercury is decomposed by photo-degradation in surface waters. This process is abiotic and the rate is first-order with respect to methylmercury concentration and the intensity of solar radiation. In our study lake, the calculated annual rates of methylmercury photodegradation are almost double the estimated external inputs of methylmercury from rain, snow, streamflow and land runoff, implying the existence of a large source of methylmercury from bottom sediments. Photodegradation could also be an important process in the mercury cycle of other aquatic systems. This discovery fundamentally changes our understanding of aquatic mercury cycling, and challenges the long-accepted view that microbial demethylation dominates methylmercury degradation in natural fresh waters.
C1 FISHERIES & OCEANS CANADA, INST FRESHWATER, WINNIPEG, MB R3T 2N6, CANADA.
C3 Fisheries & Oceans Canada
RP Sellers, P (corresponding author), UNIV MANITOBA, DEPT MICROBIOL, WINNIPEG, MB R3T 2N2, CANADA.
NR 24
TC 312
Z9 396
U1 0
U2 196
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 694
EP 697
DI 10.1038/380694a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xu, QL
   Alldus, G
   Macdonald, R
   Wilkinson, DG
   Holder, N
AF Xu, QL
   Alldus, G
   Macdonald, R
   Wilkinson, DG
   Holder, N
TI Function of the Eph-related kinase rtk1 in patterning of the zebrafish forebrain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tyrosine kinase; brain; induction; mesoderm
AB EARLY during its development, the vertebrate brain is subdivided into regions that have distinct fates and correlate with the expression domains of regulatory genes(1,2), but little is known about the cell-cell interactions that establish this spatial pattern. Candidates for regulating such interactions are the Eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) which have spatially restricted expression in the developing brain(2-6). These RTKs may mediate cell-contact-dependent signalling by interacting with membrane-bound ligands, and have been implicated in axon repulsion(8,9) and the segmental restriction of gene expression in the hindbrain(10), but nothing is known regarding their function in the rostral neural epithelium. Here we use a dominant-negative approach in the zebrafish embryo to interfere with the function of Rtk1, an Eph-related RTK expressed in the developing diencephalon. We find that expression of a truncated receptor leads to expansion of the eye field into diencephalic territory and loss of diencephalic structures, indicating a role for Rtk1 in patterning the developing forebrain.
C1 UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,RANDALL INST,DBRC,LONDON WC2B 5RL,ENGLAND.
   NATL INST MED RES,DIV DEV NEUROBIOL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; King's College London; MRC National Institute for Medical Research
NR 28
TC 109
Z9 116
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 319
EP 322
DI 10.1038/381319a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300055
PM 8692269
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Block, DL
   Elmegreen, BG
   Wainscoat, RJ
AF Block, DL
   Elmegreen, BG
   Wainscoat, RJ
TI Smooth dark spiral arms in the flocculent galaxy NGC2841
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID grand design; triaxial bulge; hydrogen; ngc-4845; line; gas; m31
AB OPTICAL, images of the arms of spiral galaxies invariably show massive blue stars forming in ridges of interstellar gas and dust(1). These are particularly striking in 'grand-design' galaxies, in which the stellar positions are influenced by spiral density waves(1). By contrast, many galaxies have a 'flocculent' appearance, with no obvious evidence of spiral structure at visible wave-lengths, Here we report infrared observations of the prototype flocculent galaxy NGC2841, which reveal a remarkable system of long, dark spiral arms, These arms arise from concentrations of dust; they are hidden at optical wavelengths by light scattered from the dust. The mechanism that has organized the gas and dust into these dark arms is at present unclear; the arms might be highly sheared dense clouds, or they might correspond to density waves in the interstellar medium driven by an elongated central bulge, which would not affect the stable stellar disk.
C1 IBM CORP, DIV RES, TJ WATSON RES CTR, YORKTOWN HTS, NY 10598 USA.
   UNIV HAWAII, INST ASTRON, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
C3 International Business Machines (IBM); IBM USA; University of Hawaii System
RP Block, DL (corresponding author), UNIV WITWATERSRAND, DEPT COMPUTAT & APPL MATH, PRIVATE BAG 3, WITWATERSRAND 2050, SOUTH AFRICA.
NR 30
TC 39
Z9 40
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 674
EP 676
DI 10.1038/381674a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marin, I
   Franke, A
   Bashaw, GJ
   Baker, BS
AF Marin, I
   Franke, A
   Bashaw, GJ
   Baker, BS
TI The dosage compensation system of Drosophila is co-opted by newly evolved X chromosomes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; gene; expression; phylogeny
AB IN species where males and females differ in number of sex chromosomes, the expression of sex-linked genes is equalized by a process known as dosage compensation. In Drosophila melanogaster, dosage compensation is mediated by the binding of the products of the male-specific lethal (msl) genes to the single male X chromosome. Here we report that the sex- and chromosome-specific binding of three of the msl proteins (MSLs) occurs in other drosophilid species, spanning four genera. Moreover, we show that MSL binding correlates with the evolution of the sex chromosomes: in species that have acquired a second X chromosome arm because of an X-autosome translocation, we observe binding of the MSLs to the 'new' (previously autosomal) arm of the X chromosome, only when its homologue has degenerated. Moreover, in Drosophila miranda, a Y-autosome translocation has produced a new X chromosome (called neo-X), only some regions of which are dosage compensated. In this neo-X chromosome, the pattern of MSL binding correlates with the known pattern of dosage compensation.
RP Marin, I (corresponding author), STANFORD UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305, USA.
NR 17
TC 90
Z9 98
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 160
EP 163
DI 10.1038/383160a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800049
PM 8774878
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grunewald, A
   Lankheet, MJM
AF Grunewald, A
   Lankheet, MJM
TI Orthogonal motion after-effect illusion predicted by a model of cortical motion processing
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transparent motion; area mt; perception; direction; integration; movement; patterns; adaptation; coherence; neurons
AB THE motion after-effect occurs after prolonged viewing of motion; a subsequent stationary scene is perceived as moving in the opposite direction(1,2). This illusion Is thought to arise because motion is represented by the differential activities of populations of cortical neurons toned to opposite directions; fatigue in one population leads to an imbalance that favours the opposite direction once the stimulus ceases(3). Following adaptation to multiple directions of motion, the after-effect is unidirectional(4-6), indicating that motion signals are integrated across all directions. Yet humans can perceive several directions of motion simultaneously(7-10). The question therefore arises as to how the visual system can perform both sharp segregation and global integration of motion signals, Here me show in computer simulations that this can occur if excitatory interactions between different directions are sharply tuned while inhibitory interactions are broadly tuned, Our model predicts that adaptation to simultaneous motion in opposite directions will lead to an orthogonal motion after-effect. This prediction was confirmed in psychophysical experiments, Thus, broadly tuned inhibitory interactions are likely to be important in the integration and segregation of motion signals. These interactions may occur in the cortical area MT, which contains motion-sensitive neurons with properties similar to those required by our model(11-14).
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOL CYBERNET,D-72076 TUBINGEN,GERMANY.
   UNIV UTRECHT,DEPT COMPARAT PHYSIOL,NL-3584 CH UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV UTRECHT,HELMHOLTZ INST,NL-3584 CH UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Max Planck Society; Utrecht University; Utrecht University
RP Grunewald, A (corresponding author), CALTECH,DIV BIOL,MAIL CODE 216-76,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 29
TC 63
Z9 70
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 358
EP 360
DI 10.1038/384358a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100049
PM 8934521
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferster, D
   Chung, S
   Wheat, H
AF Ferster, D
   Chung, S
   Wheat, H
TI Orientation selectivity of thalamic input to simple cells of cat visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID response property; receptive-fields; striate cortex; area 17; neurons; projections; inhibition
AB MORE than 30 years after Hubel and Wiesel(1) first described orientation selectivity in the mammalian visual cortex, the mechanism that gives rise to this property is still controversial. Hubel and Wiesel(1) proposed a simple model for the origin of orientation tuning, in which the circularly symmetrical receptive fields of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus that excite a cortical simple cell are arranged in rows. Since this model was proposed, several experiments(2-6) and neuronal simulations(7,8) have suggested that the connectivity between the lateral geniculate nucleus and the cortex is not well organized in an orientation-specific fashion, and that orientation tuning arises instead from extensive interactions within the cortex. To test these models we have recorded visually evoked synaptic potentials in simple cells while cooling the cortex(9), which largely inactivates the cortical network, but leaves geniculate synaptic input functional. We report that the orientation tuning of these potentials is almost unaffected by cooling the cortex, in agreement with Hubel and Wiesel's original proposal(1).
RP Ferster, D (corresponding author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,DEPT NEUROBIOL & PHYSIOL,2153 N CAMPUS DR,EVANSTON,IL 60208, USA.
NR 30
TC 432
Z9 499
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 249
EP 252
DI 10.1038/380249a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700052
PM 8637573
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grotzinger, JP
   Rothman, DH
AF Grotzinger, JP
   Rothman, DH
TI An abiotic model for stromatolite morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth
AB STROMATOLITES are laminated, accretionary structures, which are commonly regarded to have formed by the sediment-binding or precipitating activities of ancient microbial mats off biofilms (composed mainly of cyanobacteria), possibly supplemented by abiotic surface precipitation(1-4). Stromatolites are thus considered to be a proxy for early life on Earth, as the record of these structures extends back to 3.5 Gyr ago(5). But as stromatolites only rarely contain fossil microbes, their biogenicity is tacitly assumed on the basis of morphological comparisons with modern, demonstrably biological, structures(6). Little is known about the physical, chemical and biological processes that controlled the growth of ancient stromatolites(4) and, with pioneering exceptions(7-9), the analysis of the inherent geometric characteristics of the structures has not been pursued. Here we present a morphological characterization of ancient stromatolites that have growth surfaces with self-affine fractal geometry. We deduce, from both the microscopic textures and the fractal dimension, a purely abiotic dynamical model of stromatolite surface growth that combines chemical precipitation on the growing interface, fallout and diffusive rearrangement of suspended sediment, and uncorrelated random noise. This result calls into question the assumption that organisms-even if present-necessarily played an essential role in determining stromatolite morphology during times when precipitation at the sea floor was common, such as the earlier Precambrian.
RP Grotzinger, JP (corresponding author), MIT, DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
NR 23
TC 302
Z9 358
U1 1
U2 85
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 423
EP 425
DI 10.1038/383423a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Young, GC
   KaratajuteTalimaa, VN
   Smith, MM
AF Young, GC
   KaratajuteTalimaa, VN
   Smith, MM
TI A possible late Cambrian vertebrate from Australia
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neural crest; conodonts; origins; tissue
AB THE fossil record of early vertebrates starts with certainty with the dermal armour of agnathan fish from the Early-Middle Ordovician of Australia(1,2). Recent controversial acceptance that conodonts(3) and the fragments called Anatolepis(4,5) may be vertebrate remains(6), extends their fossil record back to the Late Cambrian. Now a new type of phosphatic skeleton from Australia shows a three-layered structure that indicates vertebrate affinity, but with several unique features not known in other vertebrates. The new evidence challenges the most widely accepted current theory for the development of the vertebrate skeleton(7-11), which assumes the odontode (skin denticle) to be the primitive patterning component. The Australian material provides an alternative model for early vertebrate dermal armour with which to assess the vertebrate-like hard tissues in conodonts(12,13) and the dermal armour of Anatolepis(4-6,14).
C1 LITHUANIAN INST GEOL,LT-2600 VILNIUS,LITHUANIA.
   UNITED MED & DENT SCH,GUYS HOSP,DIV DENT,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; King's College London; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
RP Young, GC (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN GEOL SURVEY ORG,POB 378,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA.
NR 29
TC 27
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 810
EP 812
DI 10.1038/383810a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meno, C
   Saijoh, Y
   Fujii, H
   Ikeda, M
   Yokoyama, T
   Yokoyama, M
   Toyoda, Y
   Hamada, H
AF Meno, C
   Saijoh, Y
   Fujii, H
   Ikeda, M
   Yokoyama, T
   Yokoyama, M
   Toyoda, Y
   Hamada, H
TI Left-right asymmetric expression of the TGF beta-family member lefty in mouse embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reversal; gene
AB EXAMPLES Of lateral asymmetry are often found in vertebrates, such as the heart being on the left side, but the molecular mechanism governing the establishment of this left-right (LR) handedness is unknown(1). A diffusible morphogen may determine L-R polarity(2), but a likely molecule has not so far been identified. Here we report on the gene lefty, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta family, which may encode a morphogen for L-R determination. Lefty protein contains the cysteine-knot motif(3) characteristic of this superfamily(4,5) and is secreted as a processed form of relative molecular mass 25K-32K. Surprisingly, lefty is expressed in the left half of gastrulating mouse embryos. This asymmetric expression is very transient and occurs just before the first sign of lateral asymmetry appears. In the mouse mutants iv and inv, which cause situs inversus, the sites of lefty expression are inverted, indicating that lefty is downstream of iv and inv. These results suggest that lefty may be involved in setting up L-R asymmetry in the organ systems of mammals.
C1 TOKYO METROPOLITAN INST MED SCI, BUNKYO KU, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
   OSAKA UNIV, INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL, SUITA, OSAKA 565, JAPAN.
   MBL CO LTD, INA LAB, INA, NAGANO 396, JAPAN.
   TOKYO WOMENS MED COLL, DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL, SHINJUKU KU, TOKYO 162, JAPAN.
   MITSUBISHI KASEI INST LIFE SCI, MACHIDA, TOKYO 194, JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO, INST MED SCI, MINATO KU, TOKYO 108, JAPAN.
C3 Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science; University of Osaka; Tokyo Women's Medical University; University of Tokyo
NR 18
TC 383
Z9 443
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 151
EP 155
DI 10.1038/381151a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900048
PM 8610011
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pontieri, FE
   Tanda, G
   Orzi, F
   DiChiara, G
AF Pontieri, FE
   Tanda, G
   Orzi, F
   DiChiara, G
TI Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cerebral glucose-utilization; freely moving rats
AB THE question of whether nicotine, the neuroactive compound of tobacco, is addictive has been open to considerable scientific and public discussion. Although it can serve as a positive reinforcer in several animal species, including man, nicotine is thought to be a weak reinforcer in comparison with addictive drugs such as cocaine and heroin(1,2), and has been argued to be habit forming but not addictive(3,4). Here we report that intravenous nicotine in the rat, at doses known to maintain self-administration, stimulates local energy metabolism, as measured by 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, and dopamine transmission, as estimated by brain microdialysis, in the shell of the nucleus accumbens. These neurochemical and metabolic effects are qualitatively similar to those of other drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamine and morphine, which have strong addictive properties(5-7). Our results provide functional and neurochemical evidence that there are specific neurobiological commonalities between nicotine and addictive drugs.
C1 UNIV CAGLIARI, DEPT TOXICOL, I-09126 CAGLIARI, ITALY.
   UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA, DEPT NEUROSCI, I-00185 ROME, ITALY.
   INM NEUROMED, POZILLI, IS, ITALY.
C3 University of Cagliari; Sapienza University Rome; IRCCS Neuromed
NR 28
TC 872
Z9 975
U1 3
U2 77
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/382255a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000050
PM 8717040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, N
   Chiang, J
AF Murray, N
   Chiang, J
TI Wind-dominated optical line emission from accretion disks around luminous cataclysmic variable stars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID px andromedae; outburst
AB CATACLYSMIC variable stars are thought to consist of a low-mass star orbiting a more massive white-dwarf primary star, Gas from the secondary star hows onto the white dwarf by way of an accretion disk, and the recurrent outbursts that characterize these objects are attributed to either instabilities in the accretion disk (in the case of dwarf novae) or thermonuclear explosions of material accumulated on the white dwarf (for novae), Observations(1,2) of low-luminosity cataclysmic variables have revealed double-peaked emission lines consistent with the accretion-disk picture, But the emission lines associated with high-luminosity cataclysmic variables are single-peaked(3-9), which poses a considerable challenge for the disk theory(10,11), It has been suggested that winds from the accretion disk, driven by radiation pressure, might be responsible for altering the emission-line characteristics(4,10), Here we present a model of the disk wind in which the emission lines arise in a thin layer where the wind emerges from the disk, In our model, the accelerating wind introduces a pronounced anisotropy in the optical depth of the disk, from which single-peaked emission lines naturally arise.
RP Murray, N (corresponding author), UNIV TORONTO,CANADIAN INST THEORET ASTROPHYS,TORONTO,ON M5S 3H8,CANADA.
NR 29
TC 49
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 789
EP 791
DI 10.1038/382789a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barhanin, J
   Lesage, F
   Guillemare, E
   Fink, M
   Lazdunski, M
   Romey, G
AF Barhanin, J
   Lesage, F
   Guillemare, E
   Fink, M
   Lazdunski, M
   Romey, G
TI K(v)LQT1 and IsK (minK) proteins associate to form the I-Ks cardiac potassium current
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rectifier k+ channel; xenopus-oocytes; sk protein; expression; cloning; membrane; heart; herg; sensitivity; arrhythmia
AB IN mammalian cardiac cells, a varlets of transient or sustained K+ currents contribute to the repolarization of action potentials(1). There are two main components of the delayed-rectifier sustained K+ current, I-Kr (rapid) and I-Ks (slow)(2). I-Kr is the product of the gene HERG(3,4), which is altered in the long-QT syndrome, LQT2 (ref. 5). A channel with properties similar to those of the I-Ks channel is produced when the cardiac protein IsK is expressed in Xenopus oocytes(6-8). However, it is a small protein with a very unusual structure for a cation channel(9-15). The LQT1 gene is another gene associated with the LQT syndrome, a disorder that causes sudden death from ventricular arrhythmias(16). Here we report the cloning of the full-length mouse K(v)LQT1 complementary DNA and show that K(v)LQT1 associates with IsK to form the channel underlying the I-Ks cardiac current, which is a target of class-III anti-arrhythmic drugs and is involved in the LQT(1) syndrome.
C1 CNRS,INST PHARMACOL MOL & CELLULAIRE,F-06560 VALBONNE,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Cote d'Azur
NR 24
TC 1363
Z9 1504
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 78
EP 80
DI 10.1038/384078a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900058
PM 8900282
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Erkman, L
   McEvilly, RJ
   Luo, L
   Ryan, AK
   Hooshmand, F
   OConnell, SM
   Keithley, EM
   Rapaport, DH
   Ryan, AF
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Erkman, L
   McEvilly, RJ
   Luo, L
   Ryan, AK
   Hooshmand, F
   OConnell, SM
   Keithley, EM
   Rapaport, DH
   Ryan, AF
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI Role of transcription factors Brn-3.1 and Brn-3.2 in auditory and visual system development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell lineage; cat retina; c-elegans; gene; mouse; differentiation; homeodomain; expression; distinct; identity
AB THE neurally expressed genes Brn-3.1 and Brn-3.2 (refs 1-6) are mammalian orthologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-86 gene(7) that constitute, with Brn-3.0 (refs 1-3,8,9), the class IV POU-domain transcription factors(10), Brn-3.1 and Brn-3.2 provide a means of exploring the potentially distinct biological functions of expanded gene families in neural development, The highly related members of the Brn-3 family have similar DNA-binding preferences(1,2) and overlapping expression patterns in the sensory nervous system, midbrain and hindbrain(1-6,8,9), suggesting functional redundancy, Here we report that Brn-3.1 and Brn-3.2 critically modulate the terminal differentiation of distinct sensorineural cells in which they exhibit selective spatial and temporal expression patterns, Deletion of the Brn-3.2 gene causes the loss of most retinal ganglion cells, defining distinct ganglion cell populations, Mutation of Brn-3.1 results in complete deafness, owing to a failure of hair cells to appear in the inner ear, with subsequent loss of cochlear and vestibular ganglia.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT MED, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT SURG, DIV ANAT, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, VET ADM MED CTR, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT SURG OTOLARYNGOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT NEUROSCI, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; US Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans Health Administration (VHA); University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego
FU BLRD VA [I01 BX001205] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 439
Z9 502
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 603
EP 606
DI 10.1038/381603a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700050
PM 8637595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Habicht, KS
   Canfield, DE
AF Habicht, KS
   Canfield, DE
TI Sulphur isotope fractionation in modern microbial mats and the evolution of the sulphur cycle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sulfate reduction; sulfur cycle; atmosphere; abundances; sediments; oceans; carbon; oxygen; iron
AB The sulphur cycle has evolved over the course of the Earth's hisroty(1,2). The early Earth's surface environment was reducing, containing little atmospheric oxygen(3), and with seawater sulphate concentrations estimated at less than a few per cent of those found today, The accumulation of sulphate in the ocean to much higher concentrations was probably coincident with the initial accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere and the consequent oxidative weathering of sulphide minerals on land(4,5). Past changes in sulphate concentrations in ancient oceans have previously been assessed by comparing the systematics of sulphur Isotope fractionation by sulphate-reducing bacteria(6-9) with the isotopic composition of sedimentary sulphides(1,2,5,10,11). But such interpretations have proven equivocal: the generally small S-34 depletions in Archaean sulphides (deposited similar to 2.5-3.8 billion years ago) have been separately argued to result both from rapid sulphate reduction in a sulphate-rich ocean(5,12), and from sulphide formation in a sulphate-poor ocean(1,2,11). Here we report large S-34 depletions of 20-25%, observed during rapid sulphate reduction by sulphate-reducing bacteria in modern photosynthetic cyanobacterial mats from Solar Lake, Sinai. We conclude that high sulphate concentrations give rise to highly S-34-depleted sulphides, and thus that appreciable concentrations of seawater sulphate did not accumulate until the initial accumulation of oxygen into the atmosphere in post-Archaean times.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MARINE MICROBIOL, D-28359 BREMEN, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 33
TC 97
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 44
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 342
EP 343
DI 10.1038/382342a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liu, MY
   Simon, MI
AF Liu, MY
   Simon, MI
TI Regulation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase of a G-protein-mediated phospholipase C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tracheal smooth-muscle; beta-gamma; subunits; phosphorylation; stimulation; activation; forskolin; calcium; isozyme
AB THE heterotrimeric G proteins mediate a variety of cellular processes by coupling transmembrane receptors to different effector molecules, including adenylyl cyclases and inositol-phospholipid-specific phospholipase C (PLC)(1-3). Activation of adenylyl cyclases results in the production of cyclic AMP and activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), Phospholipase C catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP(2)) to generate diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP(3)), leading to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and the mobilization of intracellular calcium(4). The various PLC isoforms appear to be activated by different receptors, and in some cases by different G-protein components(5). There are four well-characterized forms of PLC-beta and all of them are activated to various extents by the G alpha(q) family of G proteins(6-9). Specific activation of PLC isoforms beta 2 and beta 3 by G-protein beta gamma subunits has also been reported(10,11). Although it has been suggested that PLC activity might be modulated by the adenylyl cyclase pathway, no clear link has been established between the two pathways. Here we report that cAMP-dependent protein kinase specifically inhibits G beta gamma-activated PLC-beta 2 activity but not that of the G alpha-activated PLC isoforms, and that the effect of PKA is not mimicked by PKC isozymes. Furthermore, we show that PKA directly phosphorylates serine residues of the PLC-beta 2 protein both in vivo and in vitro. Our results provide an insight into the specificity and nature of the crosstalk between the two G-protein coupled signal transduction pathways.
C1 CALTECH,DIV BIOL,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 83
EP 87
DI 10.1038/382083a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300059
PM 8657310
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DSouza, T
   Dryer, SE
AF DSouza, T
   Dryer, SE
TI A cationic channel regulated by a vertebrate intrinsic circadian oscillator
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chick pineal cells; melatonin rhythm; photoendocrine transduction; calcium influx; cyclic-amp; gland; light; gmp; pacemaker; culture
AB SECRETORY cells of the chicken pineal gland exhibit light sensitive circadian rhythms in melatonin release that persist in vitro(1-12). Melatonin secretion is positively regulated by cyclic AMP and intracellular Ca2+ (refs 8, 10-15), Cyclic AMP analogues are more effective at stimulating melatonin secretion during the circadian night owing in part to increased Ca2+ influx at those times(12), However, this cannot be attributed to increased activity of L-type Ca2+ channels(12). Here we describe an unusual 40-pS cationic channel (I-LOT) in cultured chicken pineal cells that is permeable to Ca2+ and active in the night but not during the day, I-LOT is not voltage- or stretch-activated, it has a characteristically long open time, and its gating persists in excised inside-out patches in the absence of Ca2+ or cyclic nucleotides. Daily rhythms in I-LOT gating are also observed in previously entrained chicken pineal cells free-running under constant dark conditions. Nighttime I-LOT activity is not suppressed by brief Light pulses.
C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, PROGRAM NEUROSCI, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University
NR 19
TC 41
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 165
EP 167
DI 10.1038/382165a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200049
PM 8700206
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Krauss, TF
   DeLaRue, RM
   Brand, S
AF Krauss, TF
   DeLaRue, RM
   Brand, S
TI Two-dimensional photonic-bandgap structures operating at near infrared wavelengths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gaps
AB PHOTONIC crystals are artificial structures having a periodic dielectric structure designed to influence the behaviour of photons in much the same way that the crystal structure of a semiconductor affects the properties of electrons(1). In particular, photonic crystals forbid propagation of photons having a certain range of energies (known as a photonic bandgap), a property that could be incorporated in the design of novel optoelectronic devices(2). Following the demonstration of a material with a full photonic bandgap at microwave frequencies(3), there has been considerable progress in the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals with operational wavelengths as short as 1.5 mu m (ref. 4), although the optical properties of such structures are still far from ideal(5). Here we show that, by restricting the geometry of the photonic crystal to two dimensions (in a waveguide configuration), structures with polarization-sensitive photonic bandgaps at still lower wavelengths (in the range 800-900 nm) can be readily fabricated. Our approach should permit the straightforward integration of photonic-bandgap structures with other optical and optoelectronic devices.
C1 UNIV DURHAM, DEPT PHYS, DURHAM DH1 3LE, ENGLAND.
C3 Durham University
RP Krauss, TF (corresponding author), UNIV GLASGOW, DEPT ELECT & ELECT ENGN, OPT RES GRP, GLASGOW G12 8LT, LANARK, SCOTLAND.
NR 20
TC 700
Z9 783
U1 1
U2 184
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 699
EP 702
DI 10.1038/383699a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brown, ME
   Hill, RE
AF Brown, ME
   Hill, RE
TI Discovery of an extended sodium atmosphere around Europa
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma
AB EUROPA one of the satellites of Jupiter, has long been thought to be a dormant icy body(1), unlike its volcanically active neighbour, Io. Europa lies deep within Jupiter's magnetosphere, however, and is continuously bombarded by energetic ions, which modify the surface ices(2) and are probably responsible for creating Europa's tightly bound oxygen atmosphere(3,4). Here we report the discovery of an atmosphere of atomic sodium that extends to at least 25 times Europa's radius. We suggest that this sodium is originally released by Io's volcanoes, after which it is ionized in the magnetosphere and implanted into Europa's surface ice; subsequent sputtering of the ice by magnetospheric ions releases the sodium to form the extended atmosphere. Although sodium is a minor constituent of Europa's atmosphere, it traces the distribution of the major atmospheric components which are not themselves directly observable. The sodium and oxygen could represent the extremes of the distribution of the atmospheric components, with only the heaviest molecules (such as the oxygen) being tightly bound; alternatively the sodium might be in the form of an extended corona, analogous to Io's atmosphere.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
C3 University of Arizona
NR 11
TC 96
Z9 106
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 229
EP 231
DI 10.1038/380229a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gerald, C
   Walker, MW
   Criscione, L
   Gustafson, EL
   BatzlHartmann, C
   Smith, KE
   Vaysse, P
   Durkin, MM
   Laz, TM
   Linemeyer, DL
   Schaffhauser, AO
   Whitebread, S
   Hofbauer, KG
   Taber, RI
   Branchek, TA
   Weinshank, RL
AF Gerald, C
   Walker, MW
   Criscione, L
   Gustafson, EL
   BatzlHartmann, C
   Smith, KE
   Vaysse, P
   Durkin, MM
   Laz, TM
   Linemeyer, DL
   Schaffhauser, AO
   Whitebread, S
   Hofbauer, KG
   Taber, RI
   Branchek, TA
   Weinshank, RL
TI A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-coupled receptor; peptide-yy; gene; expression; cloning; binding
AB NEUROPEPTIDE Y (NPY) is a powerful stimulant of food intake and is proposed to activate a hypothalamic 'feeding' receptor distinct from previously cloned Y-type receptors(1). This receptor was first suggested to explain a feeding response to NPY and related peptides, including NPY2-36, that differed from their activities at the Y1 receptor(2), Here we report the expression cloning of a novel Y-type receptor from rat hypothalamus, which we name Y5, The complementary DNA encodes a 456-amino-acid protein with less than 35% overall identity to known Y-type receptors, The messenger RNA is found primarily in the central nervous system, including the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The extent to which selected peptides can Inhibit adenylate cyclase through the Y5 receptor and stimulate food intake in rats correspond well, Our data support the idea that the Y5 receptor is the postulated 'feeding' receptor, and may provide a new method for the study and treatment of obesity and eating disorders.
C1 CIBA GEIGY LTD,DIV PHARMACEUT,METAB RISK FACTOR DEPT,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Novartis
RP Gerald, C (corresponding author), SYNAPT PHARMACEUT CORP,215 COLL RD,PARAMUS,NJ 07652, USA.
NR 28
TC 816
Z9 890
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/382168a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200050
PM 8700207
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Guttman, A
AF Guttman, A
TI High-resolution carbohydrate profiling by capillary gel electrophoresis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescent detection has been found to be a powerful separation and characterization tool for fluorescently labelled carbohydrates.
RP Guttman, A (corresponding author), BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS INC,2500 HARBOUR BLVD,FULLERTON,CA 92634, USA.
NR 8
TC 116
Z9 128
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 461
EP 462
DI 10.1038/380461a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000069
PM 8602248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Williams, TN
   Maitland, K
   Bennett, S
   Ganczakowski, M
   Peto, TEA
   Newbold, CI
   Bowden, DK
   Weatherall, DJ
   Clegg, JB
AF Williams, TN
   Maitland, K
   Bennett, S
   Ganczakowski, M
   Peto, TEA
   Newbold, CI
   Bowden, DK
   Weatherall, DJ
   Clegg, JB
TI High incidence of malaria in alpha-thalassaemic children
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasmodium-falciparum; natural-selection; beta-thalassemia; red-cells; deficiency; susceptibility; erythrocytes; hemoglobin; genetics; antigens
AB THE alpha(+)-thalassaemias are the commonest known human genetic disorders, affecting up to 80 per cent of some populations(1). Although there is good evidence from both epidemiological(2,3) and clinical(4) studies that these gene frequencies reflect selection by, and protection from, malaria, the mechanism is unknown. We have studied the epidemiology of malaria in childhood on the southwestern Pacific island of Espiritu Santo in Vanuatu and here we report that, paradoxically, both the incidence of uncomplicated malaria and the prevalence of splenomegaly, an index of malaria infection, are significantly higher in young children with alpha(+)-thalassnemia than in normal children. Furthermore, this effect is most marked in the youngest children and for the nonlethal parasite Plasmodium vivax. The alpha(+)-thalassaemias may have been selected for their ability beneficially to increase susceptibility to P. vivax, which, by acting as a natural vaccine in this community, induces limited cross-species protection against subsequent severe P. falciparum malaria.
C1 UNIV LONDON LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,TROP HLTH EPIDEMIOL UNIT,LONDON WC1E 7HT,ENGLAND.
   MONASH UNIV,DEPT ANAT,CLAYTON,VIC 3168,AUSTRALIA.
C3 University of London; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; Monash University
RP Williams, TN (corresponding author), JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP,INST MOL MED,OXFORD OX3 9DU,ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 202
Z9 220
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 522
EP 525
DI 10.1038/383522a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500049
PM 8849722
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kibota, TT
   Lynch, M
AF Kibota, TT
   Lynch, M
TI Estimate of the genomic mutation rate deleterious to overall fitness in E-coli
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID populations; evolution
AB MUTATIONS are a double-edged sword: they are the ultimate source of genetic variation upon which evolution depends, yet most mutations affecting fitness (viability and reproductive success) appear to be harmful(1). Deleterious mutations of small effect can escape natural selection, and should accumulate in small populations(2-4). Reduced fitness from deleterious-mutation accumulation may be important in the evolution of sex(5-7), mate choice(8,9), and diploid life-cycles(10), and in the extinction of small populations(11,12). Few empirical data exist, however. Minimum estimates of the genomic deleterious-mutation rate for viability in Drosophila melanogaster are surprisingly high(1,13,14), leading to the conjecture that the rate for total fitness could exceed 1.0 mutation per individual per generation(5,6). Here we use Escherichia coli to provide an estimate of the genomic deleterious-mutation rate for total fitness in a microbe. We estimate that the per-microbe rate of deleterious mutations is in excess of 0.0002.
C1 UNIV OREGON,DEPT BIOL,EUGENE,OR 97403.
C3 University of Oregon
RP Kibota, TT (corresponding author), CLARK COLL,DEPT BIOL,1800 E MCLOUGHLIN BLVD,VANCOUVER,WA 98663, USA.
NR 24
TC 273
Z9 315
U1 1
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 694
EP 696
DI 10.1038/381694a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900051
PM 8649513
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mattingly, RR
   Macara, IG
AF Mattingly, RR
   Macara, IG
TI Phosphorylation-dependent activation of the Ras-GRF/CDC25(Mm) exchange factor by muscarinic receptors and G-protein beta gamma subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nucleotide-releasing-factor; map kinase; ras; pathway; transformation; fibroblasts; stimulation; hypertrophy; p21(ras); cloning
AB MUSCARINIC receptors activate Ras through a pathway distinct(1,2) from that mediated through translocation of the exchange factor mSos1 by receptor tyrosine kinases(3'4). Here we report that muscarinic receptors can activate another Ras exchange factor, CDC25(Mm), or p140(Ras-GRF) (refs 5,6). In NIH-3T3 cells expressing subtype 1 human muscarinic receptors (hm1), the agonist carbachol selectively increased the specific activity and phosphorylation state of epitope-tagged Ras-GRF. This stimulation nas reversed by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and prevented by transducin alpha-subunits. Carbachol treatment of neonatal rat brain explants increased Ras exchange factor activity and the phosphorylation state of endogenous Ras-GRF. In COS-7 cells, cotransfection of hm1 or hm2 receptors with Ras-GRF conferred carbachol-dependent increases in exchange-factor activity, whereas cotransfection with G protein beta gamma subunits caused a constitutive activation that was sensitive to PP1. These results demonstrate a G-protein-coupled mechanism for Ras activation, mediated by p140R(Ras-GRF).
C1 UNIV VERMONT,COLL MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & MOLEC GENET,BURLINGTON,VT 05405.
   VERMONT COMPREHENS CANC CTR,BURLINGTON,VT 05405.
C3 University of Vermont
RP Mattingly, RR (corresponding author), UNIV VERMONT,COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,BURLINGTON,VT 05405, USA.
NR 30
TC 161
Z9 177
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 268
EP 272
DI 10.1038/382268a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000054
PM 8717044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Meehl, GA
   Washington, WM
AF Meehl, GA
   Washington, WM
TI El Nino-like climate change in a model with increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-surface temperature; southern oscillation; interannual variability; northern-hemisphere; tropical pacific; ocean; circulation; convection
AB SEA surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean increased on average by serveral tenths of a degree during the 1980s and early 1990s(1-4), contributing to the observed global warming during this period(5), Here we investigate the possible causes of this Pacific warming, using a global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model incorporating increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, In the model, cloud cover and cloud albedo feedbacks contribute to tropical Pacific sea surface temperature increases that are greater east of 180 degrees longitude, with attendant shifts in large-scale precipitation patterns and mid-latitude circulation anomalies in the north Pacific, These anomalies resemble some aspects of El Nino events, as well as features associated with recent observed Pacific-region climate anomalies. The resemblance to El Nino complicates the problem of detection and attribution of climate change, and suggests that depletion of freshwater resources(6) may be an additional hazard of greenhouse warming for populations in the western Pacific region.
RP Meehl, GA (corresponding author), NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307, USA.
NR 35
TC 342
Z9 366
U1 0
U2 47
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 56
EP 60
DI 10.1038/382056a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Behl, RJ
   Kennett, JP
AF Behl, RJ
   Kennett, JP
TI Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara basin, NE Pacific, during the past 60 kyr
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID record
AB THE instability of the Northern Hemisphere glacial climate over the past 100 kyr has been revealed by at least 20 brief warm (interstadial) episodes, called Dansgaard-Oeschger events, recorded in Greenland ice cores(1-3) and in North Atlantic sedimentary records(4,5). A few of these events have been recognized elsewhere(6-8). Here we describe a record of ocean oxygenation and circulation from the Santa Barbara basin in the northeast Pacific Ocean which correlates well,vith the Greenland ice-core records. We see 19 of the 20 Dansgaard-Oeschger events, in the form of laminated sediments deposited under anoxic conditions, and we can correlate at least 16 of these with the 17 ice-core interstadials of the past 60 kyr. Thus, these short-term events were not restricted to the North Atlantic region. The events had substantial ecological and oceanographic effects in the Santa Barbara basin, including changes in benthic faunal populations and in the age and composition of bottom waters. Similar ventilation changes have been seen in the Gulf of California(9,10), suggesting that these changes may have been widespread and synchronous along the northeast Pacific margin. These results suggest sensitivity of broad areas of the ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system to short-term climate change.
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT GEOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
NR 42
TC 441
Z9 506
U1 1
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 243
EP 246
DI 10.1038/379243a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dinsmore, AD
   Yodh, AG
   Pine, DJ
AF Dinsmore, AD
   Yodh, AG
   Pine, DJ
TI Entropic control of particle motion using passive surface microstructures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hard-sphere colloids; phase-separation; depletion force; mixtures; emulsions; polymer; suspensions; dispersions; behavior; diagrams
AB IN a colloidal suspension containing particles of two different sizes, there is an attractive force between the larger particles. This attraction is due to the extra volume that becomes available to the smaller particles when the larger particles approach one another, thus increasing the entropy of the system. Entropic 'excluded-volume' effects of this type have been studied previously in colloids and emulsions, in the context of phase-separation phenomena in the bulk(1-15) and at flat surfaces(2,16). Here we show how similar effects can be used to position the larger particles of a binary mixture on a substrate, or to move them in a predetermined way. Our experiments demonstrate the entropically driven repulsion of a colloidal sphere (in a suspension of smaller spheres) from the edge of a step; the magnitude of the entropic barrier felt by the sphere is approximately twice its mean thermal energy. These results indicate that passive structures etched into the walls of a container create localized entropic force fields which can trap, repel or induce the controlled drift of particles. Manipulation techniques based on these effects should be useful for making the highly ordered particle arrays required for structures with photonic band gaps(17,18), microelectronic mask materials(19), and materials for clinical assays(20).
C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT CHEM ENGN,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT MAT,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.
C3 University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Dinsmore, AD (corresponding author), UNIV PENN,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,209 S 33 ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA.
NR 30
TC 189
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 239
EP 242
DI 10.1038/383239a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bonatti, E
   Ligi, M
   Borsetti, AM
   Gasperini, L
   Negri, A
   Sartori, R
AF Bonatti, E
   Ligi, M
   Borsetti, AM
   Gasperini, L
   Negri, A
   Sartori, R
TI Lower Cretaceous deposits trapped near the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID south-atlantic; evolution; ocean
AB ACCORDING to palaeogeographic reconstructions, the equatorial Atlantic Ocean basin started to open in the Cretaceous period, not earlier than 120 Myr ago(1-3). From this and a conventional description of the process of sea-floor spreading, one would expect the oldest oceanic crust in this region to be 120 Myr old, and to be found at the edges of the ocean basin. Contrary to these expectations, we report here the recovery of 140-Myr-old 'Maiolica'-type pelagic limestones from the centre of the basin, near the intersection of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Romanche transform fault. The limestones occur within a tecto nically deformed and uplifted sedimentary sequence, > 4 km thick and > 200 km long, which includes continent-derived quart-zitic siltstones of Palaeocene and Eocene age. This sequence probably accumulated in a proto-Romanche transform valley that was connected to a palaeo-central-Atlantic basin, indicating that continental separation had already started here 140 Myr ago. The entrapment of these old deposits within younger ocean crust can be explained by repeated ridge jumping and transform migration during the evolution of the equatorial Atlantic.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964.
   UNIV BOLOGNA,BOLOGNA,ITALY.
C3 Columbia University; University of Bologna
RP Bonatti, E (corresponding author), CNR,IST GEOL MARINA,VIA P GOBETTI 101,I-40129 BOLOGNA,ITALY.
NR 20
TC 46
Z9 49
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 518
EP 520
DI 10.1038/380518a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Treanor, JJS
   Goodman, L
   deSauvage, F
   Stone, DM
   Poulsen, KT
   Beck, CD
   Gray, C
   Armanini, MP
   Pollock, RA
   Hefti, F
   Phillips, HS
   Goddard, A
   Moore, MW
   BujBello, A
   Davies, AM
   Asai, N
   Takahashi, M
   Vandlen, R
   Henderson, CE
   Rosenthal, A
AF Treanor, JJS
   Goodman, L
   deSauvage, F
   Stone, DM
   Poulsen, KT
   Beck, CD
   Gray, C
   Armanini, MP
   Pollock, RA
   Hefti, F
   Phillips, HS
   Goddard, A
   Moore, MW
   BujBello, A
   Davies, AM
   Asai, N
   Takahashi, M
   Vandlen, R
   Henderson, CE
   Rosenthal, A
TI Characterization of a multicomponent receptor for GDNF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transforming gene; superfamily; activation; responses; protein; cells; cd14; ret
AB GLIAL-CELL-LINE-DERIVED neurotrophic factor (GDNF)(1) is a potent survival factor for central and peripheral neurons(2-6), and is essential for the development of kidneys and the enteric nervous system(7-9). Despite the potential clinical and physiological importance of GDNF, its mechanism of action is unknown. Here we show that physiological responses to GDNF require the presence of a novel glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein (designated GDNFR-alpha) that is expressed on GDNF-responsive cells and binds GDNF with a high affinity. We further demonstrate that GDNF promotes the formation of a physical complex between GDNFR-alpha and the orphan tyrosine kinase receptor Ret(10-12), thereby inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. These findings support the hypothesis that GDNF uses a multi-subunit receptor system in which GDNFR-alpha and Ret function as the ligand-binding and signalling components, respectively.
C1 GENENTECH INC,DEPT NEUROSCI,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT PROT BIOCHEM,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   GENENTECH INC,DEPT MOL CANC RES,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
   IBDM,INSERM,U382,F-13288 MARSEILLE 09,FRANCE.
   UNIV ST ANDREWS,ST ANDREWS KY16 9AT,FIFE,SCOTLAND.
   NAGOYA UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,NAGOYA,AICHI 466,JAPAN.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; Aix-Marseille Universite; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (Inserm); University of St Andrews; Nagoya University
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 952
Z9 1081
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 80
EP 83
DI 10.1038/382080a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300058
PM 8657309
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sirrenberg, C
   Bauer, MF
   Guiard, B
   Neupert, W
   Brunner, M
AF Sirrenberg, C
   Bauer, MF
   Guiard, B
   Neupert, W
   Brunner, M
TI Import of carrier proteins into the mitochondrial Inner membrane mediated by Tim22
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adp-atp carrier; translocation; complex; hsp70; biogenesis; encodes; system; matrix
AB TRANSLOCATION of mitochondrial preproteins across the inner membrane is facilitated by the TIM machinery(1-8). Tim34 binds to matrix targeting signals and initiates membrane potential-dependent import(8). Tim23 and Tim17 are constituents of a translocation channel across the inner membrane(6). Tim44 is associated with this channel at the matrix side(6), and Tim44 recruits mitochondrial Hsp70 and its co-chaperone Mge1, which drive protein translocation into the matrix using ATP as an energy source(9-14). Tim22 is a new component of the import machinery of mitochondria, which shares sequence similarity with both Tim23 and Tim17. Here we report that Tim22 is required for the import of proteins of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) family into the inner membrane. Members of the yeast AAC family are synthesized without matrix targeting signals(15,16). Tim22 is in an assembly of high relative molecular mass that is distinct from the Tim23-Tim17 complex(6). Import of proteins of the AAC family is independent of Tim23, and import of matrix targeting signals containing preproteins is independent of Tim22.
C1 UNIV MUNICH,INST PHYSIOL CHEM,D-80336 MUNICH,GERMANY.
   UNIV PARIS 06,CNRS,CTR MOL GENET,F-91190 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 University of Munich; Universite Paris Saclay; Sorbonne Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 26
TC 276
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 582
EP 585
DI 10.1038/384582a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900064
PM 8955274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Irvine, WM
   BockeleeMorvan, D
   Lis, DC
   Matthews, HE
   Biver, N
   Crovisier, J
   Davies, JK
   Dent, WRF
   Gautier, D
   Godfrey, PD
   Keene, J
   Lovell, AJ
   Owen, TC
   Phillips, TG
   Rauer, H
   Schloerb, FP
   Senay, M
   Young, K
AF Irvine, WM
   BockeleeMorvan, D
   Lis, DC
   Matthews, HE
   Biver, N
   Crovisier, J
   Davies, JK
   Dent, WRF
   Gautier, D
   Godfrey, PD
   Keene, J
   Lovell, AJ
   Owen, TC
   Phillips, TG
   Rauer, H
   Schloerb, FP
   Senay, M
   Young, K
TI Spectroscopic evidence for interstellar ices in comet Hyakutake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID absorption features; abundance ratio; hnc; hcn; chemistry; molecules; clouds; water
AB VOLATILE compounds in comets are the most pristine materials surviving from the time of formation of the Solar System, and thus potentially provide information about conditions that prevailed in the primitive solar nebula(1-3). Moreover, comets may have supplied a substantial fraction of the volatiles on the terrestrial planets, perhaps including organic compounds that played a role in the origin of life on Earth(4-6), Here we report the detection of hydrogen isocyanide (HNC) in comet Hyakutake. The abundance of HNC relative to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is very similar to that observed in quiescent interstellar molecular clouds, and quite different from the equilibrium ratio expected in the outermost solar nebula, where comets are thought to form. Such a departure from equilibrium has long been considered a hallmark of gas-phase chemical processing in the interstellar medium(7), suggesting that interstellar gases have been incorporated into the comet's nucleus, perhaps as ices frozen onto interstellar grains. If this interpretation is correct, our results should provide constraints on the temperature of the solar nebula, and the subsequent chemical processes that occurred in the region where comets formed.
C1 OBSERV PARIS, F-92195 MEUDON, FRANCE.
   MONASH UNIV, DEPT CHEM, CLAYTON, VIC 3168, AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV HAWAII, INST ASTRON, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
   CALTECH, DOWN LAB PHYS 32047, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
   NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA, HERZBERG INST ASTROPHYS, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA.
   JOINT ASTRON CTR, HILO, HI 96720 USA.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; Monash University; University of Hawaii System; California Institute of Technology; National Research Council Canada
RP Irvine, WM (corresponding author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, FIVE COLL RADIO ASTRON OBSERV, 619 LGRC, AMHERST, MA 01003 USA.
NR 35
TC 116
Z9 117
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 418
EP 420
DI 10.1038/383418a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300055
PM 8837771
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tegen, I
   Lacis, AA
   Fung, I
AF Tegen, I
   Lacis, AA
   Fung, I
TI The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric dust aerosols; 3-dimensional model; light-scattering; index
AB AEROSOLS influence the global radiation budget(1), and so changes in the atmospheric aerosol load due to either natural causes or human activity will contribute to climate change(2). A large fraction of the mass of tropospheric aerosol is wind-blown mineral dust, and its contribution to radiative forcing can be locally significant(3,22). Model calculations indicate that 50 +/- 20% of the total atmospheric dust mass originates from disturbed soils(4) (those affected by cultivation, deforestation, erosion, and frequent shifts in vegetation due to droughts and rains),Here, using a radiative transfer model embedded in a general circulation model, we find that dust from disturbed soils causes a decrease of the net surface radiation forcing of about 1 W m(-2), accompanied by increased atmospheric heating that may be a significant forcing of atmospheric dynamics. These findings suggest that mineral dust from disturbed soils needs to be included among the climate forcing factors that are influenced by human activities.
C1 NASA, GODDARD INST SPACE STUDIES, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA.
   UNIV VICTORIA, SCH EARTH & OCEAN SCI, VICTORIA, BC V8W 2Y2, CANADA.
C3 National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; Goddard Institute for Space Studies; University of Victoria
RP Tegen, I (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT APPL PHYS, 2880 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10025 USA.
NR 22
TC 775
Z9 879
U1 2
U2 170
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 419
EP 422
DI 10.1038/380419a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hirsch, E
   Iglesias, A
   Potocnik, AJ
   Hartmann, U
   Fassler, R
AF Hirsch, E
   Iglesias, A
   Potocnik, AJ
   Hartmann, U
   Fassler, R
TI Impaired migration but not differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells in the absence of beta(1) integrins
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene rearrangement; fetal liver; adhesion; hematopoiesis; transcription; precursors; activation; receptor; chain
AB Adhesive interactions mediated by integrins of the beta(1) subfamily(1) are thought to be critical in controlling differentiation and migration of blood cell precursors(2-7). Here we report that chimaeric mice generated with beta(1)-integrin-deficient embryonic stem (ES) cells(8,9) lack beta(1)(-/-) cells in blood and in haematopoietic organs such as spleen, thymus and bone marrow. Chimaeric embryos contain beta(1)-null haematopoietic cells in the yolk sac and in fetal blood but not in fetal liver. We show that such beta(1)(-/-) haematopoietic stem cells derived from yolk sac of 10.5-day-old chimaeric embryos readily generate erythroid and myeloid colonies and that beta(1)(-/-) ES cells can differentiate into mature B lymphocytes in vitro. Our results indicate that haematopoietic stem cells lacking beta(1) integrins can form and differentiate into different lineages but cannot colonize the fetal liver.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST IMMUNBIOL,D-79108 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society; Max Planck Society
NR 28
TC 298
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 171
EP 175
DI 10.1038/380171a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800055
PM 8600394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Groettrup, M
   Soza, A
   Eggers, M
   Kuehn, L
   Dick, TP
   Schild, H
   Rammensee, HG
   Koszinowski, UH
   Kloetzel, PM
AF Groettrup, M
   Soza, A
   Eggers, M
   Kuehn, L
   Dick, TP
   Schild, H
   Rammensee, HG
   Koszinowski, UH
   Kloetzel, PM
TI A role for the proteasome regulator PA28 alpha in antigen presentation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID murine cytomegalo-virus; peptides
AB CYTOTOXIC T cells recognize viral proteins as peptide fragments which are produced in the cytosol and transported on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins to the cell surface(1). Viral peptides that meet the stringent binding characteristics of class I proteins are generated by the 20S proteasome(2,3), The interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible activator of the 20S proteasome, PA28 (refs 4-6), strongly influences the proteasomal cleavage pattern in vitro(7), This led us to investigate whether changes in cellular levels of PA28 affect the efficiency of viral antigen processing, A mouse fibroblast line expressing the murine cytomegalovirus pp89 protein was transfected with either the human or murine gene encoding the PA28 alpha subunit, which is sufficient to activate the peptide-hydrolysing activity of the 20S proteasome in vitro. Here we report that enhanced expression of PA28 alpha at a level similar to that obtained after IFN-gamma induction resulted in a marked enhancement of recognition by pp89-specific cytotoxic T cells; the presentation of influenza nucleoprotein was also significantly improved, These results demonstrate a fundamental in vivo function for PA28 alpha in antigen processing.
C1 HUMBOLDT UNIV BERLIN,FAC MED CHARITE,INST BIOCHEM,D-10115 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   UNIV HEIDELBERG,DEPT VIROL,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   DIABET RES INST,D-40225 DUSSELDORF,GERMANY.
   GERMAN CANC RES CTR,D-69009 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 Free University of Berlin; Humboldt University of Berlin; Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin; Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; Helmholtz Association; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
NR 21
TC 313
Z9 353
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 166
EP 168
DI 10.1038/381166a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900053
PM 8610016
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nagar, B
   Overduin, M
   Ikura, M
   Rini, JM
AF Nagar, B
   Overduin, M
   Ikura, M
   Rini, JM
TI Structural basis of calcium-induced E-cadherin rigidification and dimerization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell-adhesion; protein
AB THE cadherins mediate cell adhesion and play a fundamental role in normal development(1). They participate in the maintenance of proper cell-cell contacts: for example, reduced levels of epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) correlate with increased invasiveness in many human tumour cell types(2,3). The cadherins typically consist of five tandemly repeated extracellular domains, a single membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic region(4-6). The N-terminal extracellular domains mediate cell-cell contact(7) while the cytoplasmic region interacts with the cytoskeleton through the catenins(8). Cadherins depend on calcium for their function: removal of calcium abolishes adhesive activity, renders cadherins vulnerable to proteases (reviewed in ref, 4) and, in E-cadherin, induces a dramatic reversible conformational change in the entire extracellular region(9). We report here the X-ray crystal structure at 2.0 Angstrom resolution of the two N-terminal extracellular domains of E-cadherin in the presence of calcium. The structure reveals a two-fold symmetric dimer, each molecule of which binds a contiguous array of three bridged calcium ions. Not only do the bound calcium ions linearize and rigidify the molecule, they promote dimerization. Although the N-terminal domain of each molecule in the dimer is aligned in a parallel orientation, the interactions between them differ significantly from those found in the neural cadherin (N-cadherin) N-terminal domain (NCD1) structure(10). The E-cadherin dual-domain structure reported here defines the role played by calcium in the cadherin-mediated formation and maintenance of solid tissues.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOLEC & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT BIOCHEM,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M5G 2M9,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DIV MOL & STRUCT BIOL,TORONTO,ON M5G 2M9,CANADA.
   UNIV TSUKUBA,CTR TSUKUBA ADV RES ALLIANCE,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   UNIV TSUKUBA,INST APPL BIOCHEM,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
C3 University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Tsukuba; University of Tsukuba
NR 28
TC 577
Z9 689
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 360
EP 364
DI 10.1038/380360a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900064
PM 8598933
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walker, SS
   Reese, JC
   Apone, LM
   Green, MR
AF Walker, SS
   Reese, JC
   Apone, LM
   Green, MR
TI Transcription activation in cells lacking TAF(II)s
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID yeast saccharomyces-cerevisiae; binding protein; cycle; gene; complex
AB THE general transcription factor TFIID is composed of the TATA-box-binding protein (TBP) and a set of TBP-associated factors (TAF(II)s) (ref. 1). In vitro, TAF(II)s are required for activated transcription, and have been proposed to be obligatory targets of transcriptional activator proteins (activators)(2). The function of TAF(II)s has not been investigated systematically in vivo. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae TAF(II) complex (yTAF(II) complex) has been identified that shares functional and structural similarities with higher eukaryotic TFIID. In particular, most yTAF(II)s are the homologue of a higher eukaryotic TAF (refs 3, 4). Here we report that inactivation or depletion of six different yTAF(II)s, including the core yTAF(II) that contacts TBP, does not compromise transcriptional activation. We conclude that in vivo, activated transcription of many genes can occur in the absence of functional yTAF(II)s, and that in these instances another transcription component(s) must be the target of the activator.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, PROGRAM MOL MED, WORCESTER, MA 01605 USA.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Worcester
NR 27
TC 217
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 185
EP 188
DI 10.1038/383185a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800057
PM 8774886
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ruocco, G
   Sette, F
   Bergmann, U
   Krisch, M
   Masciovecchio, C
   Mazzacurati, V
   Signorelli, G
   Verbeni, R
AF Ruocco, G
   Sette, F
   Bergmann, U
   Krisch, M
   Masciovecchio, C
   Mazzacurati, V
   Signorelli, G
   Verbeni, R
TI Equivalence of the sound velocity in water and ice at mesoscopic wavelengths
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB IT is generally assumed, for any material, that sound travels faster in the solid phase than in the liquid. This is true at least for waves of macroscopic wavelength, the dynamics of which depend on the elastic properties of the medium and, hence, on the presence or absence of long-range order. But at wavelengths approaching the typical interparticle distance, the dynamics should become insensitive to the long-range organization of the medium. Here we report inelastic X-ray scattering measurements in water and ice, which show that sound waves with wavelengths between 0.5 and 3 nm propagate at the same velocity in both phases. The observed sound speed, which is greater than twice the hydrodynamic speed of sound in water, but less than that in ice, agrees with values obtained in previous measurements of 'fast sound' in liquid D2O (ref. 1) and H2O (ref. 2). These results show that, despite the fundamental structural and dynamical differences between water and ice, the dynamical response of the two phases is strikingly similar at very short wavelengths.
C1 IST NAZL FIS MAT, I-67100 LAQUILA, ITALY.
   EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL, F-38043 GRENOBLE, FRANCE.
C3 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia (INFM-CNR); University of Padua; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
RP Ruocco, G (corresponding author), UNIV LAQUILA, I-67100 LAQUILA, ITALY.
NR 17
TC 120
Z9 124
U1 1
U2 19
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 521
EP 523
DI 10.1038/379521a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ikebe, Y
   Ezawa, H
   Fukazawa, Y
   Hirayama, M
   Ishisaki, Y
   Kikuchi, K
   Kubo, H
   Makishima, K
   Matsushita, K
   Ohashi, T
   Takahashi, T
   Tamura, T
AF Ikebe, Y
   Ezawa, H
   Fukazawa, Y
   Hirayama, M
   Ishisaki, Y
   Kikuchi, K
   Kubo, H
   Makishima, K
   Matsushita, K
   Ohashi, T
   Takahashi, T
   Tamura, T
TI Discovery of a hierarchical distribution of dark matter in the Fornax cluster of galaxies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray; ngc-1399; catalog
AB THE mass of the Universe is widely believed to be dominated by dark matter(1). Dark matter is, by its very nature, extremely difficult to investigate, and the presence of dark matter is usually inferred indirectly through its gravitational influence on ordinary visible matter. Observations of X-ray-emitting gas associated with clusters of galaxies can help to constrain the large-scale distribution of dark matter; if the gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium with the gravitational potential of the cluster, it will trace the distribution of all matter present (dark and visible)(2). Here we present X-ray observations of gas in the Fornax cluster of galaxies, which show that dark matter is distributed on at least two distinct length scales: the scale of the dominant central galaxy and that of the cluster as a whole. This suggests the presence of either a single form of dark matter exhibiting hierarchical clustering (analogous to the hierarchical distribution of visible matter), or two forms of dark matter which interact-and hence cluster-through different unknown mechanisms.
C1 INST PHYS & CHEM RES,WAKO,SAITAMA 35101,JAPAN.
   INST SPACE & ASTRONAUT SCI,SAGAMIHARA,KANAGAWA 229,JAPAN.
   TOKYO METROPOLITAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,HACHIOJI,TOKYO 19203,JAPAN.
C3 RIKEN; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Institute of Space & Astronautical Science (ISAS); Tokyo Metropolitan University
RP Ikebe, Y (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,DEPT PHYS,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 27
TC 111
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 427
EP 429
DI 10.1038/379427a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rikken, GLJA
   vanTiggelen, BA
AF Rikken, GLJA
   vanTiggelen, BA
TI Observation of magnetically induced transverse diffusion of light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID intensity correlation; weak localization; media
AB PHOTONS and electrons, despite their very different nature, show many similarities in their behaviour. Several photonic counterparts of established electronic phenomena-such as photonic energy bands(1), weak localization(2-4), and the quantization of(5) (and fluctuations in(6-8)) optical transmission-have now been observed. These similarities originate in the wave-like character of both photons and electrons, But unlike photons, electrons are also charged, and thus experience the Lorentz force in a magnetic field. This force leads to the well known Hall effect, in which the application of a magnetic field to an electron-transporting medium generates a new current (or voltage) perpendicular to the direction of both the original current and the applied magnetic field. Despite the absence of photonic charge, one of us has predicted(9) that the propagation of light through a disordered, scattering medium should be similarly affected by a magnetic field, although the origin of the effect is very different. Here we report the experimental confirmation of this phenomenon.
C1 UNIV GRENOBLE 1, CNRS, LAB PHYS NUMER SYST COMPLEXES, F-38042 GRENOBLE 9, FRANCE.
C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Rikken, GLJA (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST FESTKORPERFORSCH, GRENOBLE HIGH MAGNET FIELD LAB, CNRS, F-38042 GRENOBLE 9, FRANCE.
NR 17
TC 113
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 54
EP 55
DI 10.1038/381054a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gordon, AL
   Fine, RA
AF Gordon, AL
   Fine, RA
TI Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID throughflow; thermocline; fluxes; budget; heat; flow
AB THE physical structure of the Pacific and Indian oceans is substantially affected by the inter-ocean transport of excess fresh water from the North Pacific Ocean through the Indonesian seas(1,2). The efficiency of this transport is an important regulator of the meridional overturning of these oceans(1,2), and hence perhaps of the global thermohaline circulation(3); in addition the seepage of warm water out of the Pacific affects the volume of the western Pacific warm pool, and thus may influence El Nino events(24). But the sources, pathways and physical properties of the Indonesian throughflow are not well enough characterized to allow its influence on ocean circulation and the climate system to be quantified. Here we report salinity, temperature and chemical-tracer data from the Indonesian seas which show that the throughflow is dominated by two components: one of low-salinity, well ventilated North Pacific water through the upper thermocline of the Makassar Strait, and the other of more saline South Pacific water through the lower thermocline of the eastern Indonesian seas. Seasonal (monosonal) variations in the ratio of these components, perhaps modulated by El Nino conditions, imply the existence of potentially important variable feedbacks to the ocean circulation and climate system.
C1 UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL 33149.
C3 University of Miami
RP Gordon, AL (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV,LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV,PALISADES,NY 10964, USA.
NR 24
TC 420
Z9 517
U1 4
U2 75
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 146
EP 149
DI 10.1038/379146a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Amaratunga, GAJ
   Chhowalla, M
   Kiely, CJ
   Alexandrou, I
   Aharonov, R
   Devenish, RM
AF Amaratunga, GAJ
   Chhowalla, M
   Kiely, CJ
   Alexandrou, I
   Aharonov, R
   Devenish, RM
TI Hard elastic carbon thin films from linking of carbon nanoparticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB HARD carbon thin films find many technological applications-as protective or biocompatible coatings, for instance, A very hard and elastic form of carbon nitride, in which curved graphene sheets are interlinked owing to the presence of small amounts of nitrogen, has recently been reported(1). The hardness of these films is thought to arise from the presence of sp(3)-like bonds that introduce curvature into and bind together the sp(2)-bonded graphitic planes, rather as they do in hard, highly tetrahedrally bonded amorphous carbon films(2-4). Here we show that hard, elastic thin films of pure carbon can be created by depositing closed, hollow graphitic carbon nanoparticles-nanotubes(5) and carbon onions(6)-onto a substrate at high velocity, The particles are apparently disrupted on impact, causing them to link up, Electron-energy-loss spectra reveal a reduction in pi (sp(2)) bonding in the intersecting regions of the nanoparticles, supporting the idea that they are covalently linked by tetrahedral sp(3) bonds.
C1 UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT MAT SCI & ENGN,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND.
   MULTI ARC INC,ROCKAWAY,NJ 07866.
C3 University of Liverpool
RP Amaratunga, GAJ (corresponding author), UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT ELECT ENGN & ELECT,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND.
NR 11
TC 198
Z9 211
U1 0
U2 83
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 321
EP 323
DI 10.1038/383321a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU FritzWolf, K
   Schnyder, T
   Wallimann, T
   Kabsch, W
AF FritzWolf, K
   Schnyder, T
   Wallimann, T
   Kabsch, W
TI Structure of mitochondrial creatine kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forms octameric structures; muscle; site; crystallization; crystals
AB CREATINE kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2), an enzyme important for energy metabolism in cells of high and fluctuating energy requirements, catalyses the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl goup from phosphocreatine to ADP(1-3). We have solved the structure of the octameric mitochondrial isoform, Mi(b)-CK, which is located in the intermembrane compartment and along the cristae membranes. Mi(b)-CK consumes ATP produced in the mitochondria for the production of phosphocreatine, which is then exported into the cytosol for fast regeneration of ATP by the cytosolic CK isoforms. The octamer has 422 point-group symmetry, and appear as a cube of side length of 93 Angstrom with a channel 20 Angstrom wide extending along the four-fold axis. Positively charged amino acids at the four-fold faces of the octamer possible interact with negatively charged mitochondrial membranes. Each monomer consists of a small alpha-helical domain and a large domain containing an eight-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet flanked by seven alpha-helices. The conserved residues of the CK family form a compact cluster that covers the active site between the domains.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MED RES,BIOPHYS ABT,D-69028 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   ETH ZURICH,INST CELL BIOL,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Max Planck Society; Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain; ETH Zurich
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 281
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 341
EP 345
DI 10.1038/381341a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300061
PM 8692275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, AW
   Roote, J
   Morley, T
   Sawamura, K
   Herrmann, S
   Ashburner, M
AF Davis, AW
   Roote, J
   Morley, T
   Sawamura, K
   Herrmann, S
   Ashburner, M
TI Rescue of hybrid sterility in crosses between D-melanogaster and D-simulans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transposable element mariner; drosophila-melanogaster; species complex; lethal systems; genetic-basis; subgroup
AB The genetic analysis of reproductive isolation between species of Drosophila has now reached the resolution necessary(1,2) to start answering one of the fundamental questions of evolution: what is the genetic basis of species differences? (ref. 3). A. H. Sturtevant, one of the founders of Drosophila genetics, was fascinated by this question(4) and thought he had found a way to analyse it when he realized that 'Drosophila melanogaster' was actually two species: D. melanogaster and D. simulans(5). By passing genes between these two species he hoped to investigate their genetic differences directly. No doubt he was disappointed to find that the D. melanogaster/D. simulans hybridization resulted only in unisexual sterile hybrids(6), a disappointment appreciated all the more by modern evolutionary biologists. Seventy-five years after Sturtevant's description of D. melanogaster/D. simulans hybrid sterility, we have discovered a strain of D. simulans that produces fertile female hybrids in crosses with D. melanogaster. Our discovery promises to bring the enormous resolution of D. melanogaster genetics to the study of reproductive isolation and species differences.
RP Davis, AW (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT GENET,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EH,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 81
Z9 92
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 157
EP 159
DI 10.1038/380157a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800050
PM 8600389
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eastman, QM
   Leu, TMJ
   Schatz, DG
AF Eastman, QM
   Leu, TMJ
   Schatz, DG
TI Initiation of V(D)J recombination in vitro obeying the 12/23 rule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mouse thymocytes; dna-synthesis; signals; invitro; breaks
AB V(D)J recombination the process that assembles antigen-receptor genes, is directed by signal sequences flanking the DNA segments to be joined. Signals consist of a conserved heptamer and nonamer separated by a spacer of either 12 or 23 base pairs. Recombination occurs almost exclusively between two signals with spacers of different lengths. This restriction, called the '12/ 23 rule', governs the organization and pattern of rearrangement of antigen-receptor loci(1,2). In vitro work demonstrating the direct roles of the Rag proteins in the initiation of V(D)J recombination did not recreate the 12/23 rule(3,4). Instead, double-strand breaks were formed efficiently at isolated signals. Here we show that extracts made from a lymphoid cell line that expresses truncated forms of the Rag1 and Rag2 proteins have a signal-cutting activity that obeys the 12/23 rule. Cleavage at the two signals is concerted and requires their synapsis, and mutations of one signal prevent cleavage at both.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
   UNIV ZURICH IRCHEL,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Yale University; University of Zurich
NR 20
TC 206
Z9 235
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 85
EP 88
DI 10.1038/380085a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700063
PM 8598914
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilm, M
   Shevchenko, A
   Houthaeve, T
   Breit, S
   Schweigerer, L
   Fotsis, T
   Mann, M
AF Wilm, M
   Shevchenko, A
   Houthaeve, T
   Breit, S
   Schweigerer, L
   Fotsis, T
   Mann, M
TI Femtomole sequencing of proteins from polyacrylamide gels by nano-electrospray mass spectrometry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID peptides
AB MOLECULAR analysis of complex biological structures and processes increasingly requires sensitive methods far protein sequencing. Electrospray mass spectrometry(1) has been applied to the high-sensitivity sequencing of short peptides(2), but technical difficulties have prevented similar success with gel-isolated proteins. Here we report a simple and robust technique for the sequencing of proteins isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using nano-electrospray(3,4) tandem mass spectrometry(5,6). As little as 5 ng protein starting material on Coomassie- or silver-stained gels can be sequenced. Multiple-sequence stretches of up to 16 amino acids are obtained, which identify the protein unambiguously if already present in databases or provide information to clone the corresponding gene. We have applied this method to the sequencing and cloning of a protein which inhibits the proliferation of capillary endothelial cells in vitro and thus may have potential antiangiogenic effects on solid tumours.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,PROT & PEPTIDE GRP,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV HEIDELBERG,CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV ONCOL & HAEMATOL,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg
NR 16
TC 1499
Z9 1669
U1 1
U2 188
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 466
EP 469
DI 10.1038/379466a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400065
PM 8559255
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Harris, PG
   Zhao, M
   RosellMele, A
   Tiedemann, R
   Sarnthein, M
   Maxwell, JR
AF Harris, PG
   Zhao, M
   RosellMele, A
   Tiedemann, R
   Sarnthein, M
   Maxwell, JR
TI Chlorin accumulation rate as a proxy for Quaternary marine primary productivity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular record; east atlantic; surface; sediments; africa; ocean; cores
AB A KNOWLEDGE Of past changes in the biological productivity of the oceans is important for understanding the interactions between carbon cycling and climate. Phytoplankton productivity in today's oceans can be estimated from the concentrations of chlorophyll in sea water(1), but chlorophyll is not preserved in the sediments. Existing proxies for past algal productivity do not represent total productivity; for example, biogenic opal(2) reflects the contribution of only part of the phytoplankton community, and the organic carbon record can be subject to contamination from terrestrial inputs(2,3). Although chlorins, the pigment-transformation products of chlorophyll, are widespread in Quaternary marine sediments, their potential as proxy measures of past variations in primary productivity has not been convincingly demonstrated. Here we report a high-resolution molecular stratigraphic record of chlorin concentrations over the past 350,000 years in a sediment core from the subtropical Atlantic continental margin. Maxima in the chlorin accumulation rate coincide with significant peaks in the accumulation rates of biogenic opal (at the end of glacial terminations) and organic carbon (between terminations). These results suggest that chlorins, unlike other proxies, can serve as a measure of total primary productivity variations.
C1 UNIV BRISTOL,SCH CHEM,ORGAN GEOCHEM UNIT,BRISTOL BS8 1TS,AVON,ENGLAND.
   GEOMAR FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM MARINE GEOWISSENSCH,D-24148 KIEL,GERMANY.
   CHRISTIAN ALBRECHTS UNIV KIEL,INST GEOL PALAONTOL,D-24118 KIEL,GERMANY.
C3 University of Bristol; Helmholtz Association; GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; University of Kiel
NR 31
TC 105
Z9 122
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 63
EP 65
DI 10.1038/383063a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loubeyre, P
   LeToullec, R
   Hausermann, D
   Hanfland, M
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, HK
   Finger, LW
AF Loubeyre, P
   LeToullec, R
   Hausermann, D
   Hanfland, M
   Hemley, RJ
   Mao, HK
   Finger, LW
TI X-ray diffraction and equation of state of hydrogen at megabar pressures
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solid hydrogen; crystal-structure; dense hydrogen; jupiter; gpa
AB Sown hydrogen is predicted(1,2) to become metallic at high pressures. Although metallization was recently reported in high-pressure shock-wave compression experiments using liquid hydrogen(3), efforts to understand the high-pressure behaviour of the solid phase have relied mainly on spectroscopic studies in the diamond-anvil cell(4-6) and on ab initio calculations(7-10). Central to these studies is the high-pressure crystal structure-something that is difficult to determine in the diamond-anvil cell-and its pressure dependence. Here we report X-ray diffraction measurements of the structure of single-crystal molecular hydrogen at pressures of up to 109 GPa for H-2 and 119 GPa for D-2. From these measurements we deduce the high-pressure equation of state (EOS: the volume-pressure relation). We find that solid hydrogen is more compressible than previously thought, that the crystal becomes increasingly anisotropic with pressure, and that the difference in EOS between H-2 and D-2 is unexpectedly small. The 'softening' of the EOS relative to previous estimates(4) increases by about 25% the expected transition pressure to the atomic phase. Our EOS differs significantly from that predicted by ab initio calculations(7,9), indicating that theoretical understanding of the behaviour of dense hydrogen remains incomplete.
C1 UNIV PARIS 06,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
   EUROPEAN SYNCHROTRON RADIAT FACIL,F-38043 GRENOBLE,FRANCE.
   CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,GEOPHYS LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
   CARNEGIE INST WASHINGTON,CTR HIGH PRESSURE RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20015.
C3 Sorbonne Universite; European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF); Carnegie Institution for Science; Carnegie Institution for Science
RP Loubeyre, P (corresponding author), CNRS,PMC,BOITE 77,4 PL JUSSIEU,F-75252 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 19
TC 398
Z9 426
U1 1
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 702
EP 704
DI 10.1038/383702a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DrescherKrasicka, E
   Willis, JR
AF DrescherKrasicka, E
   Willis, JR
TI Mapping stress with ultrasound
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Tm speed of sound in a solid is altered in the presence of mechanical stress. This effect can be exploited to form the basis of 'acoustic microscopy', whereby images of stress patterns in a material are obtained hy monitoring the times of flight of sound pulses'. The sensitivity of this approach is limited because wave speeds typically change by less than 1%, even when materials are stressed until they yield. Here we demonstrate a more sensitive form of acoustic microscopy. In an isotropic elastic medium, stress-induced anisotropies affect wave polarizations and phases, giving rise to interference between waves that would, in the absence of stress, remain in phase; the resulting patterns of interference between these waves reveal the underlying patterns of stress. This technique, by using acoustic waves of different wavelengths, permits the imaging of stress in objects ranging in size from microelectric devices to welds in pressure vessels.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT APPL MATH & THEORET PHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 9EW,ENGLAND.
   NIST,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899.
C3 University of Cambridge; National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST) - USA
NR 7
TC 17
Z9 19
U1 2
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 52
EP 55
DI 10.1038/384052a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tobler, I
   Gaus, SE
   Deboer, T
   Achermann, P
   Fischer, M
   Rulicke, T
   Moser, M
   Oesch, B
   McBride, PA
   Manson, JC
AF Tobler, I
   Gaus, SE
   Deboer, T
   Achermann, P
   Fischer, M
   Rulicke, T
   Moser, M
   Oesch, B
   McBride, PA
   Manson, JC
TI Altered circadian activity rhythms and sleep in mice devoid of prion protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fatal familial insomnia; gene; scrapie; nuclei; rats; eeg
AB There is a wealth of data supporting a central role for the prion protein (PrP) in the neurodegenerative prion diseases of both humans and other species(1), yet the normal function of PrP, which is expressed at the cell surface of neurons and glial cells(2,3), is unknown. It has been speculated that neuropathology may be due to loss of normal function of PrP (ref. 4). Here we show that in mice devoid of PrP there is an alteration in both circadian activity rhythms and sleep patterns. To our knowledge, this is the first null mutation that has been shown to affect sleep regulation and our results indicate that the pathology of at least one of the inherited prion diseases, fatal familial insomnia(5), where there is a profound alteration in sleep and the daily rhythms of many hormones(6-10), may be related to the normal function of the prion protein.
C1 UNIV ZURICH,DEPT 1,INST MOLEC BIOL,CH-8093 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH HOSP,CENT BIOL LAB,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   UNIV ZURICH,BRAIN RES INST,CH-8029 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
   BBSRC,INST ANIM HLTH,EDINBURGH EH9 3JF,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   MRC,NEUROPATHOGENESIS UNIT,EDINBURGH EH9 3JF,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Zurich; University of Zurich; University Zurich Hospital; University of Zurich; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute; Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh
RP Tobler, I (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH,INST PHARMACOL,WINTERTHURERSTR 190,CH-8057 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 28
TC 528
Z9 598
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 639
EP 642
DI 10.1038/380639a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100050
PM 8602267
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peat, TS
   Frank, EG
   McDonald, JP
   Levine, AS
   Woodgate, R
   Hendrickson, WA
AF Peat, TS
   Frank, EG
   McDonald, JP
   Levine, AS
   Woodgate, R
   Hendrickson, WA
TI Structure of the UmuD' protein and its regulation in response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID reca-mediated cleavage; mutant lexa proteins; anomalous diffraction; dependent cleavage; escherichia-coli; sos mutagenesis; autodigestion; polymerase
AB FOR life to be sustained, mistakes in DNA repair must be tolerated when damage obscures the genetic information. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, DNA damage elicits the well regulated 'SOS response' (reviewed in ref. 1). For the extreme case of damage that cannot be repaired by conventional enzymes, there are proteins that allow the replication of DNA through such lesions, but with a reduction in the fidelity of replication(2). Essential proteins in this mutagenic process are RecA, DNA polymerase III, UmuD, UmuD' and UmuC (umu: UV mutagenesis)(1-3). Regulation of this response involves a RecA-mediated self-cleavage of UmuD to produce UmuD'. To understand this system in more detail, we have determined the crystal structure of the E. coli UmuD' mutagenesis protein at 2.5 Angstrom resolution. Globular heads folded in an unusual beta-structure associate to form molecular dimers, and extended amino-terminal tails associate to produce crystallized filaments. The structure provides insight into the mechanism of the self-cleavage reaction that UmuD-like proteins undergo as part of the global SOS response(4-8).
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   NICHHD,SECT DNA REPLICAT REPAIR & MUTAGENESIS,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
NR 30
TC 144
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 727
EP 730
DI 10.1038/380727a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700056
PM 8614470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neuenschwander, S
   Singer, W
AF Neuenschwander, S
   Singer, W
TI Long-range synchronization of oscillatory light responses in the cat retina and lateral geniculate nucleus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-correlation analysis; ganglion-cells; visual-cortex; discharge; neurons
AB VISUAL responses in the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) exhibit oscillatory patterning within a broad range of frequencies(1-9). Oscillatory activity is often associated with the synchronization of spatially distributed responses(10). Here we demonstrate, with simultaneous multi-electrode recordings from the retina and the LGN, that stationary and moving light stimuli evoke in retinal ganglion cells oscillatory responses in the frequency range of 61 to 114 Hz that become synchronized over distances larger than 20 degrees of visual angle across the nasal and temporal halves of the retina. This temporal patterning of retinal responses is transmitted reliably by LGN neurons, such that stimuli crossing the vertical meridian evoke synchronous responses in the LGNs of both hemispheres. The oscillatory responses are not phase-locked to the stimulus onset, indicating that synchronization results from horizontal interactions in the retina, The occurrence of synchronization depends on global stimulus properties such as size and continuity, suggesting that temporal correlation among responses of spatially segregated ganglion cells can be exploited to convey information relevant for perceptual grouping.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST HIRNFORSCH, D-60528 FRANKFURT, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 26
TC 247
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 728
EP 733
DI 10.1038/379728a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700053
PM 8602219
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turton, MD
   OShea, D
   Gunn, I
   Beak, SA
   Edwards, CMB
   Meeran, K
   Choi, SJ
   Taylor, GM
   Heath, MM
   Lambert, PD
   Wilding, JPH
   Smith, DM
   Ghatei, MA
   Herbert, J
   Bloom, SR
AF Turton, MD
   OShea, D
   Gunn, I
   Beak, SA
   Edwards, CMB
   Meeran, K
   Choi, SJ
   Taylor, GM
   Heath, MM
   Lambert, PD
   Wilding, JPH
   Smith, DM
   Ghatei, MA
   Herbert, J
   Bloom, SR
TI A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neuropeptide-y content; c-fos; rats; expression; insulin; hypothalamus; behavior; satiety; brain; cells
AB THE sequence of glucagon-like peptide-(1) (7-36) amide (GLP-1) is completely conserved in all mammalian species studied, implying that it plays a critical physiological role(1). We have shown that GLP-1 and its specific receptors are present in the hypothalamus(2,3). No physiological role for central GLP-1 has been established. We report here that intracerebroventricular (ICV) GLP-1 powerfully inhibits feeding in fasted rats, ICV injection of the specific GLP-1-receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39)(4), blocked the inhibitory effect of GLP-1 on food intake. Exendin (9-39) alone had no influence on fast-induced feeding but more than doubled food intake in satiated rats, and augmented the feeding response to the appetite stimulant, neuropeptide Y. Induction of c-fos is a marker of neuronal activation(5). Following ICV GLP-1 injection, c-fos appeared exclusively in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and central nucleus of the amygdala, and this was inhibited by prior administration of exendin (9-39). Both of these regions of the brain are of primary importance in the regulation of feeding(6). These findings suggest that central GLP-1 is a new physiological mediator of satiety.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP,ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,DEPT MED,ENDOCRINE UNIT,LONDON W12 0NN,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ANAT,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3DY,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Cambridge
NR 24
TC 1643
Z9 1917
U1 1
U2 137
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 69
EP 72
DI 10.1038/379069a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600056
PM 8538742
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sansom, IJ
   Smith, MM
   Smith, MP
AF Sansom, IJ
   Smith, MM
   Smith, MP
TI Scales of thelodont and shark-like fishes from the Ordovician of Colorado
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID vertebrates; origin
AB THE phylogeny of primitive vertebrates has been investigated over the past fifteen years(1-3), and there has been a notable increase in the amount of data by which such phylogenies can be tested(4-7). Stratigraphic data should provide constraints to such analyses, and we record here descriptions of putative shark and thelodont scales from the Harding Sandstone (Caradoc, Late Ordovician) of Colorado, The fossil record of sharks is extended back from the Llandovery (lower Silurian) by some 25 million years and that of thelodonts by 10 million years from the Ashgill (Late Ordovician). The new data indicate that a major radiation of lower vertebrates took place during the Ordovician.
C1 UMDS, GUYS HOSP, DIV ANAT & CELL BIOL, LONDON SE1 9RT, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; King's College London; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
RP Sansom, IJ (corresponding author), UNIV BIRMINGHAM, SCH EARTH SCI, BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT, W MIDLANDS, ENGLAND.
NR 21
TC 114
Z9 124
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 628
EP 630
DI 10.1038/379628a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, MW
   Klein, RD
   Farinas, I
   Sauer, H
   Armanini, M
   Phillips, H
   Reichardt, LF
   Ryan, AM
   CarverMoore, K
   Rosenthal, A
AF Moore, MW
   Klein, RD
   Farinas, I
   Sauer, H
   Armanini, M
   Phillips, H
   Reichardt, LF
   Ryan, AM
   CarverMoore, K
   Rosenthal, A
TI Renal and neuronal abnormalities in mice lacking GDNF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dopaminergic-neurons
AB GLIAL cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent survival factor for embryonic midbrain dopaminergic(1), spinal motor(2), cranial sensory(3), sympathetic, and hindbrain noradrenergic(4) neurons, and is available to these cells in vivo. It is therefore considered a physiological trophic factor and a potential therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease(5,6), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(7), and Alzheimer's disease(4). Here we show that at postnatal day 0 (P0), GDNF-deficient mice have deficits in dorsal root ganglion, sympathetic and nodose neurons, but not in hindbrain noradrenergic or midbrain dopaminergic neurons. These mice completely lack the enteric nervous system (ENS), ureters and kidneys. Thus GDNF is important for the development and/or survival of enteric, sympathetic and sensory neurons and the renal system, but is not essential for catecholaminergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS).
C1 GENENTECH INC, DEPT NEUROSCI, S SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94080 USA.
   GENENTECH INC, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, S SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94080 USA.
   GENENTECH INC, DEPT PATHOBIOL, S SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94080 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, DEPT PHYSIOL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94143 USA.
C3 Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Roche Holding USA; Genentech; Roche Holding; Genentech; Roche Holding USA; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 30
TC 1065
Z9 1208
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 76
EP 79
DI 10.1038/382076a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300057
PM 8657308
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Currie, PD
   Ingham, PW
AF Currie, PD
   Ingham, PW
TI Induction of a specific muscle cell type by a hedgehog-like protein in zebrafish
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor-neuron induction; sonic-hedgehog; floor plate; polarizing activity; expression; notochord; autoproteolysis; pattern; somites; product
AB THE notochord plays a central role in vertebrate development, acting as a signalling source that patterns the neural tube and somites(1-4). In in vitro assays, the secreted protein Sonic hedgehog mimics the inducing effects of notochord on both presomitic mesoderm and neural plate explants of amniote embryos, suggesting that both patterning activities of the notochord may be mediated by this protein in vivo(5-8). In zebrafish, however, mutants with disrupted notochord development lack a specific muscle cell type, the muscle pioneers, although they retain tile ability to induce neural differentiation, raising the possibility that neural tube and somite patterning may be mediated by distinct signals(9,10). Here we describe a new member of the hedgehog family, echidna hedgehog that is expressed exclusively in the notochord and has the ability to rescue the differentiation of muscle pioneer cells in mutants with no notochord, Moreover, we show that a combination of ectopic echidna hedgehog and sonic hedgehog expression induces supernumary muscle pioneers in wild-type embryos, suggesting that both signals act sequentially to pattern the developing somites.
C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,MOL EMBRYOL LAB,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK
NR 26
TC 286
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 452
EP 455
DI 10.1038/382452a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100057
PM 8684485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cifelli, RL
   Rowe, TB
   Luckett, WP
   Banta, J
   Reyes, R
   Howes, RI
AF Cifelli, RL
   Rowe, TB
   Luckett, WP
   Banta, J
   Reyes, R
   Howes, RI
TI Fossil evidence for the origin of the marsupial pattern of tooth replacement
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB EXTANT marsupials are distinctive in their pattern of dental development(1), in that only one tooth is replaced postnatally in each jaw. Interpretation of this pattern for marsupials ancestrally is disputed(2-5), partly because ontogenetic data in fossils have been unobtainable. Here we present an ultra-high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) study of the tiny fossil Alphadon, which represents the first evidence of dental development and replacement in a Mesozoic marsupial. In the known pattern of tooth replacement and development, Alphadon is identical to living marsupials, a derived similarity suggesting that this pattern is ancestral to Marsupialia, and that it was established by the Late Cretaceous, at least, This pattern has been correlated with some specialized aspects of marsupial lactation(1,6). Hence the presence of a marsupial pattern of tooth replacement in Alphadon provides indirect evidence that at least some specialized features of marsupial reproductive processes arose during the Mesozoic.
C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA,DEPT ZOOL,NORMAN,OK 73019.
   UNIV TEXAS,DEPT GEOL SCI,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
   UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT ANAT,SAN JUAN,PR 00936.
   UNIV OKLAHOMA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT ANAT SCI,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73190.
C3 University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma - Norman; University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin; University of Puerto Rico; University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus; University of Oklahoma System; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
RP Cifelli, RL (corresponding author), UNIV OKLAHOMA,OKLAHOMA MUSEUM NAT HIST,NORMAN,OK 73019, USA.
NR 21
TC 50
Z9 55
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 715
EP 718
DI 10.1038/379715a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Minor, DL
   Kim, PS
AF Minor, DL
   Kim, PS
TI Context-dependent secondary structure formation of a designed protein sequence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID different conformations; pentapeptides
AB PROTEIN secondary structures have been viewed as fundamental building blocks for protein folding, structure and design. Previous studies indicate that the propensities of individual amino acids to form particular secondary structures are the result of a combination of local conformational preferences(1,2) and non-local factors(3-7). To examine the extent to which non-local factors influence the formation of secondary structural elements, we have designed an 11-amino-acid sequence (dubbed the 'chameleon' sequence) that folds as an alpha-helix when in one position but as a beta-sheet when in another position of the primary sequence of the IgG-binding domain of protein G (GB1). Both proteins, chameleon-alpha and chameleon-beta, are folded into structures similar to native GB1, as judged hy several biophysical criteria. Our results demonstrate that non-local interactions can determine the secondary structure of peptide sequences of substantial length. They also support views of protein folding that favour tertiary interactions as dominant determinants of structure (for example, see refs 8,9).
C1 MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
   MIT,WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02142.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 31
TC 354
Z9 389
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 730
EP 734
DI 10.1038/380730a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700057
PM 8614471
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Freyhardt, CC
   Tsapatsis, M
   Lobo, RF
   Balkus, KJ
   Davis, ME
AF Freyhardt, CC
   Tsapatsis, M
   Lobo, RF
   Balkus, KJ
   Davis, ME
TI A high-silica zeolite with a 14-tetrahedral-atom pore opening
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-sieve; framework topology
AB ZEOLITES (microporous aluminosilicates) and related molecular sieves have found wide application as catalysts, sorbents and ionexchange materials. New zeolites with large pores are much in demand(1-4), and have been sought for several decades(4-7). All known zeolites, both natural and synthetic, contain pores comprised of 12 or fewer tetrahedrally coordinated silicon or aluminium atoms (T-atoms), but several microporous aluminophosphates with wider pores are now known(2,8-12). The practical value of these large-pore phosphate-based materials is limited, however, by their poor thermal and hydrothermal stability. Here we report the synthesis of a high-silica zeolite with pores comprised of 14 T-atoms. Preliminary data indicate that this thermally stable large-pore material exhibits the kind of strong acidity that makes other zeolites useful catalysts.
C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT CHEM ENGN,AMHERST,MA 01003.
   UNIV DELAWARE,CTR CATALYT SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM ENGN,NEWARK,DE 19716.
   UNIV TEXAS,DEPT CHEM,RICHARDSON,TX 75083.
C3 University of Massachusetts System; University of Massachusetts Amherst; University of Delaware; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas
RP Freyhardt, CC (corresponding author), CALTECH,PASADENA,CA 91125, USA.
NR 22
TC 304
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 295
EP 298
DI 10.1038/381295a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bhattacharya, S
   Eckner, R
   Grossman, S
   Oldread, E
   Arany, Z
   DAndrea, A
   Livingston, DM
AF Bhattacharya, S
   Eckner, R
   Grossman, S
   Oldread, E
   Arany, Z
   DAndrea, A
   Livingston, DM
TI Cooperation of Stat2 and p300/CBP in signalling induced by interferon-alpha
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adenovirus e1a proteins; transcription factor; gene-expression; transformation; inhibition; repression; induction; pathways; oncogene; promoter
AB THE transcription factor ISGF3 transduces interferon (IFN)-alpha signals and activates the transcription of cellular antiviral defence genes(1,2). Adenovirus EIA blocks the IFN-alpha response, allowing unhindered viral replication(3-5). ISGF3 consists of Stat1, Stat2 and p48. Here we show that p300 and/or CBP (CREB-binding protein), which are transcription adaptors targeted by E1A, interact specifically with Stat2, Binding occurs between the first cysteine-histidine-rich region of p300/CBP and the carboxy terminal segment of Stat2, a domain essential for ISGF3 function(6). We find that this domain of Stat2 has transactivation potential, which correlates with its binding to p300/CBP, Moreover, E1A represses Stat2 transactivation and IFN-alpha-activated transcription by inhibiting p300/CBP function, This provides a new mechanism for inhibition of the IFN-alpha-activated antiviral response by ELA, and supports the view that E1A binding to p300/CBP has functional significance for adenovirus replication in its natural host.
C1 DANA FARBER CANC INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
NR 29
TC 421
Z9 463
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 344
EP 347
DI 10.1038/383344a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900047
PM 8848048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rieppel, O
   deBraga, M
AF Rieppel, O
   deBraga, M
TI Turtles as diapsid reptiles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chelydra-serpentina; skeleton formation; ossification; phylogeny; patterns
AB THE traditional classification of reptiles is based on a single key character, the presence and style of fenestration in the temporal region of the skull. Snakes, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs and others are 'diapsids', in that they have (at least primitively) two holes in the temporal region. Reptiles in which the skull is completely roofed, with no temporal fenestration, are the 'anapsids'. These include many Palaeozoic forms such as captorhinomorphs, procolophonids and pareiasaurs, but also include Testudines (turtles and tortoises). Consistent with this assumption, recent analyses of the affinities of Testudines have included Palaeozoic tars only, placing them as akin to captorhinomorphs(1) or procolophonids(2) or nested within pareiasaurs(3,4). Here we adopt a broader perspective, adding a range of Mesozoic and extant taxa to the analysis. Our result robustly supports the diapsid affinities of turtles, and so requires reassessment of the use of turtles as 'primitive' reptiles in phylogenetic reconstruction. More generally, it illustrates the difficulties of treating groups, such as the Testudines, that have extant members with peculiar morphologies that mask phylogenetic affinity; the hazards of relying on key characters such as temporal fenestration, which may mislead; the problems of outgroup choice for wide-ranging, inclusive analyses that include data from Recent and extinct groups; and the difficulties of judging the value of parsimony when applied to such inclusive analyses.
C1 UNIV TORONTO,ERINDALE COLL,DEPT ZOOL,MISSISSAUGA,ON L5L 1C6,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; University Toronto Mississauga
RP Rieppel, O (corresponding author), FIELD MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT GEOL,CHICAGO,IL 60605, USA.
NR 27
TC 161
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 453
EP 455
DI 10.1038/384453a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lanzetta, KM
   Yahil, A
   FernandezSoto, A
AF Lanzetta, KM
   Yahil, A
   FernandezSoto, A
TI Star-forming galaxies at very high redshifts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID spectra; atlas
AB Analysis of the deepest available images of the sky, obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope, reveals a large number of candidate high-redshift: galaxies. A catalogue of 1,683 objects is presented, with estimated redshifts ranging from z = 0 to z > 6. The high-redshift objects are interpreted as regions of star formation associated with the progenitors of present-day normal galaxies, at epochs that may reach back 95% of the time to the Big Bang.
C1 UNIV CANTABRIA,DEPT FIS MODERNA,E-39005 SANTANDER,SPAIN.
   CSIC,INST FIS,E-39005 SANTANDER,SPAIN.
C3 Universidad de Cantabria; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)
RP Lanzetta, KM (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,ASTRON PROGRAM,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 18
TC 180
Z9 186
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 759
EP 763
DI 10.1038/381759a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Levitan, DR
AF Levitan, DR
TI Effects of gamete traits on fertilization in the sea and the evolution of sexual dimorphism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID invertebrates; size
AB THE evolution of egg and sperm(1,2), and more derived forms of sexual dimorphism, is thought to be driven by sperm competition and postzygotic survival; males are limited by fertilizations, females by resources(3). Evidence of sperm competition comes from internal fertilizers, or cases where sperm are deposited on eggs(4), but in free-spawners, the ancestral mating strategy (refs 1,5 but see ref. 6), females are often sperm limited(7,8). Laboratory experiments on sea urchins demonstrate that intraspecific differences in gamete attributes, such as egg size: can influence rates of fertilization. Field experiments in which gametes are released and recaptured demonstrate that the influence of gamete traits on fertilization is not overwhelmed by sea: conditions, and that variation in gamete traits can have important fitness consequences. These results suggest a new mechanism for the evolution of anisogamy and sexual dimorphism, in which sperm limitation is important, and natural selection for enhanced fertilization acts on females as well as males.
RP Levitan, DR (corresponding author), FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,B-157,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32306, USA.
NR 18
TC 140
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 153
EP 155
DI 10.1038/382153a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wan, Y
   Kurosaki, T
   Huang, XY
AF Wan, Y
   Kurosaki, T
   Huang, XY
TI Tyrosine kinases in activation of the MAP kinase cascade by G-protein-coupled receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene-product; phosphorylates; fibroblasts; cloning; ras
AB THE mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascade is a prominent cellular pathway used by many growth factors, hormones and neurotransmitters to regulate physiological responses(1,2). Although activation of the MAPK pathway by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity is well defined(3), the mechanism used by heterotrimeric G-protein-coupled receptors to activate this pathway is less clear. Here we show that in cells deficient in the Src-related tyrosine kinase Lyn, stimulation of MAPK kinase and MAPK by G(q)-coupled mi muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) is blocked, whereas G(i)-coupled m2 mAChR-mediated stimulation is unaffected. In cells deficient in the tyrosine kinase SyK, both m(1) and m2 mAChRs failed to stimulate MAPK kinase and MAPK. This result indicates that Syk is essential for the G(i)-coupled pathway and that Lyn and Syk are necessary for the G(q)-coupled pathway.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,COLL MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   WYETH AYERST RES,DEPT ONCOL & IMMUNOL,PEARL RIVER,NY 10965.
C3 Cornell University; Pfizer; Wyeth; Pfizer USA
NR 27
TC 268
Z9 279
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 541
EP 544
DI 10.1038/380541a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300054
PM 8606776
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Diaz, JJ
   Dodon, MD
   SchaererUthurralt, N
   Simonin, D
   Kindbeiter, K
   Gazzolo, L
   Madjar, JJ
AF Diaz, JJ
   Dodon, MD
   SchaererUthurralt, N
   Simonin, D
   Kindbeiter, K
   Gazzolo, L
   Madjar, JJ
TI Post-transcriptional transactivation of human retroviral envelope glycoprotein expression by herpes simplex virus Us11 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rex-response element; rna-binding protein; viral messenger-rna; htlv-i rex; gene-expression; infected-cells; type-1; sequence; product; dna
AB HERPES simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Us11 protein, a true late gene product packaged within the virion, is delivered into cells after infection, exhibits a nucleocytoplasmic localization at early times, and later accumulates in the nucleoli(1-5). This RNA-binding basic phosphoprotein, capable of oligomerization, is supposed to be involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression after HSV-1 infection(6,7). Expression of human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type-I (HTLV-I) and of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is post-transcriptionally regulated by Rex and Rev, respectively(8). These proteins are required for the cytoplasmic expression of unspliced gag-pol and singly spliced env transcripts(9,10). Here we show that HSV-1 Us11 protein is able to bind Rex- and Rev-responsive elements and to transactivate envelope retroviral glycoprotein expression.
RP Diaz, JJ (corresponding author), UNIV LYON 1,CNRS UMR30,FAC MED,RUE GUILLAUME PARADIN,F-69372 LYON 08,FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 85
Z9 94
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 273
EP 277
DI 10.1038/379273a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900051
PM 8538795
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wysession, ME
AF Wysession, ME
TI Large-scale structure at the core-mantle boundary from diffracted waves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lateral variations; earths mantle; p-waves; model; convection; velocity
AB AT the base of the Earth's mantle is a region, called D '', which serves as a thermal and chemical boundary layer between the silicate mantle and the liquid-iron outer core(1,2). Tomographic models of mantle compressional-wave velocity (nu(P)) have their worst resolution in D '', owing to limited ray sampling(3-5), but have hinted at large-scale lateral variations there. Here I use a new technique, which has its greatest resolution within D '', to produce a map of the large-scale nu(P) variations within D ''. The technique compares the arrival times of waves that have been refracted across and diffracted around the core-mantle boundary (CMB). The diffracted waves travel a long way in D '', making them excellent probes of this layer, and the differential technique removes many effects arising from ray paths outside of D '' (ref. 6). The new map provides an image of the continent-sized variations at the CMB that is complementary to existing shear-wave data(7,8), and similarities between the map and projections of ancient subducted lithosphere(9) verify previous suggestions(10) of a strong coupling between surface plate tectonics and the base of the mantle.
RP Wysession, ME (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI, ST LOUIS, MO 63130 USA.
NR 38
TC 63
Z9 69
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 244
EP 248
DI 10.1038/382244a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sadato, N
   PascualLeone, A
   Grafman, J
   Ibanez, V
   Deiber, MP
   Dold, G
   Hallett, M
AF Sadato, N
   PascualLeone, A
   Grafman, J
   Ibanez, V
   Deiber, MP
   Dold, G
   Hallett, M
TI Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey; macaque
AB PRIMARY visual cortex receives visual input from the eyes through the lateral geniculate nuclei, but is not known to receive input from other sensory modalities'. Its level of activity, both at rest and during auditory or tactile tasks, is higher in blind subjects than in normal controls(2), suggesting that it can subserve nonvisual functions; however, a direct effect of non-visual tasks on activation has not been demonstrated(2-4). To determine whether the visual cortex receives input from the somatosensory system(5-8), we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure activation during tactile discrimination tasks in normal subjects and in Braille readers blinded in early life. Blind subjects showed activation of primary and secondary visual cortical areas during tactile tasks, whereas normal controls showed deactivation, A simple tactile stimulus that did not require discrimination produced no activation of visual areas in either group. Thus, in blind subjects, cortical areas normally reserved for vision may be activated by other sensory modalities.
C1 NINCDS, HUMAN MOTOR CONTROL SECT, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   NINCDS, COGNIT NEUROSCI SECT, MED NEUROL BRANCH, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   FUKUI MED SCH, BIOMED IMAGING RES CTR, MATUOKA, FUKUI 91011, JAPAN.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); University of Fukui
NR 24
TC 864
Z9 969
U1 2
U2 90
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 526
EP 528
DI 10.1038/380526a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300049
PM 8606771
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Teng, SC
   Kim, B
   Gabriel, A
AF Teng, SC
   Kim, B
   Gabriel, A
TI Retrotransposon reverse-transcriptase-mediated repair of chromosomal breaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; crithidia-fasciculata; ty1; recombination; element; rna; transposition; locus; yeast; site
AB THE abundance of short and long interspersed nuclear sequences (SINEs and LINEs) and pseudogenes in eukaryotic genomes indicates that reverse transcriptase (RT)-mediated phenomena are important in genome evolution. However, the mechanisms involved in their spread are largely unknown. We have developed a selection system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to test whether RT-mediated events could be linked to the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here we show that DSBs can be fixed by the insertion of complementary DNAs at the break site. In the presence of functional RT (from human L1, yeast Ty1 or Crithidia CRE1), and in the absence of homologous recombination, an HO endonuclease-induced DSB at the mating type (MAT) locus is the primary site at which a marked cDNA is observed among surviving cells. The structure and junctional sequences of these insertions suggest that repair occurs primarily by nonhomologous recombination. Our data support a role for endogenous retroelements in the repair of chromosomal breaks.
RP Teng, SC (corresponding author), RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT MOL BIOL & BIOCHEM,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08855, USA.
NR 25
TC 207
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 641
EP 644
DI 10.1038/383641a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500059
PM 8857543
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dodds, AW
   Ren, XD
   Willis, AC
   Law, SKA
AF Dodds, AW
   Ren, XD
   Willis, AC
   Law, SKA
TI The reaction mechanism of the internal thioester in the human complement component C4
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural basis; nucleophilic modification; 4th component; 3rd component; binding; c-3; sequence; site; c3b; identification
AB A KEY step in the elimination of pathogens from the body is the covalent binding of complement proteins C3 and C4 to their surfaces(1-5). Proteolytic activation of these proteins results in a conformational change(6,7), and an internal thioester(8-10) is exposed which reacts with amino or hydroxyl groups on the target surface to form amide or ester bonds, or is hydrolysed(11-15). We report here that the binding of the human C4A isotype involves a direct reaction between amino-nucleophiles and the thioester. A two-step mechanism is used by the C4B isotype. The histidine at position 1,106 (aspartic acid in C4A) first attacks the thioester to form an acyl-imidazole intermediate. The released thiol then acts as a base to catalyse the transfer of the acyl group to amino- and hydroxyl-nucleophiles, including water.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT BIOCHEM,MRC,IMMUNOCHEM UNIT,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Oxford
NR 30
TC 166
Z9 191
U1 1
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 177
EP 179
DI 10.1038/379177a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000062
PM 8538770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Peacock, A
   Verhoeve, P
   Rando, N
   vanDordrecht, A
   Taylor, BG
   Erd, C
   Perryman, MAC
   Venn, R
   Howlett, J
   Goldie, DJ
   Lumley, J
   Wallis, M
AF Peacock, A
   Verhoeve, P
   Rando, N
   vanDordrecht, A
   Taylor, BG
   Erd, C
   Perryman, MAC
   Venn, R
   Howlett, J
   Goldie, DJ
   Lumley, J
   Wallis, M
TI Single optical photon detection with a superconducting tunnel junction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID x-ray-detectors
AB THE charge-coupled device (CCD) has become the detector of choice in optical astronomy, CCDs provide a very linear response to detected photons, are very efficient at some wavelengths, and can now provide coverage of a relatively wide field of view(1-3). But they become quite inefficient with decreasing wavelength, and they lack intrinsic wavelength and time resolution, The only way to select specific wavelengths is to place filters in front of the detector, which makes the total system less efficient, Time resolution can be achieved only,vith short exposures, which are possible only with very bright sources. Here we report a superconducting device that can overcome these limitations, and which has performance characteristics far superior to existing photon counting systems(4-7). Our superconducting tunnel junction can detect individual photons at rates up to 2.5 kHz in the wavelength range 200-500 nm, with an intrinsic spectral resolution of 45 mn and a quantum efficiency estimated to be about 50 per cent, The theoretical resolution of the present device is similar to 20 nm, but use of superconductors with lower transition temperature could improve that to 8 nm.
C1 CAMBRIDGE MICROFAB LTD,CAMBRIDGE CB3 7NJ,ENGLAND.
   OXFORD INSTRUMENTS SCI RES DIV,CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WZ,ENGLAND.
RP Peacock, A (corresponding author), EUROPEAN SPACE AGCY,ESTEC,DEPT SPACE SCI,DIV ASTROPHYS,POB 299,2200 AG NOORDWIJK,NETHERLANDS.
NR 26
TC 202
Z9 230
U1 0
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 135
EP 137
DI 10.1038/381135a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Figurov, A
   PozzoMiller, LD
   Olafsson, P
   Wang, T
   Lu, B
AF Figurov, A
   PozzoMiller, LD
   Olafsson, P
   Wang, T
   Lu, B
TI Regulation of synaptic responses to high-frequency stimulation and LTP by neurotrophins in the hippocampus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; postnatal rat-brain; messenger-rna; area ca1; bdnf; nt-3; enhancement; expression; plasticity; induction
AB NEUROTROPHINS promote neuronal survival and differentiation, but the fact that their expression is modified by neuronal activity, suggests a role in regulating synapse development and plasticity(1-3). In developing hippocampus, the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor TrkB(4-7) increases in parallel with the ability to undergo long-term potentiation (LTP)(8-10). Here me report a mechanism by which BDNF modulates hippocampal LTP. Exogenous BDNF promoted the induction of LTP by tetanic stimulation in young (postnatal day 12-13) hippocampal slices, which in the absence of BDNF show only short-term potentiation (STP), This effect was due to an enhanced ability of hippocampal synapses to respond to tetanic stimulation, rather than to a direct modulation of the LTP-triggering mechanism. A TrkB-IgG fusion protein, which scavenges endogenous BDNF11, reduced the synaptic responses to tetanus as well as the magnitude of LTP in adult hippocampus.
C1 NICHHD,DEV NEUROBIOL LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   ROCHE INST MOLEC BIOL,NUTLEY,NJ 07110.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
NR 30
TC 982
Z9 1130
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 706
EP 709
DI 10.1038/381706a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900055
PM 8649517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lala, DS
   Mukherjee, R
   Schulman, IG
   Koch, SSC
   Dardashti, LJ
   Nadzan, AM
   Croston, GE
   Evans, RM
   Heyman, RA
AF Lala, DS
   Mukherjee, R
   Schulman, IG
   Koch, SSC
   Dardashti, LJ
   Nadzan, AM
   Croston, GE
   Evans, RM
   Heyman, RA
TI Activation of specific RXR heterodimers by an antagonist of RXR homodimers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 9-cis retinoic acid; nuclear hormone receptors; ligand-binding domain; co-repressor; x receptor; response pathways; crystal-structure; transactivation; alpha; rar
AB RETINOID X receptor (RXR) plays a central role in the regulation a of many intracellular receptor signalling pathways(1) and can mediate ligand-dependent transcription, acting as a homodimer or as a heterodimer(1-6). Here we identify an antagonist towards RXR homodimers which also functions as an agonist when RXR is paired as a heterodimer to specific partners, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and retinoic acid receptor. This dimer-selective ligand confers differential interactions on the transcription machinery: the antagonist promotes association with TAF110) (TATA-binding protein (TBP)-associated factor 110) and the co-repressor SMRT(7), but not with TBP, and these properties are distinct from pure RXR agonists. This unique class of RXR ligands will provide a means to control distinct target genes at the level of transcription and allow the development of retinoids with a new pharmacological action.
C1 LIGAND PHARMACEUT INC, DEPT RETINOID RES, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   LIGAND PHARMACEUT INC, DEPT CARDIOVASC RES, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   LIGAND PHARMACEUT INC, DEPT RETINOID CHEM, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   LIGAND PHARMACEUT INC, DEPT NEW LEADS, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Ligand Pharmaceuticals; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; Salk Institute
NR 30
TC 155
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 13
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 450
EP 453
DI 10.1038/383450a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300066
PM 8837780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Watson, N
   Linder, ME
   Druey, KM
   Kehrl, JH
   Blumer, KJ
AF Watson, N
   Linder, ME
   Druey, KM
   Kehrl, JH
   Blumer, KJ
TI RGS family members: GTPase-activating proteins for heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunits
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lipid modifications; crystal-structure; beta-gamma; mechanism; hydrolysis; transducin; deactivation; desensitization; increases; affinity
AB SIGNALLING pathways using heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding-proteins (G proteins) trigger physiological responses elicited by hormones, neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli(1,2) GTP binding activates G proteins by dissociating G alpha from G beta gamma subunits, and GTP hydrolysis by G alpha subunits deactivates G proteins by allowing heterotrimers to reform. However, deactivation of G-protein signalling pathways in vivo can occur 10- to 100-fold faster than the rate of GTP hydrolysis of G alpha subunits in vitro(3-8), suggesting that GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) deactivate G alpha subunits. Here we report that RGS(9,10) (for regulator of G-protein signalling) proteins are GAPs for G alpha subunits. RGS1, RGS4 and GAIP (for G alpha-interacting protein(17)) bind specifically and tightly to G alpha(i) and G alpha(o) in cell membranes treated with GDP and AIF(4)(-), and are GAPs for G alpha(i), G alpha(o) and transducin alpha-subunits, but not for G alpha(s). Thus, these RGS proteins are likely to regulate a subset of the G-protein signalling pathways in mammalian cells. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms that govern the duration and specificity of physiological responses elicited by G-protein-mediated signalling pathways.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & PHYSIOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   NIAID,IMMUNOREGULAT LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
NR 30
TC 496
Z9 569
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 172
EP 175
DI 10.1038/383172a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800053
PM 8774882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dietrich, WF
   Miller, J
   Steen, R
   Merchant, MA
   DamronBoles, D
   Husain, Z
   Dredge, R
   Daly, MJ
   Ingalls, KA
   OConnor, TJ
   Evans, CA
   DeAngelis, MM
   Levinson, DM
   Kruglyak, L
   Goodman, N
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
   Hawkins, TL
   Stein, L
   Page, DC
   Lander, ES
AF Dietrich, WF
   Miller, J
   Steen, R
   Merchant, MA
   DamronBoles, D
   Husain, Z
   Dredge, R
   Daly, MJ
   Ingalls, KA
   OConnor, TJ
   Evans, CA
   DeAngelis, MM
   Levinson, DM
   Kruglyak, L
   Goodman, N
   Copeland, NG
   Jenkins, NA
   Hawkins, TL
   Stein, L
   Page, DC
   Lander, ES
TI A comprehensive genetic map of the mouse genome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linkage map
AB The availability of dense genetic linkage maps of mammalian genomes makes feasible a wide range of studies, including positional cloning of monogenic traits, genetic dissection of polygenic traits, construction of genome-wide physical maps, rapid marker-assisted construction of congenic strains, and evolutionary comparisons(1,2). We have been engaged for the past five years in a concerted effort to produce a dense genetic map of the laboratory mouse(3-6). Here we present the final report of this project. The map contains 7,377 genetic markers, consisting of 6,580 highly informative simple sequence length polymorphisms integrated with 797 restriction fragment length polymorphisms in mouse genes. The average spacing between markers is about 0.2 centimorgans or 400 kilobases.
C1 WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, WHITEHEAD MIT CTR GENOME RES, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
   NCI, FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR, ABL BASIC RES PROGRAM, MAMMALIAN GENET LAB, FREDERICK, MD 21702 USA.
   MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   MIT, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC); SAIC-Frederick; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 19
TC 743
Z9 818
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 149
EP 152
DI 10.1038/380149a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800047
PM 8600386
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Volokitin, Y
   Sinzig, J
   deJongh, LJ
   Schmid, G
   Vargaftik, MN
   Moiseev, II
AF Volokitin, Y
   Sinzig, J
   deJongh, LJ
   Schmid, G
   Vargaftik, MN
   Moiseev, II
TI Quantum-size effects in the thermodynamic properties of metallic nanoparticles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID point contacts; clusters; particles; quantization; conductance
AB THE properties of nanometre-scale metallic particles differ from those of the same material(1,2) in bulk Conduction electrons, because of their wave-like nature, can have only certain discrete values of kinetic energy or wavelength. Such 'quantum-size' effects have been observed in two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductors(3,4), and in atomic-scale metallic point contacts(5). Also present are 'Coulomb-charging' effects: these are purely classical in origin, and occur when the energy required to add one electron to a conducting sphere exceeds the mean thermal energy k(B)T. Thermal fluctuations in the total charge on the particle are then suppressed(6). In theory, the combination of quantum-size and Coulomb-charging effects should cause the properties of small metallic particles to depend sensitively on whether they have an odd or even number of electrons(7). Odd-even effects have been observed in experiments on tunnelling between discrete electronic levels of single metal particles(8), but their influence on thermodynamic properties remains to be demonstrated. Here we report measurements of the heat capacity and electronic magnetic susceptibility of small metallic clusters. Our results show definitive evidence for odd-even effects, thus confirming that quantum and classical size effects strongly influence the thermodynamic properties of small particles.
C1 LEIDEN UNIV,KAMERLINGH ONNES LAB,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
   UNIV ESSEN GESAMTHSCH,INST ANORGAN CHEM,D-45117 ESSEN,GERMANY.
   RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,KUMAKOV INST GEN & INORGAN CHEM,MOSCOW 117071,RUSSIA.
C3 Leiden University; Leiden University - Excl LUMC; University of Duisburg Essen; Russian Academy of Sciences; Kurnakov Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
NR 21
TC 381
Z9 426
U1 0
U2 119
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 621
EP 623
DI 10.1038/384621a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600027
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boivin, DB
   Duffy, JF
   Kronauer, RE
   Czeisler, CA
AF Boivin, DB
   Duffy, JF
   Kronauer, RE
   Czeisler, CA
TI Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID melatonin suppression; entrainment; rhythms; bright; sensitivity; intensity; pacemaker; amplitude; system; phase
AB SINCE the first report in unicells(1), studies across diverse species have demonstrated that light is a powerful synchronizer which resets, in an intensity-dependent manner, endogenous circadian pacemakers(1-5). Although it is recognized that bright light (similar to 7,000 to 13,000 lux) is an effective circadian synchronizer in humans(6-10), it is widely believed that the human circadian pacemaker is insensitive to ordinary indoor illumination (similar to 50-300 lux)(11). It has been proposed that the relationship between the resetting effect of light and its intensity follows a compressive nonlinear function(12), such that exposure to lower illuminances still exerts a robust effect(13), We therefore undertook a series of experiments which support this hypothesis and report here that light of even relatively low intensity (similar to 180 lux) significantly phase-shifts the human circadian pacemaker. Our results clearly demonstrate that humans are much more sensitive to light than initially suspected and support the conclusion that they are not qualitatively different from other mammals in their mechanism of circadian entrainment(14).
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DIV ENDOCRINOL,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University
NR 32
TC 430
Z9 481
U1 0
U2 37
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 540
EP 542
DI 10.1038/379540a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300050
PM 8596632
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Alivisatos, AP
   Johnsson, KP
   Peng, XG
   Wilson, TE
   Loweth, CJ
   Bruchez, MP
   Schultz, PG
AF Alivisatos, AP
   Johnsson, KP
   Peng, XG
   Wilson, TE
   Loweth, CJ
   Bruchez, MP
   Schultz, PG
TI Organization of 'nanocrystal molecules' using DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID quantum dots; particles; clusters; cds; colloids; state; tio2
AB PATTERNING matter on the nanometre scale is an important objective of current materials chemistry and physics. It is driven by both the need to further miniaturize electronic components and the fact that at the nanometre scale, materials properties are strongly size-dependent and thus can be tuned sensitively(1). In nanoscale crystals, quantum size effects and the large number of surface atoms influence the, chemical, electronic, magnetic and optical behaviour(2-4). 'Top-down' (for example, lithographic) methods for nanoscale manipulation reach only to the upper end of the nanometre regime(5); but whereas 'bottom-up' wet chemical techniques allow for the preparation of monodisperse, defect-free crystallites just 1-10 nm in size(6-10), ways to control the structure of nanocrystal assemblies are scarce. Here we describe a strategy for the synthesis of 'nanocrystal molecules', in which discrete numbers of gold nanocrystals are organized into spatially defined structures based on Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. We attach single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides of defined length and sequence to individual nanocrystals, and these assemble into dimers and trimers on addition of a complementary single-stranded DNA template, We anticipate that this approach should allow the construction of more complex two- and three-dimensional assemblies.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATL LAB,INST MOL DESIGN,BERKELEY,CA 94701.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
RP Alivisatos, AP (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT CHEM,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BERKELEY,CA 94720, USA.
NR 30
TC 2619
Z9 3114
U1 8
U2 1082
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 609
EP 611
DI 10.1038/382609a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300047
PM 8757130
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yuasa, J
   Hirano, S
   Yamagata, M
   Noda, M
AF Yuasa, J
   Hirano, S
   Yamagata, M
   Noda, M
TI Visual projection map specified by topographic expression of transcription factors in the retina
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fork head; chick; axons; gene; oncogene; family; arborization; gradients; system; bf-1
AB TOPOGRAPHICAL maps of neuronal connectivity occur in various brain regions(1). In the visual system of birds, retinal ganglion-cell axons from the anterior retina connect to a posterior part of the optic tectum, and posterior retinal axons connect to the anterior part, thereby establishing a point-to-point projection map(2,3). The chemoaffinity theory(4) predicts that the orderly retinotectal projection is generated by a topographical arrangement of molecules. We report here that me have found several genes topographically expressed along the nasotemporal (anterior-posterior) axis in the embryonic chicken retina. Among these, two transcriptional regulators, belonging to the winged-helix family(5) are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner in either the nasal or temporal part of the retina, Misexpression of each factor causes misprojection on the tectum along the rostrocaudal axis, showing that topographical expression of these transcription factors controls formation of the retinotectal map.
C1 NATL INST BASIC BIOL,DIV MOL NEUROBIOL,OKAZAKI,AICHI 444,JAPAN.
   GRAD UNIV ADV STUDIES,DEPT MOL BIOMECH,OKAZAKI,AICHI 444,JAPAN.
C3 National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan
NR 30
TC 111
Z9 125
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 632
EP 635
DI 10.1038/382632a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300054
PM 8757134
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Baker, RJ
   VanDenBussche, RA
   Wright, AJ
   Wiggins, LE
   Hamilton, MJ
   Reat, EP
   Smith, MH
   Lomakin, MD
   Chesser, RK
AF Baker, RJ
   VanDenBussche, RA
   Wright, AJ
   Wiggins, LE
   Hamilton, MJ
   Reat, EP
   Smith, MH
   Lomakin, MD
   Chesser, RK
TI RETRACTED: High levels of genetic change in rodents of Chernobyl (Retracted article. See vol 390, pg 100, 1997)
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article; Retracted Publication
ID mutations
AB BASE-PAIR substitution rates for the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of free-living, native populations of voles collected next to reactor 4 at Chernobyl, Ukraine, were estimated by two independent methods to be in excess of 10(-4) nucleotides per site per generation. These estimates are hundreds of times greater than those typically found in mitochondria of vertebrates, suggesting that the environment resulting from this nuclear power plant disaster is having a measurable genetic impact on the organisms of that region. Despite these DNA changes, vole populations thrive and reproduce in the radioactive regions around the Chernobyl reactor.
C1 SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB, AIKEN, SC 29802 USA.
   INT RES & DEV AGCY, KIEV 252001, UKRAINE.
C3 United States Department of Energy (DOE); Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
RP Baker, RJ (corresponding author), TEXAS TECH UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, LUBBOCK, TX 79409 USA.
NR 24
TC 57
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 707
EP 708
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700049
PM 8614463
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coale, KH
   Fitzwater, SE
   Gordon, RM
   Johnson, KS
   Barber, RT
AF Coale, KH
   Fitzwater, SE
   Gordon, RM
   Johnson, KS
   Barber, RT
TI Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID copper; zinc; sea
AB THE 'iron hypothesis'(1,2) states that phytoplankton growth and biomass are limited by low concentrations of available iron in large regions of the world's oceans where other plant nutrients are abundant. Such limitation has been demonstrated by experiments in which iron has been added to both enclosed and in situ (un-enclosed) phytoplankton populations(2-6). A corollary of the iron hypothesis is that most 'new' iron is supplied by atmospheric deposition(7,8), and it has been suggested that changes in the deposition rates of iron-bearing dust have led to changes in biological productivity and, consequently, global climate(7), Here we report surface-water measurements in the equatorial Pacific Ocean which show that the main iron source to equatorial waters at 140 degrees W is from upwelling waters. Shipboard in vitro experiments indicate that sub-nanomolar increases in iron concentrations can cause substantial increases in carbon export to deeper waters in this region. These findings demonstrate that equatorial biological production is controlled not solely by atmospheric iron deposition, but also by processes which influence the rate of upwelling and the iron concentration in upwelled water.
C1 MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RES INST, MOSS LANDING, CA 95039 USA.
   DUKE UNIV, MARINE LAB, SCH ENVIRONM, BEAUFORT, NC 28516 USA.
C3 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; Duke University
RP Coale, KH (corresponding author), MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS, POB 450, MOSS LANDING, CA 95039 USA.
NR 30
TC 297
Z9 333
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 621
EP 624
DI 10.1038/379621a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yuan, ZM
   Huang, YY
   Whang, Y
   Sawyers, C
   Weichselbaum, R
   Kharbanda, S
   Kufe, D
AF Yuan, ZM
   Huang, YY
   Whang, Y
   Sawyers, C
   Weichselbaum, R
   Kharbanda, S
   Kufe, D
TI Role for c-Abl tyrosine kinase in growth arrest response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID retinoblastoma protein; inhibition; binding; p53
AB THE c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase is activated by certain DNA-damaging agents', and its overexpression causes arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by a mechanism dependent on the tumour-suppressor protein p53 (refs 2-4). Here we investigate the possible role of c-Abl in growth arrest induced by DNA damage. Transient transfection experiments using wild-type or inactivated c-Abl show that both induce expression of p21, an effector of p53, but only wild-type c-Abl downregulates the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk2 and causes growth arrest. Exposure to ionizing radiation of cells that stably express active or inactive c-Abl is associated with induction of c-Abl/p53 complexes and p21 expression. However, cells expressing the dominant-negative c-Abl mutant and cells lacking the c-abl gene are impaired in their ability to downregulate Cdk2 or undergo G1 arrest in response to ionizing radiation. We also show that expression of c-Abl kinase in p21(-/-), but not in p53(-/-), cells results in downregulation of Cdk2. Our results suggest that c-Abl kinase contributes to the regulation of growth arrest induced by ionizing radiation by a p53-dependent, p21-independent mechanism.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DANA FARBER CANC INST,DIV CANC PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,INST MOLEC BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT MED,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT RADIAT & CELLULAR ONCOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of Chicago
NR 18
TC 221
Z9 245
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 272
EP 274
DI 10.1038/382272a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000055
PM 8717045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiertz, EJHJ
   Tortorella, D
   Bogyo, M
   Yu, J
   Mothes, W
   Jones, TR
   Rapoport, TA
   Ploegh, HL
AF Wiertz, EJHJ
   Tortorella, D
   Bogyo, M
   Yu, J
   Mothes, W
   Jones, TR
   Rapoport, TA
   Ploegh, HL
TI Sec61-mediated transfer of a membrane protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the proteasome for destruction
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID class-i molecules; light-chains; degradation; translocation; complex; expression; compartment; inhibitors; pathway; peptide
AB The human cytomegalovirus genome encodes proteins that trigger destruction of newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The human cytomegalovirus gene US2 specifies a product capable of dislocating MHC class I molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol and delivering them to the proteasome. This process involves the Sec61 complex, in what appears to be a reversal of the reaction by which it translocates nascent chains into the endoplasmic reticulum.
C1 MIT, CTR CANC RES, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   WYETH AYERST RES, INFECT DIS SECT, DEPT MOL BIOL, PEARL RIVER, NY 10965 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Pfizer; Wyeth; Pfizer USA
NR 50
TC 945
Z9 1081
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 432
EP 438
DI 10.1038/384432a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700053
PM 8945469
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, T
   Thomas, G
   McLendon, C
   Sutton, T
   Mullan, M
AF Thomas, T
   Thomas, G
   McLendon, C
   Sutton, T
   Mullan, M
TI beta-Amyloid-mediated vasoactivity and vascular endothelial damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimers-disease; protein
AB Deposits of beta-amyloid are apparent in ageing and Alzheimer's disease(1), but the role of this peptide in neurodegeneration is unclear(2). The free-radical theory of ageing may also account for Alzheimer-type degeneration and consequently links between free-radical generation and beta-amyloid have been sought(3). We demonstrate here that beta-amyloid interacts with endothelial cells on blood vessels to produce an excess of superoxide radicals, with attendant alterations in endothelial structure and function. The superoxide radical can scavenge endothelium-derived relaxing factor and produce potent oxidizing agents, which can cause lipid peroxidation and other degenerative changes(4). The alterations in vascular tone and endothelial damage are prevented by the oxygen-radical-scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase. These observations suggest a normal vasoactive role for beta-amyloid as well as a mechanism by which beta-amyloid may play a role in vascular abnormalities and neurodegeneration mediated by free radicals.
C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,COLL MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,TAMPA,FL 33613.
C3 State University System of Florida; University of South Florida
RP Thomas, T (corresponding author), UNIV S FLORIDA,ROSKAMP LABS,INST PSYCHIAT RES,TAMPA,FL 33613, USA.
NR 14
TC 672
Z9 737
U1 0
U2 29
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 168
EP 171
DI 10.1038/380168a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800054
PM 8600393
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fronval, T
   Jansen, E
AF Fronval, T
   Jansen, E
TI Rapid changes in ocean circulation and heat flux In the Nordic seas during the last interglacial period
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic ocean; norwegian sea; pollen record; climate; fluctuations; europe; greenland
AB THE apparent similarity of climate variability in the North Atlantic region in the last interglacial period(1-5) and the present interglacial (Holocene) has recently been challenged by the rapid oscillations in climate conditions indicated by some marine(6,7) and terrestrial climate records(8-10) for the last interglacial. Ocean circulation in the northern North Atlantic seems to be intimately coupled to the processes of climate change on various time-scales(11,12), so that climate variability-and the associated mechanisms of change-should be well recorded by sediments from these high latitudes, Previous studies in this region(5,13) have indeed indicated an apparently less stable last-interglacial climate than at middle latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean(4). Here we present detailed records from marine sediments in the Nordic seas of oceanographic conditions during the last interglacial. The records show three large sea surface temperature fluctuations, a weakening of the east-west sea surface temperature gradient with time, and changes in deep-water properties. In contrast, similar analyses of a core from the same region indicate that sea surface temperature during the Holocene has been relatively stable. Our data-along with those from the Labrador Sea(7)-indicate rapid changes in ocean circulation and oceanic heat fluxes at high northern latitudes during the last interglacial, which may have been associated with marked temperature changes on adjacent continents.
C1 UNIV BERGEN, DEPT GEOL, N-5007 BERGEN, NORWAY.
C3 University of Bergen
NR 35
TC 100
Z9 107
U1 1
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 806
EP 810
DI 10.1038/383806a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, PT
   Ingham, RJ
   Ingham, JC
   Hirsch, TB
   Downs, JH
   Martin, C
   Jerabek, P
   Glass, T
   Lancaster, JL
AF Fox, PT
   Ingham, RJ
   Ingham, JC
   Hirsch, TB
   Downs, JH
   Martin, C
   Jerabek, P
   Glass, T
   Lancaster, JL
TI A PET study of the neural systems of stuttering
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; human-brain; localization; images
AB THE cause of stuttering is unknown(1). Failure to develop left-hemispheric dominance for speech is a long-standing theory(1) although others implicate the motor system more broadly(2), often postulating hyperactivity of the right (language nondominant) cerebral hemisphere(3). As knowledge of motor circuitry has advanced(4), theories of stuttering have become more anatomically specific, postulating hyperactivity of premotor cortex, either directly(5) or through connectivity with the thalamus and basal ganglia(6), Alternative theories target the auditory(7) and speech productions(8,9) systems. By contrasting stuttering with fluent speech using positron emission tomography combined with chorus reading to induce fluency, we found support for each of these hypotheses, Stuttering induced widespread over-activations of the motor system in both cerebrum and cerebellum, with right cerebral dominance. Stuttered reading lacked left-lateralized activations of the auditory system, which are thought to support the self-monitoring of speech, and selectively deactivated a frontal-temporal system implicated in speech production, Induced fluency decreased or eliminated the overactivity in most motor areas, and largely reversed the auditory-system underactivations and the deactivation of the speech production system. Thus stuttering is a disorder affecting the multiple neural systems used for speaking.
C1 UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT RADIOL, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78284 USA.
   UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA, DEPT SPEECH & HEARING SCI, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106 USA.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of California System; University of California Santa Barbara
RP Fox, PT (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, RES IMAGING CTR, 7703 FLOYD CURL DR, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78284 USA.
NR 30
TC 348
Z9 403
U1 0
U2 49
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 158
EP 162
DI 10.1038/382158a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200047
PM 8700204
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nakai, J
   Dirksen, RT
   Nguyen, HT
   Pessah, IN
   Beam, KG
   Allen, PD
AF Nakai, J
   Dirksen, RT
   Nguyen, HT
   Pessah, IN
   Beam, KG
   Allen, PD
TI Enhanced dihydropyridine receptor channel activity in the presence of ryanodine receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dysgenic skeletal-muscle; stem-cell lines; complementary-dna; release channel; calcium current; perchlorate; expression
AB Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle involves a voltage sensor in the plasma membrane which, in response to depolarization, causes an intracellular calcium-release channel to open. The skeletal isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR-1) functions as the Ca2+-release channel(1-3) and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) functions as the voltage sensor and also as an L-type Ca2+ channel(4,5). Here we examine the possibility that there is a retrograde signal from RyR-1 to the DHPR, using myotubes from mice homozygous for a disrupted RyR-1 gene (dyspedic mice)(3). As expected, we find that there is no excitation-contraction coupling in dyspedic myotubes, but we also find that they have a roughly 30-fold reduction in L-type Ca2+-current density. Injection of dyspedic myotubes with RyR-1 complementary DNA restores excitation-contraction coupling and causes the density of L-type Ca2+ current to rise towards normal. Despite the differences in Ca2+-current magnitude, measurements of charge movement indicate that the density of DHPRs is similar in dyspedic and RyR-1-expressing myotubes. Our results support the possibility of a retrograde signal hy which RyR-1 enhances the function of DHPRs as Ca2+ channels.
C1 CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT CARDIOL,MOLEC CARDIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT MED CHEM,KYOTO 60601,JAPAN.
   COLORADO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED & BIOMED SCI,DEPT ANAT & NEUROBIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT MOLEC BIOSCI,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT ANESTHESIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Kyoto University; Colorado State University System; Colorado State University Fort Collins; University of California System; University of California Davis; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital
NR 30
TC 400
Z9 419
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 72
EP 75
DI 10.1038/380072a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700059
PM 8598910
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Melosh, HJ
AF Melosh, HJ
TI Dynamical weakening of faults by acoustic fluidization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID san-andreas fault; heat-flow; earthquakes; model; scattering; stress; instability; separation; mechanism; friction
AB When a fault slips seismically, some of the energy released may excite strong, short-wavelength vibrations near the fault core. Such vibrations can temporarily reduce the normal stress on the fault, allowing it to slip at lower shear stresses than predicted by laboratory coefficients of friction. This phenomenon of 'acoustic fluidization' provides an alternative to theories that invoke pressurized fluids as an explanation for why some faults appear to be so weak.
RP Melosh, HJ (corresponding author), UNIV ARIZONA, LUNAR & PLANETARY LAB, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
NR 45
TC 210
Z9 229
U1 0
U2 25
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 601
EP 606
DI 10.1038/379601a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Keppler, H
AF Keppler, H
TI Constraints from partitioning experiments on the composition of subduction-zone fluids
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID trace-elements; chemical characteristics; mantle; melt; magmas; th
AB THE generation of calc-alkaline magmas in subduction zones is thought to be the most important mechanism for the growth of continental crust since the Proterozoic eon. It is widely assumed that most of these magmas are products of fluid-triggered melting in the mantle wedge above the subducted slab(1,2). Fluid transport from the subducted slab into the zone of melting has also been invoked in order to explain many of the trace element and radiogenic isotope characteristics of calk-alkaline magmas(3-7). Here I report experimental data on the partitioning of trace elements between fluids, silicate melts and minerals, which suggest that the agent responsible for the transport of trace elements in subduction zones may be an alkali-chloride-rich aqueous fluid. The data show that chemical transport by such a fluid can generate the trace element and isotope enrichment pattern typical for calc-alkaline magmas, including the enrichment of large ionic lithophile elements, lead and uranium, and the characteristic depletion in niobium and tantalum.
RP Keppler, H (corresponding author), UNIV BAYREUTH,BAYER GEOINST,POSTFACH 101251,D-95440 BAYREUTH,GERMANY.
NR 22
TC 713
Z9 828
U1 2
U2 103
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 237
EP 240
DI 10.1038/380237a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boeda, E
   Connan, J
   Dessort, D
   Muhesen, S
   Mercier, N
   Valladas, H
   Tisnerat, N
AF Boeda, E
   Connan, J
   Dessort, D
   Muhesen, S
   Mercier, N
   Valladas, H
   Tisnerat, N
TI Bitumen as a hafting material on Middle Palaeolithic artefacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB A SCRAPER and a Levallois flake, discovered in the Mousterian levels (dated around 40,000 BC) of the Umm el Tlel site in Syria, were submitted to an organic geochemical study to identify a black substance occurring on their surface. The shape of this black substance suggests that the organic traces are remnants of a hafting material used by Middle Palaeolithic people to glue handles onto their tools. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of both C-15+ alkanes and C-15+ aromatics confirm that the black substance is a highly weathered bitumen, the source of which remains unknown. According to some diagnostic molecular information (for example, the occurrence of fluoranthene and pyrene), it seems that the raw bitumen used has been subjected to extreme temperature. The scraper and the Levallois flake described here are, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported examples of Middle Palaeolithic artefacts hafted with bitumen to handles.
C1 ELF AQUITAINE,DIRECT EXPLORAT,CSTJF,F-64018 PAU,FRANCE.
   MINIST CULTURE,DIRECT GEN ANTIQUITES & MUSEES,DAMASCUS,SYRIA.
   CEA,CNRS,LAB MIXTE,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 Total SA; Centre Scientifique et Technique Jean Feger (CSTJF); Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA
RP Boeda, E (corresponding author), UNIV PARIS 10,DEPT ETHNOL PREHIST,200 AVE REPUBL,F-92001 NANTERRE,FRANCE.
NR 24
TC 166
Z9 182
U1 1
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 336
EP 338
DI 10.1038/380336a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yakir, D
   Wang, XF
AF Yakir, D
   Wang, XF
TI Fluxes of CO2 and water between terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere estimated from isotope measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID carbon-dioxide; budget; oxygen; ocean; o-18
AB THE atmospheric budget of carbon compounds can be balanced only by invoking a significant 'missing sink' for carbon dioxide(1-3). Identifying this sink requires a knowledge of CO2 fluxes at global and local scales. The former can be estimated from global averages of CO2 concentration and isotope composition(4-9); local-scale measurements have been made by analysing individual eddies of air(10,11). In both cases, the net CO2 exchange is the sum of two opposing fluxes: uptake by gross primary productivity and release by respiration. Here we show that these two components can be estimated separately at the local scale from small vertical gradients in C-13 and O-18 in atmospheric CO2 above vegetation. By also analysing the O-18 content of moisture in the air samples, we can estimate evapotranspiration rates, providing information on water exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere(12). We suggest that this approach can be extended to the regional scale.
RP Yakir, D (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI, DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENERGY RES, IL-76100 REHOVOT, ISRAEL.
NR 30
TC 268
Z9 307
U1 1
U2 100
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 515
EP 517
DI 10.1038/380515a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhou, JS
   Archibald, W
   Goodenough, JB
AF Zhou, JS
   Archibald, W
   Goodenough, JB
TI Identification of a new type of electronic state in the magnetoresistive orthomanganites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB PEROVSKITES of composition Ln(1-x)q(x)MnO(3) (where Ln and A are rare-earth and alkaline-earth elements respectively) have become the focus of scientific and technological interest because of their extraordinary electronic and magnetic properties, For example, compositions with x = 0.3 exhibit an unusual combination of ferromagnetism and good electrical conductivity(1); moreover. the observation(2) of a 'colossal' magnetoresistive response near the Curie temperature (T-C), which can be changed dramatically by altering the strength of the Mn-O-Mn interactions(3,15), points to potential practical applications for these materials. Recent resistivity studies? of these materials have suggested that the accepted 'tight-binding' band description(5) of the conduction electrons below T-C may be inadequate and that strong interactions between the electrons and dynamic local lattice distortions associated with the Mn sites may be important. Here we report resistivity and thermopower measurements at high pressure, which indicate a more exotic origin for the electronic properties of these materials. We find that below T-C the conduction electrons lose their localized character and condense into extended electronic states that exhibit no energy dispersion, We attribute the formation of this new state to the strong coupling of the conduction electrons to cooperative oxygen vibrations along the Mn-O bond axes.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,CTR MAT SCI & ENGN,AUSTIN,TX 78712.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Austin
NR 15
TC 76
Z9 80
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 770
EP 772
DI 10.1038/381770a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rhodes, CJ
   Anderson, RM
AF Rhodes, CJ
   Anderson, RM
TI Power laws governing epidemics in isolated populations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID forest-fire model; measles dynamics; time-series; chaos; error
AB TEMPORAL changes in the incidence of measles virus infection within large urban communities in the developed world have been the focus of much discussion in the context of the identification and analysis of nonlinear and chaotic patterns in biological time series(1-11). In contrast, the measles records for small isolated island populations are highly irregular, because of frequent fade-outs of infection(12-14), and traditional analysis(15) does not yield useful insight. Here we use measurements of the distribution of epidemic sizes and duration to show that regularities in the dynamics of such systems do become apparent. Specifically, these biological systems are characterized by well-defined power laws in a manner reminiscent of other nonlinear, spatially extended dynamical systems in the physical sciences(16-19). We further show that the observed power-law exponents are well described by a simple lattice-based model which reflects the social interaction between individual hosts.
RP Rhodes, CJ (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL, CTR EPIDEMIOL INFECT DIS, S PARKS RD, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 140
Z9 160
U1 0
U2 21
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 600
EP 602
DI 10.1038/381600a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700049
PM 8637594
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Choi, OH
   Kim, JH
   Kinet, JP
AF Choi, OH
   Kim, JH
   Kinet, JP
TI Calcium mobilization via sphingosine kinase in signalling by the Fc epsilon RI antigen receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell; transduction; platelets
AB Calcium mobilization through antigen receptors, including high-affinity IgE receptors (Fc epsilon RI), is thought to be mediated by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production (InsP(3))(1-4). Here we show that antigen clustering of Fc epsilon RI on the rat mast-cell line (RBC 2H3) activates a sphingosine kinase (SK) and produces sphingosine-l-phosphate (S1P), an alternative second messenger for intracellular calcium mobilization, The sphingosine analogue, D-L-threo-dihydrosphingosine (DHS), inhibits the SK enzyme competitively with a dissociation constant, K-i, of 5 to 18 mu M. This inhibition substantially suppresses the Fc epsilon RI-mediated calcium signal, but leaves intact the syk tyrosine kinase activation and the small InsP(3) production. The entire InsP(3)-dependent pathway activated by a transfected G-protein coupled receptor, used here as a positive control, also remained intact. Thus Fc epsilon RI principally utilizes a SK pathway to mobilize calcium.
C1 BETH ISRAEL HOSP,LAB ALLERGY & IMMUNOL,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Choi, OH (corresponding author), NIAID,LAB ALLERG DIS,NIH,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852, USA.
NR 17
TC 379
Z9 408
U1 2
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 634
EP 636
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100048
PM 8602265
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamashita, YM
   Nakaseko, Y
   Samejima, I
   Kumada, K
   Yamada, H
   Michaelson, D
   Yanagida, M
AF Yamashita, YM
   Nakaseko, Y
   Samejima, I
   Kumada, K
   Yamada, H
   Michaelson, D
   Yanagida, M
TI 20S cyclosome complex formation and proteolytic activity inhibited by the cAMP/PKA pathway
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID fission yeast; gene; ubiquitin; protein; mitosis; spindle; aspergillus; regulator; anaphase; mutation
AB THE 20S cyclosome complex (also known as the anaphase-promoting complex) has ubiquitin ligase activity and is required for mitotic cyclin destruction(1-3) and sister chromatid separation(4,5). The formation and activation of the 20S cyclosome complex is regulated by an unknown mechanism. Here we show that Cut4 (ref. 6) is an essential component of the cyclosome in fission yeast. Cut4 shares sequence similarity with BimE, a protein that regulates mitosis in Aspergillus nidulans(7-9). Mutations in cut4 result In hypersensitivity to cyclic AMP and to stress-inducing heavy metals, inhibition of the onset of anaphase, disruption of the 20S complex, and inhibition of mitotic cyclin ubiquitination, These phenotypes are fully suppressed by cAMP phosphodiesterase and the protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit and weakly suppressed by Sti1 (an activator of the Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones(10,11)), Suppression correlates with the amount of 20S complex, indicating that cyclosome formation and activation is inhibited by the cAMP/PKA pathway.
C1 KYOTO UNIV,GRAD SCH SCI,DEPT BIOPHYS,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
C3 Kyoto University
NR 26
TC 145
Z9 151
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 276
EP 279
DI 10.1038/384276a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100055
PM 8918880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, LQ
   Hensch, TK
   Ackerman, L
   Barbel, S
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
AF Luo, LQ
   Hensch, TK
   Ackerman, L
   Barbel, S
   Jan, LY
   Jan, YN
TI Differential effects of the Rac GTPase on Purkinje cell axons and dendritic trunks and spines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID calcium-binding protein; electron-microscopy; cerebellar cortex; expression; mouse; cloning; brain; gene; mice
AB Neurons contain distinct compartments including dendrites, dendritic spines, axons and synaptic terminals(1). The molecular mechanisms that generate and distinguish these compartments, although largely unknown, may involve the small GTPases Rac and Cdc42 (ref. 2), which appear to regulate actin polymerization(3). Having shown that perturbations of Rad activity block the growth of axons but not dendrites of Drosophila neurons(2), we investigated whether this also applies to mammals by examining transgenic mice expressing constitutively active human Rad in Purkinje cells. We found that these mice were ataxic and had a reduction of Purkinje-cell axon terminals in the deep cerebellar nuclei, whereas the dendritic trees grew to normal height and branched extensively. Unexpectedly, the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells in developing and mature cerebella were much reduced in size but increased in number. These 'mini' spines often form supernumerary synapses. These differential effects of perturbing Rac1 activity indicate that there may be distinct mechanisms for the elaboration of axons, dendrites and dendritic spines.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,GRAD PROGRAM NEUROSCI,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
RP Luo, LQ (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PHYSIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143, USA.
NR 30
TC 394
Z9 445
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 837
EP 840
DI 10.1038/379837a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100062
PM 8587609
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maquet, P
   Peters, JM
   Aerts, J
   Delfiore, G
   Degueldre, C
   Luxen, A
   Franck, G
AF Maquet, P
   Peters, JM
   Aerts, J
   Delfiore, G
   Degueldre, C
   Luxen, A
   Franck, G
TI Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; cingulate cortex; working-memory; amygdala; organization; wakefulness; projections; states; brain; pet
AB RAPID-EYE-MOVEMENT (REM) sleep is associated with intense neuronal activity, ocular saccades, muscular atonia and dreaming(1,2). The function of REM sleep remains elusive and its neural correlates have not been characterized precisely in man. Here we use positron emission tomography and statistical parametric mapping to study the brain state associated with REM sleep in humans. We report a group study of seven subjects who maintained steady REM sleep during brain scanning and recalled dreams upon awakening. The results show that regional cerebral blood flow is positively correlated with REM sleep in pontine tegmentum, left thalamus, both amygdaloid complexes, anterior cingulate cortex and right parietal operculum. Negative correlations between regional cerebral blood flow and REM sleep are observed bilaterally, in a vast area of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in parietal cortex (supramarginal gyrus) as well as in posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. Given the role of the amygdaloid complexes in the acquisition of emotionally influenced memories, the pattern of activation in the amygdala and the cortical areas provides a biological basis for the processing of some types of memory during REM sleep.
C1 CHU SART TILMAN,DEPT NEUROL,B-4000 LIEGE,BELGIUM.
C3 University of Liege
RP Maquet, P (corresponding author), UNIV LIEGE,CYCLOTRON RES CTR B30,B-4000 LIEGE,BELGIUM.
NR 29
TC 831
Z9 916
U1 2
U2 166
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/383163a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800050
PM 8774879
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bunge, HP
   Richards, MA
   Baumgardner, JR
AF Bunge, HP
   Richards, MA
   Baumgardner, JR
TI Effect of depth-dependent viscosity on the planform of mantle convection
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-wavelength heterogeneity; earths mantle; phase-transitions; models; flow; rheology
AB LITHOSPHERIC plate motions at the Earth's surface result from thermal convection in the mantle(1). Understanding mantle convection is made difficult by variations in the material properties of rocks as pressure and temperature increase from the surface to the core. The plates themselves result from high rock strength and brittle failure at low temperature near the surface. In the deeper mantle, elevated pressure may increase the effective viscosity by orders of magnitude(2-5). The influence of depth-dependent viscosity on convection has been explored in two-dimensional numerical experiments(6-8), but planforms must be studied in three dimensions. Although three-dimensional planforms can be elucidated by laboratory fluid dynamic experiments(9,10), such experiments cannot simulate depth-dependent rheology. Here we use a three-dimensional spherical convection model(11,12) to show that a modest increase in mantle viscosity dth depth has a marked effect on the planform of convection, resulting in long, linear downwellings from the upper surface boundary layer and a surprisingly 'red' thermal heterogeneity spectrum, as observed for the Earth's mantle(13). These effects of depth-dependent viscosity may be comparable to the effects of the plates themselves.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
RP Bunge, HP (corresponding author), LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB, INST GEOPHYS & PLANETARY PHYS, LOS ALAMOS, NM 87544 USA.
NR 34
TC 249
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 436
EP 438
DI 10.1038/379436a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Maoz, R
   Matlis, S
   DiMasi, E
   Ocko, BM
   Sagiv, J
AF Maoz, R
   Matlis, S
   DiMasi, E
   Ocko, BM
   Sagiv, J
TI Self-replicating amphiphilic monolayers
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID assembling monolayers; langmuir-blodgett; multilayers; layer; nanostructures; nanochemistry; construction; recognition; surfaces; template
AB MOLECULAR films with predetermined layered structures can be engineered by using techniques such as the Langmuir-Blodgett method(1,2) and self-assembly(1,3-9) to deposit discrete monolayers sequentially on a substrate. Such films might have a variety of uses-as smart surface coatings, nonlinear optical materials and in tribology, for example. Were we report the replicative grow th of a molecular film of self-assembling silane bilayers with hydrogen-interlayer polar regions into which further identical bilayers can be intercalated. The intercalation step is triggered by a chemical treatment and so can be carried out controllably, allowing duplication in one step of an entire multilayer structure. In this way, we can achieve the stepwise exponential growth of a multilayer film with a predictable number of stacked bilayers.
C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT MAT & INTERFACES,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,CHEM SERV UNIT,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
   BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,DEPT PHYS,UPTON,NY 11973.
C3 Weizmann Institute of Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Brookhaven National Laboratory
NR 29
TC 86
Z9 95
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 150
EP 153
DI 10.1038/384150a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chiang, C
   Ying, LTT
   Lee, E
   Young, KE
   Corden, JL
   Westphal, H
   Beachy, PA
AF Chiang, C
   Ying, LTT
   Lee, E
   Young, KE
   Corden, JL
   Westphal, H
   Beachy, PA
TI Cyclopia and defective axial patterning in mice lacking Sonic hedgehog gene function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID motor-neuron induction; terminal cleavage product; floor plate; mouse embryo; notochord development; sclerotome induction; polarizing activity; xenopus-laevis; expression; drosophila
AB Targeted gene disruption in the mouse shows that the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene plays a critical role in patterning of vertebrate embryonic tissues, including the brain and spinal cord, the axial skeleton and the limbs. Early defects are observed in the establishment or maintenance of midline structures, such as the notochord and the floorplate, and later defects include absence of distal limb structures, cyclopia, absence of ventral cell types within the neural tube, and absence of the spinal column and most of the ribs. Defects in all tissues extend beyond the normal sites of Shh transcription, confirming the proposed role of Shh proteins as an extracellular signal required for the tissue-organizing properties of several vertebrate patterning centres.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, DEPT MOL BIOL & GENET, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
RP Chiang, C (corresponding author), NIH, LAB MAMMALIAN GENET & DEV, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 51
TC 2543
Z9 3086
U1 2
U2 188
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 407
EP 413
DI 10.1038/383407a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300053
PM 8837770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pasqualini, R
   Ruoslahti, E
AF Pasqualini, R
   Ruoslahti, E
TI Organ targeting in vivo using phage display peptide libraries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID receptor; proteins
AB PREFERENTIAL homing of tumour cells(1,2) and leukocytes(3,4) to specific organs indicates that tissues carry unique marker molecules accessible to circulating cells. Organ-selective address molecules on endothelial surfaces have been identified for lymphocyte homing to various lymphoid organs and to tissues undergoing inflammation(5-8), and an endothelial marker responsible for tumour homing to the lungs has also been identified(9). Here we report a new approach to studying organ-selective targeting based on in vivo screening of random peptide sequences. Peptides capable of mediating selective localization of phage to brain and kidney blood vessels were identified, and showed up to 13-fold selectivity for these organs. One of the peptides displayed by the brain-localizing phage mas synthesized and shown to specifically inhibit the localization of the homologous phage into the brain. When coated onto glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells, the peptide caused selective localization of intravenously injected cells into the brain, These peptide sequences represent the first step towards identifying selective endothelial markers, which may be useful in targeting cells, drugs and genes into selected tissues.
C1 LA JOLLA CANC RES CTR,BURNHAM INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
NR 15
TC 1031
Z9 1333
U1 0
U2 181
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 364
EP 366
DI 10.1038/380364a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900065
PM 8598934
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stein, M
   Goldstein, SL
AF Stein, M
   Goldstein, SL
TI From plume head to continental lithosphere in the Arabian-Nubian shield
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID precambrian crustal evolution; red-sea hills; pan-african; oceanic plateaus; northeast africa; saudi-arabia; allochthonous terranes; isotopic evidence; mantle evolution; accretion rates
AB The lithosphere of the Arabian-Nubian shield was mainly formed during an interval of about 150 million years near the end of the Proterozoic aeon. The events recorded in the rocks of the shield indicate that an oceanic plateau, formed by the head of an upwelling mantle plume, was later overprinted with continent-like characteristics by plate convergence and its associated magmatism. Similar sequences of events are seen in the geological record from Archaean to recent times, suggesting that the transformation from plume head to continental lithosphere has been an important component of continent generation throughout Earth history.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST CHEM, D-55020 MAINZ, GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Stein, M (corresponding author), HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM, INST EARTH SCI, GIVAT RAM, IL-91904 JERUSALEM, ISRAEL.
NR 70
TC 289
Z9 313
U1 0
U2 28
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 773
EP 778
DI 10.1038/382773a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Konig, M
   Zimmer, AM
   Steiner, H
   Holmes, PV
   Crawley, JN
   Brownstein, MJ
   Zimmer, A
AF Konig, M
   Zimmer, AM
   Steiner, H
   Holmes, PV
   Crawley, JN
   Brownstein, MJ
   Zimmer, A
TI Pain responses, anxiety and aggression in mice deficient in pre-proenkephalin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID induced analgesia; rats; morphine; behavior; amygdala; brain; fear; expression; mechanisms; systems
AB ENKEPHALINS are endogenous opioid peptides that are derived from a pre-proenkephalin precursor protein(1,2). They are thought to be vital in regulating many physiological functions, including pain perception and analgesia, responses to stress, aggression and dominance (3-5). Here we have used a genetic approach to study the role of the mammalian opioid system. We disrupted the preproenkephalin gene using homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to generate enkephalin-deficient mice. Mutant enk(-/-) animals are healthy, fertile, and care for their offspring, but display significant behavioural abnormalities. Mice with the enk(-/-) genotype are more anxious and males display increased offensive aggressiveness. Mutant animals show marked differences from controls in supraspinal, but not in spinal, responses to painful stimuli. Unexpectedly, enk(-/-) mice exhibit normal stress-induced analgesia. Our results show that enkephalins modulate responses to painful stimuli. Thus, genetic factors may contribute significantly to the experience of pain.
C1 NIMH,DEV BIOL UNIT,CELL BIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NIMH,NEUROANAT SECT,NEUROPHYSIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   NIMH,SECT BEHAV NEUROPHARMACOL,EXPT THERAPEUT BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
NR 30
TC 381
Z9 414
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 535
EP 538
DI 10.1038/383535a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500053
PM 8849726
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Akopian, AN
   Sivilotti, L
   Wood, JN
AF Akopian, AN
   Sivilotti, L
   Wood, JN
TI A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID root ganglion neurons; nervous-system; rat; currents; cells
AB DORSAL root ganglion sensory neurons associated with C-fibres, many of which are activated by tissue-damage, express an unusual voltage-gated sodium channel that is resistant to tetrodotoxin(1-9). We report here that we have identified a 1,957 aminoacid sodium channel in these cells that shows 65% identity with the rat cardiac tetrodotoxin-insensitive sodium channel(10), and is not expressed in other peripheral and central neurons, glia or non-neuronal tissues. In situ hybridization shows that the channel is expressed only by small-diameter sensory neurons in neonatal and adult dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. The channel is resistant to tetrodotoxin when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the expressed channel are similar to those described for the small-diameter sensory neuron tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels. As some noxious input into the spinal cord is resistant to tetrodotoxin(8,11,12), block of expression or function of such a C-fibre-restricted sodium channel may have a selective analgesic effect.
C1 UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT PHARMACOL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of London; University College London
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 930
Z9 1094
U1 0
U2 68
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 257
EP 262
DI 10.1038/379257a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900047
PM 8538791
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gawel, JE
   Ahner, BA
   Friedland, AJ
   Morel, FMM
AF Gawel, JE
   Ahner, BA
   Friedland, AJ
   Morel, FMM
TI Role for heavy metals in forest decline indicated by phytochelatin measurements
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northeastern united-states; red spruce; acid deposition; air-pollution; patterns; lead; floor
AB FOREST decline in the United States and Europe has been documented for a number of tree species(1,2) and atmospheric pollutants from industrial sources, such as acids or oxidants, are thought to be partly responsible(1-4). Heavy metals hare also been implicated because their deposition pattern is correlated with forest decline(5-11), but so far there has been no direct evidence for a physiological link between tree damage and exposure to metals, Here we use the concentrations of phytochelatins, which are intracellular metal-binding peptides that act as specific indicators of metal stress(12,13), to show that metals are indeed likely to be a contributing factor in the decline of forests in the northeastern United States, Phytochelatin concentrations in red spruce, a species in decline, are higher than in balsam fir, a species which is not, Concentrations increase with altitude, as does forest decline, and they also increase across the region in forest stands that show increasing levels of tree damage.
C1 PRINCETON UNIV,DEPT GEOL,PRINCETON,NJ 08544.
   DARTMOUTH COLL,ENVIRONM STUDIES PROGRAM,HANOVER,NH 03755.
C3 Princeton University; Dartmouth College
RP Gawel, JE (corresponding author), MIT,48-32-,77 MASSACHUSETTS AVE,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139, USA.
NR 24
TC 81
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 64
EP 65
DI 10.1038/381064a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sanguinetti, MC
   Curran, ME
   Zou, A
   Shen, J
   Spector, PS
   Atkinson, DL
   Keating, MT
AF Sanguinetti, MC
   Curran, ME
   Zou, A
   Shen, J
   Spector, PS
   Atkinson, DL
   Keating, MT
TI Coassembly of K(v)LQT1 and minK (IsK) proteins to form cardiac I-Ks potassium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent outward current; pig ventricular myocytes; guinea-pig; delayed rectifier; k+; mutations; arrhythmia; block
AB THE slowly activating delayed-rectifier K+ current, I-Ks, modulates the repolarization or cardiac action potentials. The molecular structure of the I-Ks, channel is not known, but physiological data indicate that one component of the I-Ks channel is minK (refs 1-6), a 130-amino-acid protein with a single putative transmembrane domain(7). The size and structure of this protein is such that it is unlikely that minK alone forms functional channels(8,9). We have previously used positional cloning techniques to define a new putative K+-channel gene, KVLQT1(10). Mutations in this gene cause long-QT syndrome, an inherited disorder that increases the risk of sudden death from cardiac arrhythmias. Here se show that KVLQT1 encodes a K+ channel with biophysical properties unlike other known cardiac currents. We considered that K(v)LQT1 might coassemble with another subunit to form functional channels in cardiac myocytes. Coexpression of K(v)LQT1 with minK induced a current that was almost identical to cardiac I-Ks. Therefore, K(v)LQT1 is the subunit that coassembles with minK to form I-Ks channels and I-Ks dysfunction is a cause of cardiac arrhythmia.
C1 UNIV UTAH,ECCLES PROGRAM HUMAN MOL BIOL & GENET,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
   UNIV UTAH,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
   UNIV UTAH,DEPT HUMAN GENET,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah
RP Sanguinetti, MC (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH,DEPT MED,DIV CARDIOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112, USA.
NR 22
TC 1482
Z9 1654
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 80
EP 83
DI 10.1038/384080a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900059
PM 8900283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rosenthal, ED
   Gurwell, MA
   Ho, PTP
AF Rosenthal, ED
   Gurwell, MA
   Ho, PTP
TI Efficient detection of brown dwarfs using methane-band imaging
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB BROWN dwarfs lie in the mass range between the most massive Jupiter-like planets and the least massive stars, They are much less luminous than stars, and so may provide a fraction of the baryonic dark matter in our Galaxy, Only one unambiguous detection of a brown dwarf has been made to date(1-6)-Gl229B, a low-mass companion to the nearby star Gl229A, The detection(4) of strong methane-band absorption in the spectrum of Gl229B, a feature restricted to cool substellar objects(5-9), lends weight to the idea(7) that differential methane-band imaging (the subtraction of an image taken in the methane band from a continuum-light image taken in the same spectral region) should provide an efficient method for detecting brown dwarfs. Here we demonstrate the potential of this approach by obtaining an image of Gl229B with less than two minutes of integration time. This technique promises efficient detection of both isolated brown dwarfs in crowded regions, and brown dwarfs orbiting close to their primary stars.
RP Rosenthal, ED (corresponding author), HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS, SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYS OBSERV, 60 GARDEN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 18
TC 46
Z9 48
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 243
EP 244
DI 10.1038/384243a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tessler, N
   Denton, GJ
   Friend, RH
AF Tessler, N
   Denton, GJ
   Friend, RH
TI Lasing from conjugated-polymer microcavities
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID light-emitting-diodes; emission; efficiency
AB FOLLOWING the discovery(1) of electroluminescence in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV), considerable effort has been directed towards the realization of optoelectronic devices based on semiconducting conjugated polymers of this type(2-6). But the viability of these materials for such applications depends critically on the nature of the photoexcited states-in particular, whether they are predominantly non-emitting interchain species(7-9) or emitting intrachain species(10), One way to study this fundamental issue is in a device structure known as a microcavity(11), which offers the possibility of using quantum electrodynamic effects to alter (and hence probe the nature of) spontaneous and stimulated emission in these materials(12-17). Here we make use of such a structure to demonstrate optically driven laser activity in devices based on solid films of PPV. This demonstration of lasing provides direct support for a model(10) in which the main photoexcitation in PPV is an emissive intrachain species, and opens the possibility of electrically driven polymer-based lasers.
C1 CAVENDISH LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
NR 22
TC 1268
Z9 1339
U1 1
U2 239
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 695
EP 697
DI 10.1038/382695a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polson, AG
   Bass, BL
   Casey, JL
AF Polson, AG
   Bass, BL
   Casey, JL
TI RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID unwinding activity; mammalian-cells; genome; replication; expression; mechanism
AB HEPATITIS delta virus (HDV) is a subviral human pathogen that requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for packaging(1,2). Concurrent infection by HBV and HDV increases the risk of severe liver disease compared to infection with HBV alone(3). The HDV genome is a closed circular RNA of about 1,700 bases which is replicated through an RNA intermediate, the antigenome(4). Both RNAs cars be folded into highly base-paired, rod-shaped structures, similar to the plant viroid RNAs(5). Two forms of the sole HDV protein, hepatitis delta antigen, are derived from a single open reading frame by RNA editing; the enzymes responsible for the editing have not been characterized, Here we report that the purified enzyme dsRAD (for double-stranded-RNA-adenosine deaminase) can edit HDV antigenomic RNA in vitro. Most important, we observe that mutations in critical sequences of the antigenome have identical effects on in vitro and in vivo editing, suggesting that dsRAD, or a closely related enzyme, is responsible for editing HDV RNA in vivo.
C1 UNIV UTAH,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112.
   GEORGETOWN UNIV,MED CTR,DIV MOL VIROL & IMMUNOL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852.
C3 Utah System of Higher Education; University of Utah; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Georgetown University
RP Polson, AG (corresponding author), UNIV UTAH,DEPT BIOCHEM,6110A EIHG,BLDG 533,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112, USA.
NR 27
TC 279
Z9 315
U1 2
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 454
EP 456
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000066
PM 8602246
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hannigan, GE
   LeungHagesteijn, C
   FitzGibbon, L
   Coppolino, MG
   Radeva, G
   Filmus, J
   Bell, JC
   Dedhar, S
AF Hannigan, GE
   LeungHagesteijn, C
   FitzGibbon, L
   Coppolino, MG
   Radeva, G
   Filmus, J
   Bell, JC
   Dedhar, S
TI Regulation of cell adhesion and anchorage-dependent growth by a new beta(1)-integrin-linked protein kinase
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; differentiation; integrins; sequence
AB THE interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix regulates cell shape, motility, growth, survival, differentiation and gene expression, through integrin-mediated signal transduction(1-3). We used a two-hybrid screen to isolate genes encoding proteins that interact with the beta(1)-integrin cytoplasmic domain. The most frequently isolated complementary DNA encoded a new, 59K serine/threonine protein kinase, containing four ankyrin-like repeats. We report here that this integrin-linked kinase (ILK) phosphorylated a beta(1)-integrin cytoplasmic domain peptide in vitro and coimmunoprecipitated with beta(1) in lysates of mammalian cells. Endogenous ILK kinase activity was reduced in response to fibronectin. Overexpression of p59(ILK) disrupted epithelial cell architecture and inhibited adhesion to integrin substrates, while inducing anchorage-independent growth. We propose that ILK is a receptor-proximal protein kinase regulating integrin-mediated signal transduction.
C1 UNIV TORONTO, SUNNYBROOK HLTH SCI CTR, CANC BIOL RES PROGRAM, TORONTO, ON M4N 3M5, CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO, DEPT MED BIOPHYS, TORONTO, ON M4N 3M5, CANADA.
   UNIV OTTAWA, DEPT BIOCHEM, OTTAWA, ON K1N 6N5, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Sunnybrook Health Science Center; University of Toronto; University of Ottawa
NR 29
TC 964
Z9 1153
U1 0
U2 38
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 91
EP 96
DI 10.1038/379091a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600063
PM 8538749
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Traub, RD
   Whittington, MA
   Stanford, IM
   Jefferys, JGR
AF Traub, RD
   Whittington, MA
   Stanford, IM
   Jefferys, JGR
TI A mechanism for generation of long-range synchronous fast oscillations in the cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cat visual-cortex; neuronal responses; rat hippocampus; synchronization; cells; areas; field
AB SYNCHRONOUS neuronal oscillations in the 30-70 Hz range, known as gamma oscillations, occur in the cortex of many species(1-6). This synchronization can occur over large distances, and in some cases over multiple cortical areas(7,8) and in both hemispheres(2); it has been proposed to underlie the binding of Several features into a single perceptual entity(4). The mechanism by which coherent oscillations are generated remains unclear, because they often show zero or near-zero phase lags over long distances, whereas much greater phase lags would be expected from the slow speed of axonal conduction. We have previously shown that interneuron networks alone can generate gamma oscillations(9,10); here we propose a simple model to explain how an interconnected chain of such networks can generate coherent oscillations. The model incorporates known properties of excitatory pyramidal tells and inhibitory interneurons; it predicts that when excitation of interneurons reaches a level sufficient to induce pairs of spikes in rapid succession (spike doublets), the network will generate gamma oscillations that are synchronized on a millisecond timescale from one end of the chain to the other. We show that in rat hippocampal slices interneurons do indeed fire spike doublets under conditions in which gamma oscillations are synchronized over several millimetres, whereas they fire single spikes under other conditions. Thus, known properties of neurons and local synaptic circuits can account for tightly synchronized oscillations in large neuronal ensembles.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT NEUROL,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   ST MARYS HOSP,IMPERIAL COLL,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,LONDON W2 1PG,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,BIRMINGHAM B15 2TT,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
C3 Columbia University; Imperial College London; University of Birmingham
RP Traub, RD (corresponding author), IBM CORP,DIV RES,TJ WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598, USA.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 27
TC 542
Z9 602
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 621
EP 624
DI 10.1038/383621a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500053
PM 8857537
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Takai, T
   Ono, M
   Hikida, M
   Ohmori, H
   Ravetch, JV
AF Takai, T
   Ono, M
   Hikida, M
   Ohmori, H
   Ravetch, JV
TI Augmented humoral and anaphylactic responses in Fc gamma RII-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID immunoglobulin; lymphocytes; receptors; cells
AB DESPITE its widespread distribution on both lymphoid and myeloid cells, the biological role of the low-affinity immunoglobulin-G receptor, Fc gamma RII, is not fully understood. Defects in this receptor or its signalling pathway in B cells result in perturbations in immune-complex-mediated feedback inhibition of antibody production(1-6). We now report that Fc gamma RII-deficient animals display elevated immunoglobulin levels in response to both thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens. Additionally, the effector arm of the allergic response is perturbed in these mice, Mast cells from Fc gamma RII(-/-) are highly sensitive to IgG-triggered degranulation, in contrast to their wild-type counterparts, Fc gamma RII-deficient mice demonstrate an enhanced passive cutaneous analphylaxis reaction, the result of a decreased threshold for mast-cell activation by Fc gamma RIII crosslinking, These results demonstrate that Fc gamma RII acts as a general negative regulator of immune-complex-triggered activation in vivo for both the afferent and efferent limbs of the immune response, Exploiting this property offers new therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune disorders.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,DIV MOLEC BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
RP Takai, T (corresponding author), OKAYAMA UNIV,FAC ENGN,DEPT BIOTECHNOL,TSUSHIMA NAKA,OKAYAMA 700,JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 714
Z9 840
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 346
EP 349
DI 10.1038/379346a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300059
PM 8552190
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cui, JS
   OShea, KS
   Purkayastha, A
   Saunders, TL
   Ginsburg, D
AF Cui, JS
   OShea, KS
   Purkayastha, A
   Saunders, TL
   Ginsburg, D
TI Fatal haemorrhage and incomplete block to embryogenesis in mice locking coagulation factor V
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID activated protein-c; warfarin embryopathy; targeted disruption; hemophilia-a; mechanism; prothrombinase; deficiency; resistance; thrombosis; phenotype
AB COAGULATION factor V is a critical cofactor for the activation of prothrombin to thrombin, the penultimate step in the generation of a fibrin blood clot(1,2). Genetic deficiency of factor V results in a congenital bleeding disorder (parahaemophilia)(3), whereas inheritance of a mutation rendering factor V resistant to inactivation is an important risk factor for thrombosis(4,5). We report here that approximately half of homozygous embryos deficient in factor V (F upsilon(-/-)), which have been generated by gene targeting, die at embryonic day (E) 9-10, possibly as a result of an abnormality in the yolk-sac vasculature. The remaining F upsilon(-/-) mice progress normally to term, but die from massive haemorrhage within 2 hours or birth. Considered together with the milder phenotypes generally associated with deficiencies of other clotting factors(6,7), our findings demonstrate the primary role of the common coagulation pathway and the absolute requirement for functional factor V for prothrombinase activity. They also provide direct evidence for the existence of other critical haemostatic functions for thrombin in addition to fibrin clot formation, and identify a previously unrecognized role for the coagulation system in early mammalian development.
C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT HUMAN GENET,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT & CELL BIOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan
NR 25
TC 219
Z9 233
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 66
EP 68
DI 10.1038/384066a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900054
PM 8900278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Stocklin, E
   Wissler, M
   Gouilleux, F
   Groner, B
AF Stocklin, E
   Wissler, M
   Gouilleux, F
   Groner, B
TI Functional interactions between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating factor; mammary epithelial-cells; transcription factor; beta-casein; responsive expression; nuclear factor; dna-binding; tumor virus; prolactin; gene
AB SIGNAL transduction pathways enable extracellular signals to activate latent transcription factors in the cytoplasm of cells. Dimerization, nuclear localization and binding to specific DNA sequences result in the induction of gene transcription by these proteins. These events are necessary for the functioning of the JAK/STAT pathway and of the glucocorticoid-receptor pathway. In the former, the protein Stat5, which is a member of a family of signal transducers and activators of transcription, is activated by cytokines, hormones and growth factors(1-7). These polypeptide ligands bind at the outside of the cell to specific transmembrane receptors and activate intracellular Janus protein tyrosine kinases (JAKs) to tyrosine-phosphorylate STAT proteins; interaction with the SH2 domain of the dimerization partner then confers the ability to bind to DNA at the STAT-response element and induce transcription(8-10). In the glucocorticoid-receptor pathway, the receptor interacts with its steroid hormone ligand in the cytoplasm, undergoes an allosteric change that enables the hormone receptor complex to bind to specific DNA-response elements (glucocorticoid response elements, or GRE) and modulate transcription(11,12). Although these pathways appear to he unrelated, we show here that the glucocorticoid receptor can act as a transcriptional co-activator for Stat5 and enhance Stat5-dependent transcription. Stat5 forms a complex with the glucocorticoid receptor which binds to DNA independently of the GRE. This complex formation between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor diminishes the glucocorticoid response of a GRE-containing promoter.
C1 TUMOR BIOL CTR,INST EXPT CANC RES,D-79106 FREIBURG,GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 554
Z9 610
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 726
EP 728
DI 10.1038/383726a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800056
PM 8878484
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Davis, JL
   Mitrovica, JX
AF Davis, JL
   Mitrovica, JX
TI Glacial isostatic adjustment and the anomalous tide gauge record of eastern North America
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sea-level change; lateral heterogeneity; mantle viscosity; rise
AB SEA-LEVEL variations, as recorded by the global network of tide gauges, represent a rich data set for studying a nide range of natural and anthropogenic phenomena, such as the sea-level rise induced by possible global warming, For this purpose, long-term sea-level trends must be corrected for the 'contaminating' effects of continuing glacial isostatic adjustment(1-5) (GIA). The numerical correction procedure has, for sites on the east coast of North America, yielded a set of highly anomalous sea-level rates characterized by systematic geographical trends(2,4,5). We demonstrate that these trends are a consequence of inadequacies in the previous 'standard' numerical prediction for GIA, In particular, we find that the well-known trends in the GIA-corrected tide gauge rates are eliminated if the lower-mantle viscosity of the Earth model used in the GIA prediction is increased. This result obviates the need to explain the anomalous trend as a manifestation of Gulf Stream ocean circulation(4) or neotectonic processes(2).
C1 UNIV TORONTO, DEPT PHYS, TORONTO, ON M5S 1A7, CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto
RP Davis, JL (corresponding author), HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS, 60 GARDEN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 25
TC 127
Z9 141
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 331
EP 333
DI 10.1038/379331a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thurber, CH
AF Thurber, CH
TI Creep events preceding small to moderate earthquakes on the San Andreas fault
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID california; model; term
AB THE San Andreas fault in central California is unusual in that much of the fault displacement occurs as aseismic slip, also known as creep. Changes in creep have been suggested asa possible earthquake precursor(1-6), but clear associations between creep changes and subsequent earthquakes are uncommon. Here I report a test of the hypothesis that episodes of rapid creep ('creep events'(1-3)) precede small to moderate earthquakes on the creeping portion of the San Andreas. The test consists of a comparison of archival creep data to the earthquake catalogue for this area, and an earthquake prediction experiment. Between 1970 and 1994, creep events occurred in the five days preceding half or more of the earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to 3.3 in three 1-yr periods of above-average seismic activity, Of five predictions based on the occurrence of creep events between October 1995 and mid-January 1996, four were fulfilled; there were also two 'misses' (earthquakes not preceded by a creep event). If the relationship reported here holds for the entire creeping segment of the San Andreas, and applies to larger earthquakes, these results suggest that a prediction based on precursory creep may be possible at Parkfield, California.
RP Thurber, CH (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,1215 W DAYTON ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 17
TC 10
Z9 12
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 425
EP 428
DI 10.1038/380425a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kurumbail, RG
   Stevens, AM
   Gierse, JK
   McDonald, JJ
   Stegeman, RA
   Pak, JY
   Gildehaus, D
   Miyashiro, JM
   Penning, TD
   Seibert, K
   Isakson, PC
   Stallings, WC
AF Kurumbail, RG
   Stevens, AM
   Gierse, JK
   McDonald, JJ
   Stegeman, RA
   Pak, JY
   Gildehaus, D
   Miyashiro, JM
   Penning, TD
   Seibert, K
   Isakson, PC
   Stallings, WC
TI Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; prostaglandin-g/h synthase; crystal-structure; aspirin
AB PROSTAGLANDINS and glucocorticoids are potent mediators of inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their effects by inhibition of prostaglandin production. The pharmacological target of NSAIDs is cyclooxygenase (COX, also known as PGH synthase), which catalyses the first committed step in arachidonic-acid metabolism(1,2). Two isoforms of the membrane protein COX are known(3): COX-1, which is constitutively expressed in most tissues, is responsible for the physiological production of prostaglandins(4); and COX-2, which is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells(5), is responsible for the elevated production of prostaglandins during inflammation(6,7). The structure of ovine COX-1 complexed with several NSAIDs has been determined(8-10). Here we report the structures of unliganded murine COX-2 and complexes with flurbiprofen, indomethacin and SC-558, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, determined at 3.0 to 25 Angstrom resolution. These structures explain the structural basis for the selective inhibition of COX-2, and demonstrate some of the conformational changes associated with time-dependent inhibition.
C1 GD SEARLE & CO,SKOKIE,IL 60077.
C3 Pfizer; Pfizer USA
RP Kurumbail, RG (corresponding author), GD SEARLE & CO,700 CHESTERFIELD PKWY N,ST LOUIS,MO 63198, USA.
NR 30
TC 1660
Z9 1860
U1 3
U2 159
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 644
EP 648
DI 10.1038/384644a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600034
PM 8967954
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blondel, M
   Mann, C
AF Blondel, M
   Mann, C
TI G2 cyclins are required for the degradation of G1 cyclins in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; b-type cyclins; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; cell-cycle; protein-kinase; budding yeast; s-phase; proteolysis; inhibitor; turnover
AB PROGRESSION Of the eukaryotic cell cycle is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)(1). Cdc28, the budding yeast homologue of Cdc2 (Cdk1), is required for both the G1/S and G2/M transitions of the cell cycle(2), The functional specificity of the Cdc28 kinase is determined by its association with G1 or G2 cyclins. Alternation of cell cycle phases is thus mainly due to mechanisms that ensure that one cyclin family succeeds another, Here we show that the G2 cyclins Clb1, Clb2, Clb3 and Clb4 are required for the proteolysis of the G1 cyclins Cln1 and Cln2, providing a mechanism for coupling synthesis of G2 cyclins with the disappearance of G1 cyclins. Our data indicate that this pathway involves the Ubc9 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme(3). The Cdc34 ubiquitin-conjugating activity(4) may function redundantly with Ubc9, or it may only be involved in Cln1,2 turnover through its role in promoting the degradation of Sic1, a specific inhibitor of Cdc28-Clb complexes(5).
C1 CEA SACLAY,SERV BIOCHIM & GENET MOL,F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 CEA; Universite Paris Saclay
NR 29
TC 35
Z9 43
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 279
EP 282
DI 10.1038/384279a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100056
PM 8918881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lagna, G
   Hata, A
   HemmatiBrivanlou, A
   Massague, J
AF Lagna, G
   Hata, A
   HemmatiBrivanlou, A
   Massague, J
TI Partnership between DPC4 and SMAD proteins in TGF-beta signalling pathways
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mesoderm induction; activin-a; xenopus; receptor; embryos; homolog; inducer
AB THE TGF-beta/activin/BMP superfamily of growth factors signals through heteromeric receptor complexes of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors(1) The signal originated by TGF-beta-like molecules appears to be transduced by a set of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as SMADs, which upon activation directly translocate to the nucleus where they may activate transcription(2), Five SMAD proteins have so far been characterized in vertebrates(1), These factors are related to the mediator of decapentaplegic (dpp) signalling, mothers against dpp (Mad), in Drosophila(3) and to the Sma genes from Caenorhabditis elegans(4). Smad1 and Smad2 have been shown to mimic the effects of BMP and activin, respectively, both in Xenopus and in mammalian cells(2,5-9), whereas Smad3 (a close homologue of Smad2) and the related protein DPC4, a tumour-suppressor gene product(10), mediate TGF-beta actions(11). We report here that DPC4 is essential for the function of Smad1 and Smad2 in pathways that signal mesoderm induction and patterning in Xenopus embryos, as well as antimitogenic and transcriptional responses in breast epithelial cells, DPC4 associates with Smad1 in response to BMP and with Smad2 in response to activin or TGF-beta. DPC4 is therefore a regulated partner of SMADs that function in different signalling pathways of the TGF-beta family.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,MOL EMBRYOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 29
TC 814
Z9 939
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 832
EP 836
DI 10.1038/383832a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400066
PM 8893010
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heynen, AJ
   Abraham, WC
   Bear, MF
AF Heynen, AJ
   Abraham, WC
   Bear, MF
TI Bidirectional modification of CA1 synapses in the adult hippocampus in vivo
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; area ca1; depression
AB MEMORIES are believed to be stored by synaptic modifications. One type of activity-dependent synaptic modification, long-term potentiation (LTP), has received considerable attention as a possible memory mechanism, particularly in hippocampus(1). However, use-dependent decreases in synaptic strength can store information as well. A form of homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) has been described and widely studied in the CA1 region of the developing hippocampus in vitro(2-4). However, the relevance of this model of LTD to memory has been questioned because of failures to replicate it in the adult brain in vitro(5) and, more recently, in vivo(6). Here we re-examine this important issue and find that homosynaptic LTD can in fact be elicited in the adult hippocampus in vivo, that it has all the properties described in immature CA1 in vitro, and that LTD and LTP are reversible modifications of the same Schaffer collateral synapses. Thus homosynaptic LTD is not peculiar to brain slices, nor is it only of developmental significance. Rather, our data suggest that the mechanisms of LTP and LTD may be equal partners in the mnemonic operations of hippocampal neural networks.
C1 BROWN UNIV,DEPT NEUROSCI,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
   BROWN UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912.
   UNIV OTAGO,DEPT PSYCHOL,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND.
   UNIV OTAGO,NEUROSCI RES CTR,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND.
C3 Brown University; Brown University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Otago; University of Otago
NR 12
TC 154
Z9 175
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 163
EP 166
DI 10.1038/381163a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900052
PM 8610015
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Carmeliet, P
   Mackman, N
   Moons, L
   Luther, T
   Gressens, P
   VanVlaenderen, I
   Demunck, H
   Kasper, M
   Breier, G
   Evrard, P
   Muller, M
   Risau, W
   Edgington, T
   Collen, D
AF Carmeliet, P
   Mackman, N
   Moons, L
   Luther, T
   Gressens, P
   VanVlaenderen, I
   Demunck, H
   Kasper, M
   Breier, G
   Evrard, P
   Muller, M
   Risau, W
   Edgington, T
   Collen, D
TI Role of tissue factor in embryonic blood vessel development
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID deficient mice; mouse embryos; expression; cells; hematopoiesis
AB TISSUE factor, a member of the cytokine-receptor superfamily and high-affinity receptor and cofactor for plasma factor VII/VIIa (ref, 1), is the primary cellular initiator of blood coagulation. It is involved in thrombosis and inflammation associated with sepsis, atherosclerosis and cancer(2), and can participate in other cellular processes including intracellular signalling(3), metastasis(4), tumour-associated angiogenesis(5), and embryogenesis(6). Here we report that inactivation of the tissue factor gene (TF) results in abnormal circulation from yolk sac to embryo beyond embryonic day 8.5, leading to embryo wasting and death, Vitelline vessels from null mice were deficient in smooth-muscle a-actin-expressing mesenchymal cells, which participate in organization of the vessel wall, This implies that tissue factor has a role in blood-vessel development.
C1 CATHOLIC UNIV LEUVEN VIB, CTR TRANSGENE TECHNOL & GENE THERAPY, B-3000 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT IMMUNOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT VASC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   TECH UNIV DRESDEN, INST PATHOL, D-01307 DRESDEN, GERMANY.
   HOP ROBERT DEBRE, LAB NEUROL DEV, F-75019 PARIS, FRANCE.
   UNIV HOSP LEUVEN, LAB EXPT HEMATOL, B-3000 LOUVAIN, BELGIUM.
   MAX PLANCK INST PHYSIOL & CLIN RES, WG KERCKHOFF INST, ABT MOL ZELLBIOL, D-6350 BAD NAUHEIM, GERMANY.
C3 KU Leuven; Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB); Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute; Technische Universitat Dresden; Universite Paris Cite; Assistance Publique Hopitaux Paris (APHP); Hopital Universitaire Robert-Debre - APHP; Universite Catholique Louvain; KU Leuven; University Hospital Leuven; Max Planck Society
FU NHLBI NIH HHS [P01 HL16411] Funding Source: Medline
NR 23
TC 580
Z9 624
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 73
EP 75
DI 10.1038/383073a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500049
PM 8779717
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Thomas, HM
   Morfill, GE
AF Thomas, HM
   Morfill, GE
TI Melting dynamics of a plasma crystal
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID laser-cooled ions; phase-transitions; systems
AB Plasmas have long been regarded as the most disordered state of matter; nevertheless, a set of colloidal particles introduced into a charge-neutral plasma can spontaneously exhibit ordered crystalline structures(1,2)--so-called 'plasma crystals'. Such systems, which reach equilibrium very rapidly and can be easily tuned between their ordered and disordered states, are ideally suited for investigating the processes underlying the solid-to-liquid phase transition. Here we report the results of experiments on 'flat' plasma crystals (with thicknesses of only a few lattice planes) which suggest that the melting transition occurs through two fundamental intermediate stages. On melting, the crystal first enters a state characterized by islands of crystalline order about which streams of particles flow. The crystalline regions then dissolve as the vibrational energy of the system increases, but this is accompanied by a temporary increase in orientational order before the system finally enters a disordered, liquid state. The unexpected 'vibrational' phase, characterized by enhanced orientational order, might arise as a consequence of the mixed two- and three-dimensional nature of the flat plasma crystals. Alternatively, it may indicate the existence of a new intermediate state in melting transitions more generally.
RP Thomas, HM (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,GIESSENBACHSTR,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
NR 25
TC 631
Z9 655
U1 1
U2 63
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 806
EP 809
DI 10.1038/379806a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sakaguchi, S
   Katamine, S
   Nishida, N
   Moriuchi, R
   Shigematsu, K
   Sugimoto, T
   Nakatani, A
   Kataoka, Y
   Houtani, T
   Shirabe, S
   Okada, H
   Hasegawa, S
   Miyamoto, T
   Noda, T
AF Sakaguchi, S
   Katamine, S
   Nishida, N
   Moriuchi, R
   Shigematsu, K
   Sugimoto, T
   Nakatani, A
   Kataoka, Y
   Houtani, T
   Shirabe, S
   Okada, H
   Hasegawa, S
   Miyamoto, T
   Noda, T
TI Loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells in aged mice homozygous for a disrupted Prp gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; scrapie; brain
AB PRION protein (PrP) is a glycoprotein constitutively expressed on the neuronal cell surface. A protease-resistant isoform of prion protein is implicated in the pathogenesis of a series of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies(1). We have developed a line of mice homozygous for a disrupted PrP gene in which the whole PrP-coding sequence is replaced by a drug-resistant gene(2). In keeping with pre,ious results(3-8), we find that homozygous loss of the PrP gene has no deleterious effect on the development of these mice and renders them resistant to prion(2). The PrP-null mice grew normally after birth, but at about 70 weeks of age all began to show progressive symptoms of ataxia. Impaired motor coordination in these ataxic mice was evident in a rotorod test. Pathological examination revealed an extensive loss of Purkinje cells in the vast majority of cerebellar folia, suggesting that PrP plays a role in the long-term survival of Purkinje neurons.
C1 NAGASAKI UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BACTERIOL,NAGASAKI 852,JAPAN.
   NAGASAKI UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,NAGASAKI 852,JAPAN.
   NAGASAKI UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,NAGASAKI 852,JAPAN.
   NAGASAKI UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED 1,NAGASAKI 852,JAPAN.
   KANSAI MED UNIV,DEPT ANAT,MORIGUCHI,OSAKA 570,JAPAN.
   JAPANESE FDN CANC RES,INST CANC,DEPT CELL BIOL,TOKYO 170,JAPAN.
C3 Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki University; Kansai Medical University; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research
NR 15
TC 404
Z9 442
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 528
EP 531
DI 10.1038/380528a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300050
PM 8606772
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mrzljak, L
   Bergson, C
   Pappy, M
   Huff, R
   Levenson, R
   GoldmanRakic, PS
AF Mrzljak, L
   Bergson, C
   Pappy, M
   Huff, R
   Levenson, R
   GoldmanRakic, PS
TI Localization of dopamine D4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hippocampal-neurons; arachidonic-acid; somatostatin; sleep; metabolites; inhibition; ca1
AB DOPAMINE receptors are the principal targets of drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia(1). Among the five mammalian dopamine-receptor subtypes, the D4 subtype is of particular interest because of its high affinity for the atypical neuroleptic clozapine(1-3). Interest in clozapine stems from its effectiveness in reducing positive and negative symptoms in acutely psychotic and treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients,without eliciting extrapyramidal side effects(4). We have produced a subtype-specific antibody against the D4 receptor and localized it within specific cellular elements and synaptic circuits of the central nervous system. The D4-receptor antibody labelled GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamic reticular nucleus, globus pallidus and the substantia nigra (pars reticulata). Labelling was also observed in a subset of cortical pyramidal cells. Our findings suggest that clozapine's beneficial effects in schizophrenia may be achieved, in part, through D4-mediated GABA modulation, possibly implicating disinhibition of excitatory transmission in intrinsic cortical, thalamocortical and extrapyramidal pathways.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,NEUROBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   PENN STATE UNIV,COLL MED,DEPT PHARMACOL,HERSHEY,PA 17033.
   UPJOHN PHARMACIA CELL BIOL,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001.
C3 Yale University; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University; Penn State Health
NR 21
TC 412
Z9 453
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 245
EP 248
DI 10.1038/381245a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900057
PM 8622768
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weidner, KM
   DiCesare, S
   Sachs, M
   Brinkmann, V
   Behrens, J
   Birchmeier, W
AF Weidner, KM
   DiCesare, S
   Sachs, M
   Brinkmann, V
   Behrens, J
   Birchmeier, W
TI Interaction between Gab1 and the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for epithelial morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID hepatocyte growth-factor; scatter factor; motility; signals; insulin; cells
AB THE proteins Gab1 and the related DOS (for 'daughter of sevenless') each bind to substrates of tyrosine kinases like Grb2 or Corkscrew, and act in signalling pathways downstream of tyrosine kinase receptors(1-3). Here we show that Gab1 interacts directly with the c-met-encoded receptor tyrosine kinase but not ,vith a number of other tyrosine kinases from different subfamilies. A newly identified proline-rich domain of Gab1 is responsible for the binding of this protein to the tyrosine-phosphorylated bidentate docking site(4,5) in c-Met. Expression of Gab1 in epithelial cells is sufficient to induce the c-Met-specific activities(6-9), including branching morphogenesis. Thus we have discovered a new phosphotyrosine interaction domain in Gab1 and shown that Gab1 is the substrate of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates epithelial morphogenesis.
C1 MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOL MED,D-13125 BERLIN,GERMANY.
C3 Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine
NR 25
TC 508
Z9 585
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 173
EP 176
DI 10.1038/384173a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600067
PM 8906793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ekland, EH
   Bartel, DP
AF Ekland, EH
   Bartel, DP
TI RNA-catalysed RNA polymerization using nucleoside triphosphates
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID complementary-strand rna; self-splicing rna; tetrahymena ribozyme; replication; polymerase; template; life; origins; model; virus
AB THE hypothesis that certain RNA molecules may be able to catalyse RNA replication is central to current theories of the early evolution of life(1-6). In support of this idea, we describe here an RNA that synthesizes RNA using the same reaction as that employed by protein enzymes that catalyse RNA polymerization. In the presence of the appropriate template RNA and nucleoside triphosphates, the ribozyme extends an RNA primer by successive addition of up to six mononucleotides. The added nucleotides are joined to the growing RNA chain by 3',5'-phosphodiester linkages. The ribozyme shows marked template fidelity: extension by nucleotides complementary to the template is up to 1,000 times more efficient than is extension by mismatched nucleotides.
C1 WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute
NR 30
TC 185
Z9 222
U1 2
U2 30
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 373
EP 376
DI 10.1038/382373a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000058
PM 8684470
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tanaka, N
   Ishihara, M
   Lamphier, MS
   Nozawa, H
   Matsuyama, T
   Mak, TW
   Aizawa, S
   Tokino, T
   Oren, M
   Taniguchi, T
AF Tanaka, N
   Ishihara, M
   Lamphier, MS
   Nozawa, H
   Matsuyama, T
   Mak, TW
   Aizawa, S
   Tokino, T
   Oren, M
   Taniguchi, T
TI Cooperation of the tumour suppressors IRF-1 and p53 in response to DNA damage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor irf-1; cyclin-dependent kinases; apoptosis; induction; arrest; cells; p21; checkpoint; inhibitors; activation
AB NORMALLY growing cells promptly cease DNA synthesis when exposed to genotoxic stresses, such as radiation, and this cell-cycle arrest prevents the accumulation of mutations(1,2). The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is essential for the regulation of the interferon system(3-5), inhibits cell growth, and manifests tumour-suppressor activities(6,7). Here we show that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (EFs) lacking LRF-1 are deficient in their ability to undergo DNA-damage-induced cell-cycle arrest. A similar phenotype has been observed in EFs lacking the tumour suppressor p53 (refs 8, 9), although the expression of IRF-1 and p53 are independent of one another. Furthermore, we show that transcriptional induction of the gene encoding p21 (WAF1, CIP1)(10-12), a cell-cycle inhibitor, by gamma-irradiation is dependent on both p53 and IRF-1, and that the p21 promoter is activated, either directly or indirectly, by both in a transient cotransfection assay. These two tumour-suppressor transcription factors therefore converge functionally to regulate the cell cycle through the activation of a common target genes.
C1 NARA INST SCI & TECHNOL,NARA 6301,JAPAN.
   RES DEV CORP JAPAN,PRECURSORY RES PROGRAM EMBRYON SCI & TECHNOL,KYOTO 61902,JAPAN.
   ONTARIO CANC INST,AMGEN INST,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT IMMUNOL & MED BIOPHYS,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
   KUMAMOTO UNIV,SCH MED,INST MOL EMBRYOL & GENET,KUMAMOTO 860,JAPAN.
   UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,MOL MED LAB,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT MOL CELL BIOL,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
C3 Nara Institute of Science & Technology; Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST); University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; Kumamoto University; University of Tokyo; Weizmann Institute of Science
RP Tanaka, N (corresponding author), UNIV TOKYO,FAC MED,DEPT IMMUNOL,BUNKYO KU,HONGO 7-3-1,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
NR 30
TC 304
Z9 331
U1 0
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 816
EP 818
DI 10.1038/382816a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700049
PM 8752276
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tycowski, KT
   Shu, MD
   Steitz, JA
AF Tycowski, KT
   Shu, MD
   Steitz, JA
TI A mammalian gene with introns instead of exons generating stable RNA products
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID small nucleolar rnas
AB THE nucleoli of eukaryotic cells are the sites of ribosomal RNA transcription and processing and of ribosomal subunit assembly. They contain multiple small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), several of which are essential for rRNA maturation(1). The U3, U8 and U13 snoRNA genes are transcribed independently, whereas U14-U24, as well as E3, are located within introns of protein-coding genes, most of whose functions are linked to translation. These snoRNAs are co-transcribed with their host pre-mRNAs and released by processing from excised introns(1,2). Here we show that, in addition to U22, seven novel fibrillarin-associated snoRNAs, named U25-U31, are encoded within different introns of the unusually compact mammalian U22 host gene (UHG). All seven RNAs exhibit extensive (12-15 nucleotides) complementarity to different segments of the mature rRNAs, followed by a C/AUGA ('U-turn') sequence. The spliced UHG RNA, although it is associated with polysomes, has little potential for protein coding, is short-lived, and is poorly conserved between human and mouse. Thus, the introns rather than the exons specify the functional products of UHG.
RP Tycowski, KT (corresponding author), YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOPHYS & BIOCHEM,295 CONGRESS AVE,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536, USA.
NR 16
TC 270
Z9 296
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 464
EP 466
DI 10.1038/379464a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400064
PM 8559254
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Conley, KE
   Lindstedt, SL
AF Conley, KE
   Lindstedt, SL
TI Minimal cost per twitch in rattlesnake tail muscle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insect muscle; p-31 nmr; flight; energetics; morphology; efficiency; frequency; capacity; oxygen; power
AB SOUND production is one of the most energetically costly activities in animals(1), Minimizing contraction costs is one means of achieving the high activation rates necessary for sound production (20-550 Hz) (refs 1-3) without exceeding energy supplies. Rattlesnakes produce a sustained, high-frequency warning sound by extremely rapid contraction of their tailshaker muscles (20-90 Hz) (refs 4, 5), The ATP cost per twitch is only 0.015 pmol ATP per g muscle per twitch during rattling, as measured by in vivo magnetic resonance. The reduced volume density of myofibre (32%) in tailshaker muscle is consistent with contraction cost being minimized (crossbridge cycling), in contrast to the con tractile costs of vertebrate locomotory and asynchronous insect flight muscle, Thus tailshaker muscle is an example of sound-producing muscle designed for 'high frequency, minimal cost'. The high rates of rattling are achieved by minimizing contractile use of ATP, which reduces the cost per twitch to among the lowest found for striated muscle.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,CTR BIOENGN,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   NO ARIZONA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,PHYSIOL & FUNCT MORPHOL GRP,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Northern Arizona University
RP Conley, KE (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON,MED CTR,DEPT RADIOL,BOX 357115,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA.
NR 28
TC 30
Z9 30
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 71
EP 72
DI 10.1038/383071a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500048
PM 8779716
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cyster, JG
   Healy, JI
   Kishihara, K
   Mak, TW
   Thomas, ML
   Goodnow, CC
AF Cyster, JG
   Healy, JI
   Kishihara, K
   Mak, TW
   Thomas, ML
   Goodnow, CC
TI Regulation of B-lymphocyte negative and positive selection by tyrosine phosphatase CD45
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cell antigen receptor; signal transduction; transgenic mice; phosphorylation; elimination; activation; expression
AB ELIMINATION of self-reactive B cells must be balanced against the need for B-cell diversity for antibody responses to pathogens. To analyse factors that determine the extent of B cell negative selection, we crossed CD45-deficient mice(1) with mice carrying immunoglobulin transgenes specific for hen egg lysozyme (HEL). CD45 positively regulates antigen-receptor signallingt(2-9) and CD45-deficient HEL-specific B cells gave diminished signalling in response to HEL. Significantly, few mature CD45(-/-) B cells accumulated, despite normal immature B-cell production. Circulating HEL autoantigen mediates negative selection of mature CD45(+/+) HEL binding B cells(10) but, in striking contrast, the autoantigen positively selected CD45(-/-) HEL-binding B cells, promoting their accumulation as long-lived IgD(hi) cells. These findings are consistent with a signal-threshold model for B-cell selection and demonstrate that changes in antigen receptor signalling can cause high-affinity self-reactive B cells to be actively retained instead of eliminated, thus revealing a potential mechanism for inherited susceptibility to autoimmune disease.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,PROGRAM IMMUNOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,BECKMAN CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   KYUSHU UNIV,MED RES INST BIOREGULAT,DEPT IMMUNOL,HIGASHI KU,FUKUOKA 812,JAPAN.
   UNIV TORONTO,ONTARIO CANC INST,DEPT MED BIOPHYS & BIOREGULAT,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
   UNIV TORONTO,AMGEN INST,TORONTO,ON M4X 1K9,CANADA.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PATHOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Kyushu University; University of Toronto; University Health Network Toronto; University of Toronto; Washington University (WUSTL); Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 27
TC 213
Z9 238
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 325
EP 328
DI 10.1038/381325a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300057
PM 8692271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Daniels, LRM
   Gurney, JJ
   Harte, B
AF Daniels, LRM
   Gurney, JJ
   Harte, B
TI A crustal mineral in a mantle diamond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dora-maira massif; western alps; sulfide inclusions; phase-equilibria; eclogite-facy; ion microprobe; staurolite; rocks; geochemistry; volcanics
AB RECENT studies of diamonds, inclusions in diamonds, and rock fragments from the Earth's mantle have shown the presence of minerals and rocks with a chemical composition that suggests a previous origin in the crust; presumably, this crustal material was transported into the mantle at a subduction zone. The chemical evidence of previous residence of mantle materials in the crust has come principally from determinations of the proportions of the isotopes of oxygen(1,2), sulphur(3,4), lead(4,5) and carbon(6), which typically show a much wider range of composition in the crust than in material of purely mantle origin. Here we report a less subtle crustal signature in a mantle-derived diamond: an inclusion of the mineral staurolite. Staurolite has never previously been found in mantle diamonds or rocks, but is a common mineral in metamorphic rocks in the crust. The characteristics of the staurolite suggest not only the probability that it formed in rocks with a crustal bulk composition, but also the possibility that it formed by metamorphism in the crust or in a subduction zone, before being incorporated in the mantle and, eventually, in a growing diamond.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS,EDINBURGH EH9 3JW,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Edinburgh
RP Daniels, LRM (corresponding author), UNIV CAPE TOWN,DEPT GEOL SCI,RONDEBOSCH 7700,SOUTH AFRICA.
NR 39
TC 19
Z9 24
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 153
EP 156
DI 10.1038/379153a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seber, D
   Barazangi, M
   Ibenbrahim, A
   Demnati, A
AF Seber, D
   Barazangi, M
   Ibenbrahim, A
   Demnati, A
TI Geophysical evidence for lithospheric delamination beneath the Alboran Sea and Rif-Betic mountains
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extensional collapse; tectonic evolution; gibraltar arc; basin; cordilleras; volcanism; boundary; miocene; history; gravity
AB Geophysical evidence is presented for an episode of active delamination of a piece of continental lithosphere. Observations of earthquake hypocentre locations, seismic wave velocities and attenuation, Bouguer gravity, seismic reflection and drill hole data are combined with surface geology to infer the presence of a high-velocity, seismically active, rigid body in the upper mantle beneath the Alboran Sea and surrounding Betic and Rif mountain belts of the western Mediterranean region. This upper-mantle body, inferred to be the delaminating continental lithosphere, is overlain by a low-velocity, aseismic and strongly attenuating uppermost mantle, inferred to be the asthenospheric material replacing the delaminating lithosphere.
C1 CORNELL UNIV,INST STUDY CONTINENTS,ITHACA,NY 14853.
   CTR NATL COORDINAT & PLANIFICAT RECH SCI & TECH,RABAT,MOROCCO.
   OFF NATL RECH & EXPLOITAT PETROLIERES,RABAT,MOROCCO.
C3 Cornell University
RP Seber, D (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT GEOL SCI,SNEE HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
NR 44
TC 318
Z9 336
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 785
EP 790
DI 10.1038/379785a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macdonald, AM
   Wunsch, C
AF Macdonald, AM
   Wunsch, C
TI An estimate of global ocean circulation and heat fluxes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID north-atlantic circulation; south-atlantic; interocean exchange; general-circulation; inverse methods; indian oceans; pacific-ocean; transport; water; thermocline
AB ALTHOUGH ocean circulation and the consequent exchange of heat and gases with the atmosphere exert a strong influence on climate, discussions of global circulation have previously been highly schematic(1-3) (invoking laminar flow patterns that ignore the turbulent nature of the real flow), non-quantitative and/or based upon mutually inconsistent regional studies(1,8). Here we present a dynamically and kinematically consistent estimate of the magnitude and structure of global ocean circulation and its associated heat fluxes, derived by integrating hydrographic velocity data over the rapid spatial variations that they show. We find no single overturning cell, but instead a complex and probably time-varying circulation pattern. The simplest intel pretation suggests that there are two nearly independent cells: one connecting overturning irt the Atlantic Ocean to other basins through the Southern Ocean, and the other connecting the Indian and Pacific basins through the Indonesian archipelago.
C1 MIT,DEPT EARTH ATMOSPHER & PLANETARY SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 36
TC 307
Z9 330
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 436
EP 439
DI 10.1038/382436a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yu, EF
   Francois, R
   Bacon, MP
AF Yu, EF
   Francois, R
   Bacon, MP
TI Similar rates of modern and last-glacial ocean thermohaline circulation inferred from radiochemical data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atlantic deep-water; north-atlantic; southern-ocean; pacific-ocean; sediments; th-230; pa-231; climate; distributions; carbonate
AB Today, the ocean thermohaline circulation transports half of the Pa-231 produced by radioactive decay in the Atlantic Ocean water column to the Southern Ocean. This export respectively imparts low and high Pa-231/Th-230 ratios to the surface sediments of these oceans. Ocean sediments from the Last Glacial Maximum bear a similar isotopic fingerprint, implying that advection of North Atlantic Deep/Intermediate Water into the Circumpolar Deep Water of the Southern Ocean occurred at a similar-or slightly higher-rate during the last glacial period.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,DEPT MARINE CHEM & GEOCHEM,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
NR 52
TC 306
Z9 329
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 689
EP 694
DI 10.1038/379689a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Penny, GD
   Kay, GF
   Sheardown, SA
   Rastan, S
   Brockdorff, N
AF Penny, GD
   Kay, GF
   Sheardown, SA
   Rastan, S
   Brockdorff, N
TI Requirement for Xist in X chromosome inactivation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID stem-cells; controlling elements; mouse development; gene; expression; embryos; translocation; location; position; contains
AB The Xist gene has been proposed as a candidate for the X inactivation centre the master regulatory switch locus that controls X chromosome inactivation. So far this hypothesis has been supported solely by indirect evidence. Here we describe gene targeting of Xist, and provide evidence for its absolute requirement in the process of X chromosome inactivation.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP,ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,COMPARAT MED SECT,MRC,CLIN SCI CTR,LONDON W12 0NN,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London
NR 46
TC 1065
Z9 1281
U1 1
U2 121
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 131
EP 137
DI 10.1038/379131a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000048
PM 8538762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bourdon, B
   Zindler, A
   Elliott, T
   Langmuir, CH
AF Bourdon, B
   Zindler, A
   Elliott, T
   Langmuir, CH
TI Constraints on mantle melting at mid-ocean ridges from global U-238-Th-230 disequilibrium data
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID east pacific rise; ra-226 th-230 disequilibrium; radioactive disequilibria; isotope geochemistry; u-238 th-230-ra-226; basaltic magmas; reykjanes ridge; atlantic ridge; gorda ridges; sr
AB The extent of radioactive disequilibrium between U-238 and its daughter product Th-230 in midocean-ridge basalts from around the world is negatively correlated with axial ridge depth; local positive correlations with inferred mantle source composition are also observed. The larger Th-230 excesses seen in samples from shallow ridges reflect a larger melt contribution from a garnet-bearing source which may be explained by a deepening of the solidus in hotter mantle regions. These observations provide important constraints for modelling melt generation at mid-ocean ridges.
C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV, DEPT GEOL, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA.
   FLORIDA STATE UNIV, NATL HIGH MAGNET FIELD LAB, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32306 USA.
   VRIJE UNIV AMSTERDAM, FAC AARDWETENSCHAPPEN, NL-1081 HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.
C3 State University System of Florida; Florida State University; State University System of Florida; Florida State University; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
RP Bourdon, B (corresponding author), LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA.
NR 50
TC 99
Z9 108
U1 0
U2 18
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 231
EP 235
DI 10.1038/384231a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dronkers, NF
AF Dronkers, NF
TI A new brain region for coordinating speech articulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID somatosensory area; stroke patients; ct scan; insula; localization; variability; component; language; apraxia; aphemia
AB HUMAN speech requires complex planning and coordination of mouth and tongue movements, Certain types of brain injury can lead to a condition known as apraxia of speech, in which patients are impaired in their ability to coordinate speech movements but their ability to perceive speech sounds, including their own errors, is unaffected(1-3). The brain regions involved in coordinating speech, however, remain largely unknown, In this study, brain lesions of 25 stroke patients with a disorder in the motor planning of articulatory movements were compared with lesions of 19 patients without such deficits. A robust double dissociation was found between these two groups. All patients,vith articulatory planning deficits had lesions that included a discrete region of the left precentral gyrus of the insula, a cortical area beneath the frontal and temporal lobes. This area was completely spared in all patients without these articulation deficits. Thus this area seems to be specialized for the motor planning of speech.
C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NEUROL,DAVIS,CA 95616.
   UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT LINGUIST,DAVIS,CA 95616.
C3 University of California System; University of California Davis; University of California System; University of California Davis
RP Dronkers, NF (corresponding author), VA NO CALIF HLTH CARE SYST,150 MUIR RD 126S,MARTINEZ,CA 94553, USA.
NR 29
TC 901
Z9 1022
U1 0
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 159
EP 161
DI 10.1038/384159a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600063
PM 8906789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sobol, RW
   Horton, JK
   Kuhn, R
   Gu, H
   Singhal, RK
   Prasad, R
   Rajewsky, K
   Wilson, SH
AF Sobol, RW
   Horton, JK
   Kuhn, R
   Gu, H
   Singhal, RK
   Prasad, R
   Rajewsky, K
   Wilson, SH
TI Requirement of mammalian DNA polymerase-beta in base-excision repair
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cells; agents
AB SYNTHESIS Of DNA by DNA polymerase-beta is distributive on single-stranded DNA templates, but short DNA gaps with a 5' PO4 in the gap are filled processively to completion(1,2). In vitro studies have suggested a role of beta-polymerase in different types of DNA repair(3-9). However, the significance of these studies to the in vivo role of beta-polymerase has remained unclear. Because genetic studies are essential for determining the physiological role of a gene, we established embryonic fibroblast cell lines homozygous for a deletion mutation in the gene encoding DNA polymerase-beta. Extracts from these cell lines were found to be defective in uracil-initiated base-excision repair. The beta-polymerase-deleted cells are normal in viability and growth characteristics, although they exhibit increased sensitivity to monofunctional DNA-alkylating agents, but not to other DNA-damaging agents. Both the deficiency in base-excision repair and hypersensitivity to DNA-alkylating agents are rescued following stable transfection with a wild-type beta-polymerase minitransgene. These studies demonstrate that beta-polymerase functions specifically in base-excision repair in vivo.
C1 UNIV COLOGNE,INST GENET,D-50931 COLOGNE,GERMANY.
C3 University of Cologne
RP Sobol, RW (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,SEALY CTR MOLEC SCI,CELL BIOL LAB,GALVESTON,TX 77555, USA.
NR 17
TC 779
Z9 876
U1 0
U2 28
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 183
EP 186
DI 10.1038/379183a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000064
PM 8538772
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Coomber, AT
   Beljonne, D
   Friend, RH
   Bredas, JL
   Charlton, A
   Robertson, N
   Underhill, AE
   Kurmoo, M
   Day, P
AF Coomber, AT
   Beljonne, D
   Friend, RH
   Bredas, JL
   Charlton, A
   Robertson, N
   Underhill, AE
   Kurmoo, M
   Day, P
TI Intermolecular interactions in the molecular ferromagnetic NH4Ni(mnt)(2)center dot H2O
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID organic superconductors; small cations; pressure; temperature; metal; salts; ni
AB Molecular solids that exhibit ferromagnetism are rare, and thus there is considerable interest in understanding the magnetic coupling mechanisms that operate in the few known examples(1). One such material is the charge-transfer salt NH4Ni(mnt)(2) . H2O, which consists of stacked planar metal ligands separated by ammonium cations. This salt is an insulator with localized spins that exhibit long-range ferromagnetic order at low temperatures (below 4.5 K)(2).3 Here we show that the Curie temperature demarcating the transition to the ferromagnetic state increases markedly with pressure until ferromagnetic order abruptly disappears at 6.8 kbar, indicating that the magnetic coupling is very sensitive to intermolecular separation. Using quantum-chemical calculations(3), we show that this pressure dependence arises from a competition between ferromagnetic coupling (resulting from nickel-sulphur intermolecular spin interactions), and antiferromagnetic coupling (from nickel-nickel interactions). We suggest that a similar interplay of spin-polarization effects might play a key role in determining the nature of the ground states (metallic, superconducting and so forth) observed in other molecular materials of this structural type(4,5).
C1 UNIV MONS, B-7000 MONS, BELGIUM.
   UNIV COLL N WALES, DEPT CHEM, BANGOR LL57 2UW, GWYNEDD, WALES.
   UCL ROYAL INST GREAT BRITAIN, LONDON W1X 4BS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Mons; Bangor University; University of London; University College London
RP Coomber, AT (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAVENDISH LAB, MADINGLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE, ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 381
Z9 390
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 144
EP 146
DI 10.1038/380144a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Blundell, TL
AF Blundell, TL
TI Structure-based drug design
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binding-sites; receptor; search; molecules; graphics; program; ludi
C1 UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL,DEPT CRYSTALLOG,IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,UNIT STRUCT MOL BIOL,LONDON WC1E 7HX,ENGLAND.
C3 Cancer Research UK; University of London; Birkbeck University London
RP Blundell, TL (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT BIOCHEM,TENNIS COURT RD,CAMBRIDGE CB2 1QW,ENGLAND.
NR 31
TC 194
Z9 219
U1 0
U2 32
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 23
EP 26
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR392
UT WOS:A1996VR39200008
PM 8895597
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Devchand, PR
   Keller, H
   Peters, JM
   Vazquez, M
   Gonzalez, FJ
   Wahli, W
AF Devchand, PR
   Keller, H
   Peters, JM
   Vazquez, M
   Gonzalez, FJ
   Wahli, W
TI The PPAR alpha-leukotriene B-4 pathway to inflammation control
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proliferator-activated receptor; retinoid-x receptor; peroxisome proliferator; fatty-acids; cdna cloning; heterodimer formation; targeted disruption; beta-oxidation; expression; gamma
AB Inflammation is a local immune response to 'foreign' molecules, infection and injury. Leukotriene B-4, a potent chemotactic agent that initiates, coordinates, sustains and amplifies the inflammatory response, is shown to be an activating ligand for the transcription factor PPAR alpha. Because PPAR alpha regulates the oxidative degradation of fatty acids and their derivatives, like this lipid mediator, a feedback mechanism is proposed that controls the duration of an inflammatory response and the clearance of leukotriene B-4 in the liver. Thus PPAR alpha offers a new route to the development of anti- or pro-inflammatory reagents.
C1 UNIV LAUSANNE, INST BIOL ANIM, CH-1015 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND.
   NCI, MOL CARCINOGENESIS LAB, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 University of Lausanne; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NR 43
TC 1155
Z9 1272
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 39
EP 43
DI 10.1038/384039a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900046
PM 8900274
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU OKeefe, J
   Burgess, N
AF OKeefe, J
   Burgess, N
TI Geometric determinants of the place fields of hippocampal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID freely-moving rats; unit-activity; cells; direction; position; lesions; memory
AB THE human hippocampus has been implicated in memory(1), in particular episodic(2,3) or declarative(4) memory. In rats, hippocampal lesions cause selective spatial deficits(2,5-7), and hippocampal complex spike cells (place cells) exhibit spatially localized firing(8,9), suggesting a role in spatial memory(2), although broader functions have also been suggested(10,11). Here we report the identification of the environmental features controlling the location and shape of the receptive fields (place fields) of the place cells. This was done by recording from the same cell in four rectangular boxes that differed solely in the length of one or both sides. Most of our results are explained by a model in which the place field is formed by the summation of gaussian tuning curves, each oriented perpendicular to a box wall and peaked at a fixed distance from it.
RP OKeefe, J (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT ANAT,TORRINGTON PL,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 30
TC 834
Z9 950
U1 0
U2 82
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 425
EP 428
DI 10.1038/381425a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900052
PM 8632799
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Boutilier, RG
   West, TG
   Pogson, GH
   Mesa, KA
   Wells, J
   Wells, MJ
AF Boutilier, RG
   West, TG
   Pogson, GH
   Mesa, KA
   Wells, J
   Wells, MJ
TI Nautilus and the art of metabolic maintenance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID behavior
AB THE cephalopod mollusc Nautilus is often called a living fossil because its multichambered shell resembles that of extinct forms from the early Palaeozoic era. Living at depths of 100-300 m, the animals not only encounter zones of low oxygen concentration, but also exploit them for refuge or feeding(1,2). Despite some modest recruitment of anaerobic sources of energy, Nautilus is able to survive severe bouts of hypoxia, mainly through its prodigious capacity for aerobic metabolic rate suppression. Here we show that the hypometabolic, hypoxic animal conserves energy further by means of prolonged ventilatory and circulatory pauses, during which time the blood, having a comparatively high oxygen affinity, is apparently loaded at the venous side, across the superficially located and voluminous vena cava. Under these highly arrested conditions, a significant fraction of the animal's aerobic metabolic rate can be accounted for by a slow 'metering out' of the O-2 store contained in the shell, indicating that the buoyancy chambers of Nautilus may occasionally subser ve the role of a 'SCUBA tank', The internal shell morphology and siphuncular arrangement seen in the fossilized remains of ammonites suggest that similar processes may have occurred.
RP Boutilier, RG (corresponding author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT ZOOL,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EJ,ENGLAND.
NR 19
TC 36
Z9 38
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 534
EP 536
DI 10.1038/382534a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Py, B
   Higgins, CF
   Krisch, HM
   Carpousis, AJ
AF Py, B
   Higgins, CF
   Krisch, HM
   Carpousis, AJ
TI A DEAD-box RNA helicase in the Escherichia coli RNA degradosome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID messenger-rna; ribosomal-rna; protein; degradation; decay; gene; invitro; mutant; invivo; atpase
AB THE Escherichia coli RNA degradosome is a multi-enzyme complex that contains the exoribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) and the endoribonuclease RNase E(1,2). Both enzymes are important in RNA processing and messenger RNA degradation(3-14). Here we report that enolase and RhlB are two other major components of the degradosome. Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme with an unknown role in RNA metabolism. RhlB is a member of the DEAD-box family of ATP-dependent RNA helicases, which are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryote(15-26). We show that the degradosome has an ATP-dependent activity that aids the degradation of structured RNA by PNPase. Incubation of the degradosome with affinity-purified antibody against RhlB inhibited the ATP-stimulated RNA degradation. These results suggest that RhlB acts by unwinding RNA structures that impede the processive activity of PNPase. RhlB is thus an important enzyme in mRNA turnover.
C1 UNIV OXFORD, NUFFIELD DEPT CLIN BIOCHEM, OXFORD OX3 9DU, ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD, JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSP, INST MOLEC MED, IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND LABS, OXFORD OX3 9DU, ENGLAND.
   CNRS, LAB MICROBIOL & GENET MOLEC, UPR 9007, F-31062 TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
C3 University of Oxford; University of Oxford; Cancer Research UK; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 30
TC 474
Z9 541
U1 0
U2 24
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 169
EP 172
DI 10.1038/381169a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900054
PM 8610017
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mishima, O
AF Mishima, O
TI Relationship between melting and amorphization of ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 1st-order transition; amorphous solids; pressure; crystal; liquids; phases; water
AB THE discovery(1) in 1984 that an ice crystal can be transformed by pressure to an amorphous phase has since been followed by other examples of pressure-induced amorphization(2). This transition like melting, involves loss of long-ranged order, prompting the question of whether the two transitions are related. Here I describe experiments probing this relationship for a form of crystalline ice (denoted Ih) which is melted and amorphized by pressure. To avoid the complication of crystal-crystal transformation interrupting the melting process I use an ice emulsion, in which the very small particle size (about 5 mu m) suppresses nucleation of other crystal phases. As the temperature is decreased, I see a smooth crossover from (pressure-induced) equilibrium melting to sluggish amorphization at around 140-165 K. In this temperature range, ice Ih became 'supercompressed' before melting to a highly viscous liquid which seemed to be related to an imperfectly relaxed amorphous ice. Below about 140 K, ice Ih was transformed to an unrelaxed phase apparently related to the high-density amorphous form of ice. This sequence of transitions can be viewed as a crossover from a two-phase melting process (which is determined by the relative free energies of the solid and liquid phases) towards a one-phase amorphization process (where the transition is induced by a mechanical instability limit of the solid).
RP Mishima, O (corresponding author), NATL INST RES INORGAN MAT,1-1 NAMIKI,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 260
Z9 267
U1 0
U2 55
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 546
EP 549
DI 10.1038/384546a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kumar, R
   Bhaumik, A
   Ahedi, RK
   Ganapathy, S
AF Kumar, R
   Bhaumik, A
   Ahedi, RK
   Ganapathy, S
TI Promoter-induced enhancement of the crystallization rate of zeolites and related molecular sieves
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ZE0LITES and other microporous molecular sieves(1-4) exhibit useful catalytic, absorption and ion-exchange properties. Most synthetic zeolites are made by hydrothermal methods, which generally suffer from the drawback of long crystallization times(5). Here we show that the crystallization rate of zeolites and related molecular sieves can be accelerated by a factor of as much as about five by the addition of various 'promoter' ions, such as perchlorate, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate and carbonate. By using enhanced-sensitivity Si-29 NMR studies to monitor soluble silicate species during crystallization, we show that the promoter ions enhance the rate of formation of the oligomeric (mainly tetrameric) silicate ions responsible for nucleation and growth of the crystals.
RP Kumar, R (corresponding author), NATL CHEM LAB, CATALYSIS & PHYS CHEM DIV, PUNE 411008, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
NR 12
TC 156
Z9 162
U1 0
U2 65
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 23
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6580
BP 298
EP 300
DI 10.1038/381298a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UM403
UT WOS:A1996UM40300049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gu, JG
   Albuquerque, C
   Lee, CJ
   MacDermott, AB
AF Gu, JG
   Albuquerque, C
   Lee, CJ
   MacDermott, AB
TI Synaptic strengthening through activation of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; hippocampal-neurons; channels; calcium; currents; entry
AB POSTSYNAPTIC Ca2+ elevation during synaptic transmission is an important trigger for short- and long-term changes in synaptic strength in the vertebrate central nervous system(1). The AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate) receptors, a subfamily of glutamate receptors, mediate much of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and spinal cord(2). It has been shown that a subtype of the AMPA receptor is Ca2+ -permeable(3-6) and is present in subpopulations of neurons(7-12). When synaptically localized(13), these receptors should mediate postsynaptic Ca2+ influx, providing a trigger for changes in synaptic strength. Here we show that Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are synaptically localized on a subpopulation of dorsal horn neurons, that they provide a synaptically gated route of Ca2+ entry, and that activation of these receptors strengthens synaptic transmission mediated by AMPA receptors. This pathway for postsynaptic Ca2+ influx may provide a new form of activity-dependent modulation of synaptic strength.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT PHYSIOL & CELLULAR BIOPHYS, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV, CTR NEUROBIOL & BEHAV, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University
NR 28
TC 209
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 793
EP 796
DI 10.1038/381793a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600062
PM 8657283
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickinson, TA
   White, J
   Kauer, JS
   Walt, DR
AF Dickinson, TA
   White, J
   Kauer, JS
   Walt, DR
TI A chemical-detecting system based on a cross-reactive optical sensor array
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pattern-recognition analysis; nile-red; electronic nose; olfactory-bulb; odor; vapors; mixtures; discrimination; salamander; responses
AB THE vertebrate olfactory system has long been recognized for its extraordinary sensitivity and selectivity for odours. Chemical sensors have been developed recently that are based on analogous distributed sensing properties(1-4), but although an association between artificial devices and the olfactory system has been made explicit in some previous studies(4,5) none has incorporated comparable mechanisms into the mode of detection. Here we describe a multi-analyte fibre-optic sensor modelled directly on the olfactory system, in the sense that complex, time-dependent signals from an array of sensors provide a 'signature' of each analyte, In our system, polymer-immobilized dye molecules on the fibre tips give different fluorescent response patterns (including spectral shifts, intensity changes, spectral shape variations(6) and temporal responses) on exposure to organic vapours, depending on the physical and chemical nature (for example, polarity, shape and size) of both the vapour and the polymer, We use video images of temporal responses of the multi-fibre tip as the input signals to train a neural network for vapour recognition, The system is able to identify individual vapours at different concentrations with great accuracy. 'Artificial noses' such as this should have wide potential application, most notably in environmental and medical monitoring.
C1 TUFTS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MAX TISHLER LAB ORGAN CHEM,MEDFORD,MA 02155.
   TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,BOSTON,MA 02111.
C3 Tufts University; Tufts University
NR 31
TC 355
Z9 437
U1 4
U2 175
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 697
EP 700
DI 10.1038/382697a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300043
PM 8751439
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kotzbauer, PT
   Lampe, PA
   Heuckeroth, RO
   Golden, JP
   Creedon, DJ
   Johnson, EM
   Milbrandt, J
AF Kotzbauer, PT
   Lampe, PA
   Heuckeroth, RO
   Golden, JP
   Creedon, DJ
   Johnson, EM
   Milbrandt, J
TI Neurturin, a relative of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID midbrain dopaminergic-neurons; nerve growth-factor; in-vivo; sympathetic neurons; survival factor; motor-neurons; gdnf; death; system
AB THE normal development of the vertebrate nervous system entails the death of 30-70% of the neurons originally generated in most neuronal populations(1), This naturally occurring cell death is regulated by specific neurotrophic factors that promote neuronal survival and which are produced in limiting quantities by target cells, glial cells and neurons. These factors are also of potential utility as therapeutic agents for neurodegenerative diseases(2). Here we describe the purification and cloning of a new neurotrophic factor, identified on the basis of its ability to support the survival of sympathetic neurons in culture, This factor, neurturin, is structurally related to glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)(3). These factors can each activate the MAP kinase signalling pathway in cultured sympathetic neurons and support the survival of sympathetic neurons, as well as of sensory neurons of the nodose and dorsal root ganglia, Thus, neurturin and GDNF together now define a new family of neurotrophic factors.
C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,DIV LAB MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MOL BIOL & PHARMACOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
   WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,ST LOUIS,MO 63110.
C3 Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL); Washington University (WUSTL)
NR 30
TC 639
Z9 747
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 467
EP 470
DI 10.1038/384467a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700064
PM 8945474
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sugita, Y
AF Sugita, Y
TI Global plasticity in adult visual cortex following reversal of visual input
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID connections; motion
AB THE reversal or displacement of the retinal image by prism spectacles leads to extreme disruption of visually guided behaviour, but after an extended period of visual transformation normal behaviour is gradually restored. It is unclear whether this adaptation involves a change in visual perception(1-5), the learning of new motor responses(6), a modification of the sensorimotor control system(7) or a proprioceptive change in the perceived positions of the body parts(8). Here I describe the effects of visual field reversal on neuronal activity in the monkey visual cortex After a few months of wearing reversing spectacles, some cells in the primary visual cortex began to respond to stimuli presented not only in the contralateral visual field but also in the ipsilateral field. These cells were not selective for orientation or direction of motion, but responded well to a light flash. This result suggests that adaptation to visual field reversal is mediated, at least in part, by a large-scale functional reorganization at an early stage the visual processing pathway.
RP Sugita, Y (corresponding author), TOYOHASHI UNIV TECHNOL,LAB NEURAL SYST,TOYOHASHI,AICHI 441,JAPAN.
NR 16
TC 62
Z9 72
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 523
EP 526
DI 10.1038/380523a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300048
PM 8606770
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Zhang, Y
   Feng, XH
   Wu, RY
   Derynck, R
AF Zhang, Y
   Feng, XH
   Wu, RY
   Derynck, R
TI Receptor-associated Mad homologues synergize as effectors of the TGF-beta response
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth-factor-beta; ii receptor; protein; cloning; complex; kinase; cells; dpp
AB TRANSFORMING growth factor-beta TGP-Beta is the prototype for a family of extracellular proteins that affect cell proliferation and tissue differentiation(1-3). TGF-beta-related factors, including BMP-2/4, Dpp and activin, act through two types of serine/threonine kinase receptors which can form a heteromeric complex(3,4). However, the mechanism of signal transduction by these receptors is largely unknown. In Drosophila, Mad is required for signalling by Dpp(5). We have isolated complementary DNAs for four human Mad homologues, one of which, hMAD-4, is identical to DPC-4, a candidate tumour suppressor(6). hMAD-3 and -4 synergized to induce strong ligand-independent TGF-beta-like responses. When truncated at their carboxy termini, hMAD-3 and -4 act as dominant-negative inhibitors of the normal TGF-beta response. The activity of hMAD-3 and -4 was regulated by the TGF-beta receptors, and hMAD-3 but not hMAD-4 was phosphorylated and associated with the ligand-bound receptor complex. These results define hMAD-3 and -4 as effecters of the TGF-beta response and demonstrate a function for DPC-4/hMAD-4 as a tumour suppressor.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT GROWTH & DEV,CELL BIOL PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT GROWTH & DEV,PROGRAM DEV BIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT ANAT,PROGRAM DEV BIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT ANAT,CELL BIOL PROGRAM,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 33
TC 780
Z9 919
U1 2
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 168
EP 172
DI 10.1038/383168a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800052
PM 8774881
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moritomo, Y
   Asamitsu, A
   Kuwahara, H
   Tokura, Y
AF Moritomo, Y
   Asamitsu, A
   Kuwahara, H
   Tokura, Y
TI Giant magnetoresistance of manganese oxides with a layered perovskite structure
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Manganese oxides with the cubic perovskite structure (typified by LaMnO3) have stimulated considerable interest because of their magnetoresistive properties(1-9); they exhibit extremely large changes in electrical resistance in response to applied magnetic fields, a property that is of technological relevance for the development of magnetic memory and switching devices. But for such applications to be viable, great improvements will be needed in both the sensitivity and temperature dependence of the magnetoresistive response. One approach under consideration for optimizing these properties is chemical substitution(10). Here we demonstrate an alternative strategy, in which we synthesize layered variants of the cubic perovskite parent compounds that have a controlled number of MnO2 sheets per unit cell. This strategy is structurally analogous to that employed for the systematic exploration of the high-transition-temperature copper oxide superconductors(11). We find that the magnetoresistive properties of these materials depend sensitively on the dimensionality of the manganese oxide lattice. Although the properties of our materials are still far from optimal, further exploration of this series of layered perovskites may prove fruitful.
C1 UNIV TOKYO, DEPT APPL PHYS, TOKYO 113, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Moritomo, Y (corresponding author), JOINT RES CTR ATOM TECHNOL, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
NR 17
TC 1203
Z9 1291
U1 1
U2 389
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 141
EP 144
DI 10.1038/380141a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fitzsimmons, A
   Andrews, PJ
   Catchpole, R
   Little, JE
   Walton, N
   Williams, IP
AF Fitzsimmons, A
   Andrews, PJ
   Catchpole, R
   Little, JE
   Walton, N
   Williams, IP
TI Re-entry and ablation of cometary dust in the impact plumes of Shoemaker-Levy 9
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB Collisions between small bodies (such as asteroids and comets) and the terrestrial planets are known to throw ejecta far beyond the point of impact. But until the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994 (refs 1, 2), there had been no opportunity to study the effects of such collisions on gas-giant planets. Here we present optical spectra obtained during the collision of fragments L and Q(1), with Jupiter. We observed emission lines from sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese and chromium as the ejecta plume fell back onto Jupiter's atmosphere. All of these elements are expected to occur only very deep in Jupiter's atmosphere-considerably below the depth to which the fragments penetrated--, suggesting that the material responsible for the emissions originated almost entirely in the comet itself. The initial. phase of emission is associated with heating of the impact ejecta as it fell back onto the planet. A second, later phase of emission was also observed, which we associate with grains of silicate dust that condensed within the cooling fireball and subsequently re-entered, meteor-like, into Jupiter's atmosphere.
C1 ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0EZ,ENGLAND.
   ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERV,E-38780 SANTA CRUZ PALMA,SPAIN.
   UNIV LONDON QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL,LONDON E1 4NS,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge; University of London; Queen Mary University London
RP Fitzsimmons, A (corresponding author), QUEENS UNIV BELFAST,DEPT PURE & APPL PHYS,BELFAST BT7 1NN,ANTRIM,NORTH IRELAND.
NR 17
TC 7
Z9 7
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 801
EP 804
DI 10.1038/379801a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tokatlidis, K
   Junne, T
   Moes, S
   Schatz, G
   Glick, BS
   Kronidou, N
AF Tokatlidis, K
   Junne, T
   Moes, S
   Schatz, G
   Glick, BS
   Kronidou, N
TI Translocation arrest of an intramitochondrial sorting signal next to Tim11 at the inner-membrane import site
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mitochondrial intermembrane space; protein import; precursor protein; matrix; atp; binding
AB THE import of proteins from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix involves the concerted action of two separate import systems: the TOM system in the outer membrane, and the TIM system in the inner membrane(1,2), Here we report that the inner-membrane system also sorts proteins to the intermembrane space. Some intermembrane-space proteins, such as cytochromes b(2) and c(1), are synthesized with a complex pre-sequence consisting of a positively charged matrix targeting signal followed by an uncharged sequence that acts as sorting signal for the intermembrane space(3). We show that this sorting signal can be efficiently crosslinked to an inner-membrane protein of relative molecular mass 11K after the mature part of the precursor has been sorted to the intermembrane space. The 11K protein, which we term Tim11, is a component of the protein import system in the inner membrane.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,CUMMINGS LIFE SCI CTR,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago
RP Tokatlidis, K (corresponding author), UNIV BASEL,BIOZENTRUM,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 27
TC 55
Z9 58
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 585
EP 588
DI 10.1038/384585a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900065
PM 8955275
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schumacher, A
   Faust, C
   Magnuson, T
AF Schumacher, A
   Faust, C
   Magnuson, T
TI Positional cloning of a global regulator of anterior-posterior patterning in mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID extra-sex-combs; mouse chromosome-7; hox expression; gene; drosophila; protein; embryos; eed; transformation; sequences
AB ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR (A-P) patterning is of fundamental importance throughout vertebrate embryonic development. Murine members of the trithorax (trx) and Polycomb group (Pc-G) of genes regulate A-P patterning of segmented axial structures(1-4), demonstrating conserved upstream regulation of homeotic pathways between Drosophila and mouse. Here we report the positional cloning of a classical mouse mutation, eed (for embryonic ectoderm development), which is the highly conserved homologue of the Drosophila Pc-G gene esc (for extra sex combs), a long-term repressor of homeotic genes(5). Mutants homozygous for a null allele of eed display disrupted A-P patterning of the primitive streak during gastrulation. Mutant embryos lack a node, notochord and somites, and there is no neural induction(6). In contrast to absence of anterior structures, extra-embryonic mesoderm is abundant. Mice carrying a hypomorphic eed mutation exhibit posterior transformations along the axial skeleton. These results indicate that eed is required globally for A-P patterning throughout embryogenesis.
C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,DEPT GENET,CLEVELAND,OH 44106.
C3 University System of Ohio; Case Western Reserve University
NR 30
TC 197
Z9 213
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 250
EP 253
DI 10.1038/383250a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500051
PM 8805699
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sornson, MW
   Wu, W
   Dasen, JS
   Flynn, SE
   Norman, DJ
   OConnell, SM
   Gukovsky, I
   Carriere, C
   Ryan, AK
   Miller, AP
   Zuo, L
   Gleiberman, AS
   Andersen, B
   Beamer, WG
   Rosenfeld, MG
AF Sornson, MW
   Wu, W
   Dasen, JS
   Flynn, SE
   Norman, DJ
   OConnell, SM
   Gukovsky, I
   Carriere, C
   Ryan, AK
   Miller, AP
   Zuo, L
   Gleiberman, AS
   Andersen, B
   Beamer, WG
   Rosenfeld, MG
TI Pituitary lineage determination by the Prophet of Pit-1 homeodomain factor defective in Ames dwarfism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gene; expression; mice; dna; drosophila; mutation; aristaless; fragments; sequence; contains
AB The gene apparently responsible for a heritable form of murine pituitary-dependent dwarfism (Ames dwarf, df) has been positionally cloned, identifying a novel, tissue-specific, paired-like homeodomain transcription factor, termed Prophet of Pit-1 (Prop-1). The df phenotype results from an apparent failure of initial determination of the Pit-1 lineage required for production of growth hormone, prolactin or thyroid-stimulating hormone, resulting in dysmorphogenesis and failure to activate Pit-1 gene expression. These results imply that a cascade of tissue-specific regulators is responsible for the determination and differentiation of specific cell lineages in pituitary organogenesis.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT & SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT & SCH MED,BIOL GRAD PROGRAM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,DEPT & SCH MED,BIOMED SCI GRAD PROGRAM,LA JOLLA,CA 92093.
   SEQUANA THERAPEUT INC,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   JACKSON LAB,BAR HARBOR,ME 04609.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; University of California System; University of California San Diego; Jackson Laboratory
NR 48
TC 584
Z9 651
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 327
EP 333
DI 10.1038/384327a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100039
PM 8934515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Holland, SJ
   Gale, NW
   Mbamalu, G
   Yancopoulos, GD
   Henkemeyer, M
   Pawson, T
AF Holland, SJ
   Gale, NW
   Mbamalu, G
   Yancopoulos, GD
   Henkemeyer, M
   Pawson, T
TI Bidirectional signalling through the EPH-family receptor Nuk and its transmembrane ligands
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein-tyrosine kinases; cloning; domain; brain; cells; cek5
AB RECEPTOR tyrosine kinases of the EPH class have been implicated in the control of axon guidance and fasciculation(1-7), in regulating cell migration(8), and in defining compartments in the developing embryo(9-11). Efficient activation of EPH receptors generally requires that their ligands be anchored to thr cell surface, either through a transmembrane (TM) region or a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) group(12). These observations have suggested that EPH receptors can transduce signals initiated by direct cell-cell interaction. Genetic analysis of Nuk, a murine EPH receptor that binds TM ligands, has raised the possibility that these ligands might themselves have a signalling function(6). Consistent with this, the three known TM ligands have a highly conserved cytoplasmic region, with multiple potential sites for tyrosine phosphorylation(12-17). Here we show that challenging cells that express the TM ligands Elk-L or Htk-L with the clustered ectodomain of Nuk induces phosphorylation of the ligands on tyrosine, a process that can be mimicked both in vitro and in vivo by an activated Src tyrosine kinase. Co-culture of cells expressing a TM ligand with cells expressing Nuk leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of both the ligand and Nuk. These results suggest that the TM ligands are associated with a tyrosine kinase, and are inducibly phosphorylated upon binding Nuk in a fashion reminiscent of cytokine receptors(18). Furthermore, we show that TM ligands, as well as Nuk are phosphorylated on tyrosine in mouse embryos, indicating that this is a physiological process. EPH receptors and their TM ligands therefore mediate bidirectional cell signalling.
C1 MT SINAI HOSP,SAMUEL LUNENFELD RES INST,PROGRAMME MOL BIOL & CANC,TORONTO,ON M5G 1X5,CANADA.
   REGENERON PHARMACEUT INC,TARRYTOWN,NY 10804.
   UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MOL & MED GENET,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA.
C3 University of Toronto; Sinai Health System Toronto; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute; Regeneron; University of Toronto
NR 29
TC 461
Z9 534
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 722
EP 725
DI 10.1038/383722a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800055
PM 8878483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wagner, N
   Lohler, J
   Kunkel, EJ
   Ley, K
   Leung, E
   Krissansen, G
   Rajewsky, K
   Muller, W
AF Wagner, N
   Lohler, J
   Kunkel, EJ
   Ley, K
   Leung, E
   Krissansen, G
   Rajewsky, K
   Muller, W
TI Critical role for beta 7 integrins in formation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID mucosal immune-system; alpha-chain; deficient mice; lymphocytes; populations; adhesion; cells; expression; generation; receptor
AB IMMUNE defence against pathogens entering the gut is accomplished by lymphocytes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), a major compartment of the immune system(1). The GALT, comprising Peyer's patches, lamina propria lymphocytes and intra-epithelial lymphocytes of the intestine, is populated by lymphocytes that migrate there from the vasculature(2,3). Here we report that, in mice deficient for the beta 7 integrin subfamily of adhesion molecules, the formation of the GALT is severely impaired. This is probably due to a failure of beta 7(-/-) lymphocytes to arrest and adhere to the vasculature at the site of transmigration into the GALT.
C1 UNIV HAMBURG, HEINRICH PETTE INST EXPTL VIROL & IMMUNOL, D-20251 HAMBURG, GERMANY.
   UNIV VIRGINIA, DEPT BIOMED ENGN, CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA 22908 USA.
   UNIV AUCKLAND, DEPT MOLEC MED, AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND.
C3 Heinrich Pette Institute; University of Hamburg; University of Virginia; University of Auckland
RP Wagner, N (corresponding author), UNIV COLOGNE, INST GENET, D-50937 COLOGNE, GERMANY.
NR 30
TC 488
Z9 531
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 366
EP 370
DI 10.1038/382366a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000056
PM 8684468
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Marcantonio, F
   Anderson, RF
   Stute, M
   Kumar, N
   Schlosser, P
   Mix, A
AF Marcantonio, F
   Anderson, RF
   Stute, M
   Kumar, N
   Schlosser, P
   Mix, A
TI Extraterrestrial He-3 as a tracer of marine sediment transport and accumulation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID equatorial pacific-ocean; deep-sea sediment; interglacial changes; th-230 measurements; extraction; fluxes; pa-231; helium; floor
AB THE deposition rate of deep-sea sediments, and their focused redeposition by deep-sea currents, can be evaluated from analyses of sedimentary Th-230 with a temporal resolution limited only by bioturbation(6,7,10,11). Th-230 is produced uniformly throughout the ocean by radioactive decay of dissolved U-234 and is removed sufficiently fast by sorption onto sinking particles to act as a 'constant-flux' tracer of sedimentation rates. But the half-life of Th-230 (75 kyr) limits its use for this purpose to the past 200-250 kyr. Here we explore the use of extraterrestrial He-3 from interplanetary dust particles(1-4) (IDPs) as a constant-flux proxy that is free from this limitation. A comparison of He-3 with Th-230 in two cores from the equatorial Pacific Ocean indicates that the variability in the mean flux of IDPs over the past 200 kyr is less than 75%. But in contrast to this relatively constant rate of supply of He-3 to the deep sea, the local burial rates of He-3 and Th-230 have varied by a factor of five over the past 450 and 200 kyr, respectively. We interpret this variability as reflecting sediment focusing, with a temporal pattern that suggests regular cycles of climate-driven reorganization of near-bottom currents in the deep Pacific Ocean.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT DOHERTY GEOL OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA.
   COLUMBIA UNIV BARNARD COLL, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
   OREGON STATE UNIV, SCH OCEANOG, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Columbia University; Oregon State University
NR 26
TC 91
Z9 102
U1 0
U2 20
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 705
EP 707
DI 10.1038/383705a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barahona, M
   Poon, CS
AF Barahona, M
   Poon, CS
TI Detection of nonlinear dynamics in short, noisy time series
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID strange attractors; chaos; systems
AB THE accurate identification of deterministic dynamics in an experimentally obtained time series(1-5) can lead to new insights regarding underlying physical processes, or enable prediction, at least on short timescales. But deterministic chaos arising from a nonlinear dynamical system can easily be mistaken for random noise(6-8). Available methods to distinguish deterministic chaos from noise can be quite effective, but their performance depends on the availability of long data sets, and is severely degraded by measurement noise. Moreover, such methods are often incapable of detecting chaos in the presence of strong periodicity, which tends to hide underlying fractal structures(9). Here we present a computational procedure, based on a comparison of the prediction power of linear and nonlinear models of the Volterra-Wiener form(10), which is capable of robust and highly sensitive statistical detection of deterministic dynamics, including chaotic dynamics, in experimental time series. This method is superior to other techniques(1-6,11,12) when applied to short time series, either continuous or discrete, even when heavily contaminated with noise, or in the presence of strong periodicity.
C1 MIT,HARVARD MIT DIV HLTH SCI & TECHNOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
   MIT,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 21
TC 192
Z9 209
U1 1
U2 36
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 215
EP 217
DI 10.1038/381215a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ziebis, W
   Forster, S
   Huettel, M
   Jorgensen, BB
AF Ziebis, W
   Forster, S
   Huettel, M
   Jorgensen, BB
TI Complex burrows of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and their geochemical impact in the sea bed
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sediment; oxygen; irrigation; exchange; flow
AB THE biogeochemical processes and associated microbial communities in the sea floor are stratified(1) and dependent on vertical transport mechanisms, The penetration of oxygen is generally only a few millimetres in coastal sediments(2), regulated by the dynamic balance between diffusion from the overlying water and rapid consumption within the sea bed, Macrofauna organisms living within the sea bed affect the physical structure of the sea floor, its chemical zonations and the exchange processes across the sediment-water interface(3,4). Thalassinidean mud-shrimps are often abundant in tropical and temperate coastal regions(5-7) and build burrows with a species-specific architecture, The deepest reported burrows reach down to 2.5 m sediment depth(8). It is difficult to study the activities of these secretive animals and their effect on sediment biogeochemistry without disturbing the sediment system(9). Here we report the use of a diver observatory within the seabed, along with in situ measurements, to assess the geochemical impact of the mud-shrimp Callianassa truncata Giard and Bonnier (Decapoda, Thalassinidea), a species that commonly inhabits sandy sediments in the Mediterranean sea.
RP Ziebis, W (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST MARINE MICROBIOL,CELSIUSSTR 1,D-28359 BREMEN,GERMANY.
NR 20
TC 253
Z9 290
U1 1
U2 42
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 619
EP 622
DI 10.1038/382619a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300050
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Russell, JM
   Luo, MZ
   Cicerone, RJ
   Deaver, LE
AF Russell, JM
   Luo, MZ
   Cicerone, RJ
   Deaver, LE
TI Satellite confirmation of the dominance of chlorofluorocarbons in the global stratospheric chlorine budget
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ozone depletion; carbon-dioxide; growth-rates; atmosphere; hcl; chlorofluoromethanes; destruction; decrease; vortex; hf
AB OBSERVED increases in concentrations of chlorine in the stratosphere(1-7) have been widely implicated in the depletion of lower-stratospheric ozone over the past two decades(8-14). The present concentration of stratospheric chlorine is more than five times that expected from known natural 'background' emissions from the oceans and biomass burning(15-18), and the balance has been estimated to be dominantly anthropogenic in origin, primarily due to the breakdown products of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)(19,20). But despite the wealth of scientific data linking chlorofluorocarbon emissions to the observed chlorine increases, the political sensitivity of the ozone-depletion issue has generated a re-examination of the evidence(21,22). Here we report a four-year global time series of satellite observations of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the stratosphere, which shows conclusively that chlorofluorocarbon releases-rather than other anthropogenic or natural emissions-are responsible for the recent global increases in stratospheric chlorine concentrations. Moreover, all but a few per cent of observed stratospheric chlorine amounts can be accounted for by known natural and anthropogenic tropospheric emissions, Altogether, these results implicate the chlorofluorocarbons beyond reasonable doubt as dominating ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere.
C1 UNIV CALIF IRVINE,IRVINE,CA 92717.
C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Russell, JM (corresponding author), NASA,LANGLEY RES CTR,HAMPTON,VA 23681, USA.
NR 36
TC 71
Z9 74
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 526
EP 529
DI 10.1038/379526a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hyatt, BA
   Lohr, JL
   Yost, HJ
AF Hyatt, BA
   Lohr, JL
   Yost, HJ
TI Initiation of vertebrate left-right axis formation by maternal Vg1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID left-right asymmetry; xenopus-embryos; mesoderm; protein; rna; expression; induction; cloning
AB IN the development of the three-dimensional vertebrate body plant the left-right axis is linked to the dorsoventral and anterioposterior axes(1,2). In humans, altered left-right development results in severe cardiovascular and visceral abnormalities in individuals and in conjoined twins(3,4). Although zygotically transcribed genes that are asymmetrically expressed have been identified(5-8), the mechanism by which left-right asymmetries are established during embryogenesis is unknown(9). Here we show that the Xenopus maternal gene Vg1, a member of the TGF-beta family of cell-signalling molecules which are implicated in dorsoanterior development(10), initiates left-right axis formation. Altered expression of Vg1 on the right side of 16-cell embryos or disruption of endogenous Vg1 signalling on the left side randomizes cardiac and visceral left-right orientation and alters expression of Xnr-1, a nodal-related molecular marker for left-right developments, Furthermore, the orientation of the left-right asis in conjoined twins is dependent upon which cell-signalling molecule initiated twin formation and on whether the secondary axis is on the left or right side of the primary embryonic axis, implicating a molecular pathway leading to the formation of conjoined twins.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT CELL BIOL & NEUROANAT, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
   UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT PEDIAT, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
NR 28
TC 136
Z9 144
U1 1
U2 5
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 62
EP 65
DI 10.1038/384062a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR219
UT WOS:A1996VR21900053
PM 8900277
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Treacy, MMJ
   Ebbesen, TW
   Gibson, JM
AF Treacy, MMJ
   Ebbesen, TW
   Gibson, JM
TI Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB CARBON nanotubes are predicted to have interesting mechanical properties-in particular, high stiffness and axial strength-as a result of their seamless cylindrical graphitic structure(1-5). Their mechanical properties have so far eluded direct measurement, however, because of the van; small dimensions of nanotubes. Here we estimate the Young's modulus of isolated nanotubes by measuring, in the transmission electron microscope, the amplitude of their intrinsic thermal vibrations, We find that carbon nanotubes have exceptionally high Young's moduli, in the terapascal (TPa) range. Their high stiffness, coupled with their low density, implies that nanotubes might be useful as nanoscale fibres in strong, lightweight composite materials.
C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PHYS,URBANA,IL 61801.
C3 University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
RP Treacy, MMJ (corresponding author), NEC RES INST INC,4 INDEPENDENCE WAY,PRINCETON,NJ 08540, USA.
NR 9
TC 4817
Z9 5619
U1 11
U2 1191
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 678
EP 680
DI 10.1038/381678a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Leopold, DA
   Logothetis, NK
AF Leopold, DA
   Logothetis, NK
TI Activity changes in early visual cortex reflect monkeys' percepts during binocular rivalry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB WHEN the two eyes view dissimilar images, we experience binocular rivalry, in which one eye's view dominates for several seconds and is then replaced by that of the other eye(1,2). What causes these perceptual changes in the absence of any change in the stimulus? We showed previously that some neurons in monkey cortical area MT show changes in activity during motion rivalry that reflect the perceived direction of motion(3). To determine whether perception-related modulation of activity occurs in other visual cortical areas, we recorded from individual neurons in V1, V2 and V4 while monkeys reported the perceived orientation of rival gratings of two orthogonal orientations. Many cells, particularly in V4, showed patterns of activity that correlated with the perceptual dominance and suppression of one stimulus. The majority were orientation-selective and could be driven equally well from either eye. It has been previously suggested that binocular rivalry involves reciprocal inhibition between monocular neurons within V1 (for example, see ref, 4), but our results do not support this view; rather, we propose that binocular rivalry arises through interactions between binocular neurons at several levels in the visual pathways, and that similar mechanisms may underlie other multistable perceptual states that occur when viewing ambiguous images.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV NEUROSCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine
NR 12
TC 695
Z9 762
U1 1
U2 71
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 549
EP 553
DI 10.1038/379549a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300053
PM 8596635
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Okano, K
   Koizumi, S
   Silva, SRP
   Amaratunga, GAJ
AF Okano, K
   Koizumi, S
   Silva, SRP
   Amaratunga, GAJ
TI Low-threshold cold cathodes made of nitrogen-doped chemical-vapour-deposited diamond
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID films; emission; states
AB BECAUSE diamond surfaces terminated with hydrogen have a negative electron affinity(1-4) (the conduction band minimum lies below the vacuum level), they are expected to emit electrons spontaneously, This has led to attempts to develop 'cold cathodes'-miniaturized vacuum diodes that might have applications in microelectronics and flat-panel displays, In previous studies of electron emission from diamond grown by chemical vapour deposition(5-9) (CVD), the threshold voltages for emission were more than an order of magnitude too large for use in battery-driven cold cathodes, Although low-threshold emission from caesium-coated, nitrogen-doped high-pressure synthetic diamond was reported recently(10), ultimately diamond thin films grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) look to be the most promising material for cold-cathode applications, But to obtain low-threshold emission, it is necessary to introduce high concentrations of donor dopants such as nitrogen-something that is difficult for CVD diamond, Here we report that high concentrations of nitrogen can be incorporated into diamond films by using urea as the gaseous nitrogen source, and that such heavily doped films shown very-low-threshold electron emission, which augurs well for cold-cathode technology.
C1 NATL INST RES INORGAN MAT,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN.
   UNIV SURREY,DEPT ELECTR & ELECT ENGN,GUILDFORD GU2 5XH,SURREY,ENGLAND.
   UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT ELECT ENGN & ELECTR,LIVERPOOL L69 3BX,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND.
C3 National Institute for Materials Science; University of Surrey; University of Liverpool
RP Okano, K (corresponding author), TOKAI UNIV,DEPT ELECTR,1117 KITAKANAME,HIRATSUKA,KANAGAWA 25912,JAPAN.
NR 13
TC 524
Z9 553
U1 1
U2 149
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 140
EP 141
DI 10.1038/381140a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Fox, PW
   Hershberger, SL
   Bouchard, TJ
AF Fox, PW
   Hershberger, SL
   Bouchard, TJ
TI Genetic and environmental contributions to the acquisition of a motor skill
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB PRACTICE, with feedback, is a fundamental variable that influences the aquisition of motor skills(1): with it, everyone improves, but some improve more than others, This simple fact has led to frequent debate over the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on motor learning, In principle these factors could influence subjects' initial level of proficiency, their rate of improvement or their final level of attainment, The problem has been investigated using the rotary pursuit (RP) task, in which subjects learn to track a rotating target with a stylus(2); this is a factorially pure task which is relatively unaffected by cognitive or verbal factors(3,4). Earlier studies of twins reared together(2,5) indicated that heredity was the primary factor responsible for individual differences in motor skill, Here we have studied learning in a sample of monozygotic (MZA) and dizygotic (DZA) twins who had been reared apart, Heritability of performance mas high even in the initial phase, and increased with practice, The rate of learning was also significantly heritable, We propose that the effect of practice is to decrease the effect of environmental variation (previous learning) and increase the relative strength of genetic influences on motor performance.
C1 UNIV KANSAS,DEPT PSYCHOL,LAWRENCE,KS 66045.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PSYCHOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
   UNIV MINNESOTA,INST HUMAN GENET,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
C3 University of Kansas; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities
NR 12
TC 74
Z9 83
U1 1
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 356
EP 358
DI 10.1038/384356a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100048
PM 8934520
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hughen, KA
   Overpeck, JT
   Peterson, LC
   Trumbore, S
AF Hughen, KA
   Overpeck, JT
   Peterson, LC
   Trumbore, S
TI Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID greenland ice; ocean; circulation; records; sediments; event; core
AB The climate system is capable of changing abruptly from one stable mode to another(1-3). Rapid climate oscillations--in particular the Younger Dryas cold period during the last deglaciation--have long been recognized from records throughout the North Atlantic region(4-14), and the distribution of these records at mostly high latitudes suggests that the changes were caused by rapid reorganizations of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation(6,8,10,15). But events far from the North Atlantic region that are synchronous with the Younger Dryas(16-19) raise the possibility that a more global forcing mechanism was responsible(20). Here we present high-resolution records of laminated sediments of the last deglaciation from the Cariaco basin (tropical Atlantic Ocean) which show many abrupt sub-decade to century-scale oscillations in surface-ocean biological productivity that are synchronous with climate changes at high latitudes. We attribute these productivity variations to changes in or duration of upwelling rate (and hence nutrient supply) caused by changes in trade-wind strength, which is in turn influenced by the thermohaline circulation through its effect on sea surface tempersture(6,21). Abrupt climate changes in the tropical Atlantic during the last deglaciation are thus consistent with a North Atlantic circulation forcing mechanism.
C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,MIAMI,FL 33149.
   NOAA,PALOCLIMATOL PROGRAM,NGDC,BOULDER,CO 80303.
   UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT EARTH SYST SCI,IRVINE,CA 92717.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of Miami; National Oceanic Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) - USA; University of California System; University of California Irvine
RP Hughen, KA (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,INSTAAR,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 34
TC 379
Z9 404
U1 1
U2 96
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 51
EP 54
DI 10.1038/380051a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Neumann, S
   Doubell, TP
   Leslie, T
   Woolf, CJ
AF Neumann, S
   Doubell, TP
   Leslie, T
   Woolf, CJ
TI Inflammatory pain hypersensitivity mediated by phenotypic switch in myelinated primary sensory neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nerve growth-factor; rat spinal-cord; substance-p; dorsal horn; receptor activation; factor contributes; messenger-rnas; injury; reflex; sensitization
AB PAIN is normally evoked only by stimuli that are sufficiently intense to activate high-threshold A delta and C sensory fibres, which relay the signal tp the spinal cord, Peripheral inflammation leads to profoundly increased pain sensitivity: noxious stimuli generate a greater response and stimuli that are normally innocuous Elicit pain. Inflammation increases the sensitivity of the peripheral terminals of A delta and C fibres at the site of inflammation(1). It also increases the excitability of spinal cord neurons(2,3), which now amplify all sensory inputs including the normally innocuous tactile stimuli that are conveyed by low-threshold A beta fibres. This central sensitization has been attributed to the enhanced activity of C fibers(4), which increase the excitability of their postsynaptic targets by releasing glutamate and the neuropeptide substance P5-7. Here we show that inflammation results in A beta fibres also acquiring the capacity to increase the excitability of spinal cord neurons. This is due fa a phenotypic switch in a subpopulation of these fibres so that they, like C-fibres, now express substance P. A beta fibres thus appear to contribute to inflammatory hypersensitivity by switching their phenotype to one resembling pain fibres, thereby enhancing synaptic transmission in the spinal cord and exaggerating the central response to innocuous stimuli.
RP Neumann, S (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 28
TC 450
Z9 538
U1 1
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 360
EP 364
DI 10.1038/384360a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100050
PM 8934522
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Klingelhutz, AJ
   Foster, SA
   McDougall, JK
AF Klingelhutz, AJ
   Foster, SA
   McDougall, JK
TI Telomerase activation by the E6 gene product of human papillomavirus type 16
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID terminal transferase; human fibroblasts; ribonucleoprotein; oncoprotein; repeats; enzyme; cells; p53
AB Activation of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex that synthesizes telomere repeat sequences(1-4), is linked to cell immortalization and is characteristic of most cell lines and tumours(4,5-8) Here we show that expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E6 protein activates telomerase in early-passage human keratinocytes and mammary epithelial cells. This activation was observed in cells pre-crisis, that is, before they became immortal, and occurred within one passage of retroviral infection with vectors expressing HPV-16 E6. Studies using HPV-16 E6 mutants showed that there was no correlation between the ability of the mutants to activate telomerase and their ability to target p53 for degradation, suggesting that telomerase activation by HPV-16 E6 is p53 independent. Keratinocytes expressing wild-type HPV-16 E6 have an extended lifespan, but do not become immortal(9), indicating that telomerase activation and E6-mediated degradation of p53 are insufficient for their immortalization. These results show that telomerase activation is an intrinsic, but insufficient, component of transformation by HPV.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT PATHOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
RP Klingelhutz, AJ (corresponding author), FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,PROGRAM CANC BIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98104, USA.
NR 21
TC 672
Z9 794
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 79
EP 82
DI 10.1038/380079a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700061
PM 8598912
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Morris, JS
   Frith, CD
   Perrett, DI
   Rowland, D
   Young, AW
   Calder, AJ
   Dolan, RJ
AF Morris, JS
   Frith, CD
   Perrett, DI
   Rowland, D
   Young, AW
   Calder, AJ
   Dolan, RJ
TI A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus-monkey; connections; identity; emotion; mulatta; brain
AB THE amygdala is thought to play a crucial role in emotional and social behaviour(1). Animal studies implicate the amygdala in both fear conditioning(2) and face perception(3). In humans, lesions of the amygdala can lead to selective deficits in the recognition of fearful facial expressions(4,5) and impaired fear conditioning(6,7), and direct electrical stimulation evokes fearful emotional responses(8). Here we report direct in vivo evidence of a differential neural response in the human amygdala to facial expressions of fear and happiness, Positron-emission tomography (PET) measures of neural activity were acquired while subjects viewed photographs of fearful or happy faces, varying systematically in emotional intensity, The neuronal response in the left amygdala was significantly greater to fearful as opposed to happy expressions, Furthermore, this response showed a significant interaction with the intensity of emotion (increasing with increasing fearfulness, decreasing with increasing happiness). The findings provide direct evidence that the human amygdala is engaged in processing the emotional salience of faces, with a specificity of response to fearful facial expressions.
C1 WELLCOME DEPT COGNIT NEUROL, LONDON WC1N 3BG, ENGLAND.
   UNIV ST ANDREWS, SCH PSYCHOL, ST ANDREWS KY16 9JU, FIFE, SCOTLAND.
   MRC, APPL PSYCHOL UNIT, CAMBRIDGE CBE 2EF, ENGLAND.
   ROYAL FREE HOSP, LONDON NW3 2DF, ENGLAND.
   UCL HOSP, SCH MED, LONDON NW3 2DF, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London; University of St Andrews; University of London; University College London; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; UCL Medical School; University of London; University College London; UCL Medical School; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 1510
Z9 1700
U1 0
U2 211
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 812
EP 815
DI 10.1038/383812a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400060
PM 8893004
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Prasad, BVV
   Rothnagel, R
   Zeng, CQY
   Jakana, J
   Lawton, JA
   Chiu, W
   Estes, MK
AF Prasad, BVV
   Rothnagel, R
   Zeng, CQY
   Jakana, J
   Lawton, JA
   Chiu, W
   Estes, MK
TI Visualization of ordered genomic RNA and localization of transcriptional complexes in rotavirus
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID 3-dimensional structure; cryoelectron microscopy; functional implications; insect cells; virus; identification; protein; replication; polymerase; resolution
AB IN double-stranded-RNA (dsRNA) viruses found in animals(1), bacteria(2) and yeast(3), the genome is transcribed within the structurally intact core of the virion with extraordinary efficiency. The structural organization of the genome and the enzymes involved in the transcription inside any of these viruses, critical for understanding this process, is not known. Here we report what we believe is the first three-dimensional characterization of the viral genome and the transcription complex in a prototypical dsRNA virus. Rotavirus is a large (diameter 1,000 Angstrom) icosahedral virus composed of three capsid protein layers and 11 dsRNA segments(4-9). It is the most important cause of gastroenteritis in children, accounting for over a million deaths annually(10). We show that viral dsRNA forms a dodecahedral structure in which the RNA double helices, interacting closely with the inner capsid layer, are packed around the enzyme complex located at the icosahedral 5-fold axes. The ordered RNA accounts for about 4,500 out of a total 18,525 base pairs in the genome, the largest amount of icosahedrally ordered RNA observed in any virus structure to date. We propose that the observed organization of the dsRNA is conducive for an orchestrated movement of the RNA relative to the enzyme complex during transcription.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, WM KECK CTR COMPUTAT BIOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DIV MOL VIROL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, CELL & MOL BIOL PROGRAM, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
RP Prasad, BVV (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED, VERNA & MARRS MCLEAN DEPT BIOCHEM, 1 BAYLOR PLAZA, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
NR 30
TC 173
Z9 206
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 471
EP 473
DI 10.1038/382471a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100063
PM 8684490
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Craig, AD
   Reiman, EM
   Evans, A
   Bushnell, MC
AF Craig, AD
   Reiman, EM
   Evans, A
   Bushnell, MC
TI Functional imaging of an illusion of pain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cold; vibration; primate; neurons; cortex; block; input
AB TOUCHING warm and cool bars that are spatially interlaced produces a painful burning sensation resembling that caused by intense, noxious cold. We demonstrated previously that this thermal grill illusion can be explained as an unmasking phenomenon that reveals the central inhibition of pain by thermosensory integration(1). In order to localize this unmasking in the human brain, we have used positron emission tomography (PET) to compare the cortical activation patterns evoked by the thermal grill and by cool, warm, noxious cold and noxious heat stimuli. The thermal grill illusion produces activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas its component warm and cool stimuli do not. This area is also activated bq noxious heat or cold. Thus, increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be selectively associated with the perception of thermal pain. Disruption of thermosensory and pain integration may account for the central pain syndrome that can occur after stroke damage.
C1 GOOD SAMARITAN REG MED CTR, POSITRON EMISS TOMOG CTR, PHOENIX, AZ 85006 USA.
   UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT PSYCHIAT, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA.
   MCGILL UNIV, MONTREAL NEUROL INST, MCCONNELL BRAIN IMAGING CTR, POSITRON IMAGING LABS, MONTREAL, PQ H3A 2B4, CANADA.
   UNIV MONTREAL, CTR RECH SCI NEUROL, MONTREAL, PQ H3C 3J7, CANADA.
   UNIV MONTREAL, FAC MED DENT, DEPT STOMATOL, MONTREAL, PQ H3C 3J7, CANADA.
C3 University of Arizona; McGill University; Universite de Montreal; Universite de Montreal
RP Craig, AD (corresponding author), BARROW NEUROL INST, DIV NEUROBIOL, 350 W THOMAS RD, PHOENIX, AZ 85013 USA.
NR 30
TC 445
Z9 489
U1 1
U2 30
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 258
EP 260
DI 10.1038/384258a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100049
PM 8918874
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Verheij, M
   Bose, R
   Lin, XH
   Yao, B
   Jarvis, WD
   Grant, S
   Birrer, MJ
   Szabo, E
   Zon, LI
   Kyriakis, JM
   HaimovitzFriedman, A
   Fuks, Z
   Kolesnick, RN
AF Verheij, M
   Bose, R
   Lin, XH
   Yao, B
   Jarvis, WD
   Grant, S
   Birrer, MJ
   Szabo, E
   Zon, LI
   Kyriakis, JM
   HaimovitzFriedman, A
   Fuks, Z
   Kolesnick, RN
TI Requirement for ceramide-initiated SAPK/JNK signalling in stress-induced apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID kinase; death
AB The induction of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, involves activation of a signalling system, many elements of which remain unknown(1). The sphingomyelin pathway, initiated by hydrolysis of the phospholipid sphingomyelin in the cell membrane to generate the second messenger ceramide(2,3), is thought to mediate apoptosis in response to tumour-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha(2,3), to Fas ligand(4) and to X-rays(5). It is not known whether it plays a role in the stimulation of other forms of stress-induced apoptosis. Given that environmental stresses also stimulate a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPR/JNK)(6-12), the sphingomyelin and SAPK/ JNK signalling systems may be coordinated in induction of apoptosis. Here we report that ceramide initiates apoptosis through the SAPK cascade and provide evidence for a signalling mechanism that integrates cytokine- and stress-activated apoptosis.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,LAB SIGNAL TRANSDUCT,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,DEPT RADIAT ONCOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIV,MED COLL VIRGINIA,DEPT MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,RICHMOND,VA 23298.
   NCI,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,BIOMARKERS & PREVENT RES BRANCH,ROCKVILLE,MD 20850.
   CHILDRENS HOSP,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PEDIAT,DANA FARBER CANC INST,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PEDIAT,DANA FARBER CANC INST,CHILDRENS HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP EAST,MED SERV,DIABET RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02129.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard Medical School; Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital
NR 30
TC 1723
Z9 1840
U1 3
U2 77
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 75
EP 79
DI 10.1038/380075a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700060
PM 8598911
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Seemuller, E
   Lupas, A
   Baumeister, W
AF Seemuller, E
   Lupas, A
   Baumeister, W
TI Autocatalytic processing of the 20S proteasome
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID multicatalytic proteinase; thermoplasma-acidophilum; complex; acylase
AB THE Ntn (N-terminal nucleophile) hydrolases are enzymes with an unusual four-layer alpha \ beta fold(1-5). The amino-terminal residue (cysteine, serine or threonine) of the mature protein is the catalytic nucleophile(6-10), and its side chain is activated nucleophilic attack by transfer of its proton to the free N terminus(2), although other active-site residues may also be involved(4,8). The four currently known Ntn hydrolases (glutamine PRPP amidotransferase(1,6), penicillin acylase(2,7), the 20S proteasome(3,8,9) and aspartylglucosaminidase(4,10)) are encoded as inactive precursors, and are activated by cleavage of the peptide bond preceding the catalytic residue. It has been suggested that autocatalytic processing is a common Feature of Ntn hydrolases, and proceeds by an intramolecular mechanism determined by their common fold(5). Here we show that propeptide processing In the proteasome from Thermoplasma acidophilum is Indeed autocatalytic, but is probably intermolecular. Processing is not required for assembly, is largely unaffected by propeptide length and sequence, and occurs before beta-subunit folding is completed. Although serine is an acceptable active-site nucleophile for proteolysis, and cysteine for processing, only threonine is fully functional in both. This explains why threonine is universally conserved in active proteasome subunits.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 28
TC 189
Z9 212
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 468
EP 470
DI 10.1038/382468a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100062
PM 8684489
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kang, JM
   Rebek, J
AF Kang, JM
   Rebek, J
TI Entropically driven binding in a self-assembling molecular capsule
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID host-guest complexation
AB THE encapsulation of molecules within larger molecular or supramolecular cages (see ref. 1 for examples) brings about many interesting phenomena, among them the stabilization of reactive intermediates(2), new forms of stereoisomerism(3), and templating of the cage itself 4,5. Here we describe a self-assembling hydrogen-bonded molecular capsule that encapsulates guest molecules in a reversible, apparently entropy-driven process, giving rise to unusual temperature dependence of the formation process. The positive entropy of formation-at first sight unexpected-seems to be the result of the fact that more than one solvent molecule is included in the 'bare' cage, making their replacement by a single large molecule (here adamantane or ferrocene) entropically favourable.
C1 MIT,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
NR 17
TC 210
Z9 225
U1 0
U2 67
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 239
EP 241
DI 10.1038/382239a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000044
PM 8717037
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Turner, SM
   Nightingale, PD
   Spokes, LJ
   Liddicoat, MI
   Liss, PS
AF Turner, SM
   Nightingale, PD
   Spokes, LJ
   Liddicoat, MI
   Liss, PS
TI Increased dimethyl sulphide concentrations in sea water from in situ iron enrichment
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ice-core record; antarctic ice; climate; sulfur; cycle; aerosols; sulfide; sulfate
AB THE concentrations of bioavailable iron in the surface waters of some ocean regions may indirectly modulate climate by controlling phytoplankton productivity and thus the amounts of carbon dioxide(1) and dimethyl sulphide (DMS) that are exchanged with the atmosphere. Oxidation of DMS is involved in the formation of atmospheric sulphate particles, which can exert a climate cooling effect(2) directly (by scattering and absorbing solar radiation), and indirectly (by affecting cloudiness and hence global albedo), But direct evidence supporting the hypothesis that DMS production in the ocean is affected by iron availability is lacking. Here we report changes in the concentrations of DMS in response to in situ iron-enrichment during two ecosystem-scale experiments designed to investigate the biological and chemical effects of iron fertilization of under-productive surface ocean waters(3,4). The first such experiment revealed a limited overall biological response(3) and no significant changes in DMS concentrations, although the concentrations of its biochemical precursor doubled(5). The second experiment, designed to better mimic the natural process of iron enrichment, elicited a much stronger biological response(4), and DMS concentrations increased by a factor of 3.5. This result provides direct support for an important link in the iron-DMS-climate hypothesis.
C1 PLYMOUTH MARINE LAB,PLYMOUTH PL1 3DH,DEVON,ENGLAND.
C3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory
RP Turner, SM (corresponding author), UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH ENVIRONM SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
NR 25
TC 98
Z9 109
U1 0
U2 50
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 10
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6600
BP 513
EP 517
DI 10.1038/383513a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL755
UT WOS:A1996VL75500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Viswanathan, GM
   Afanasyev, V
   Buldyrev, SV
   Murphy, EJ
   Prince, PA
   Stanley, HE
AF Viswanathan, GM
   Afanasyev, V
   Buldyrev, SV
   Murphy, EJ
   Prince, PA
   Stanley, HE
TI Levy flight search patterns of wandering albatrosses
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satellite tracking; behavior
AB LEVY flights are a special class of random walks whose step lengths are not constant but rather are chosen from a probability distribution with a power-law tail. Realizations of Levy flights in physical phenomena are very diverse, examples including fluid dynamics, dynamical systems, and micelles(1,2). This diversity raises the possibility that Levy flights may be found in biological systems. A decade ago, it was proposed that Levy flights may be observed in the behaviour of foraging ants(3). Recently, it was argued that Drosophila might perform Levy flights(4), but the hypothesis that foraging animals in natural environments perform Levy flights has not been tested, Here we study the foraging behaviour of the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans, and find a power-law distribution of flight-time intervals. We interpret our finding of temporal scale invariance in terms of a scale-invariant spatial distribution of food on the ocean surface. Finally, we examine the significance of our finding in relation to the basis of scale-invariant phenomena observed in biological systems.
C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY,NERC,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET,ENGLAND.
C3 Boston University; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Natural Environment Research Council (NERC); NERC British Antarctic Survey
RP Viswanathan, GM (corresponding author), BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA.
NR 31
TC 1113
Z9 1272
U1 3
U2 176
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 413
EP 415
DI 10.1038/381413a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU White, WB
   Peterson, RG
AF White, WB
   Peterson, RG
TI An Antarctic circumpolar wave in surface pressure, wind, temperature and sea-ice extent
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID variability; cycle
AB THE Southern Ocean is the only oceanic domain encircling the globe. It contains the strong eastward flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, acid is the unifying link for exchanges of water masses at all depths between the world's major ocean basins(1). As these exchanges are an important control on mean global climate, the Southern Ocean is expected to play an important role in transmitting climate anomalies around the globe. Interannual variability has been often observed at high southern latitudes, and observations of sea-ice extent suggest that such features propagate eastwards around the Southern Ocean(2,3). Here we use data from a variety of observational techniques to identify significant interannual variations in the atmospheric pressure at sea level, wind stress, sea surface temperature and sea-ice extent over the Southern Ocean. These anomalies propagate eastward with the circumpolar flow, with a period of 4-5 years and taking 8-10 years to encircle the pole. This system of coupled anomalies, which we call the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, is likely to play an important role in climate regulation and dynamics both within and beyond the Southern Ocean.
RP White, WB (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093, USA.
NR 22
TC 573
Z9 630
U1 0
U2 76
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 699
EP 702
DI 10.1038/380699a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bacher, G
   Lutcke, H
   Jungnickel, B
   Rapoport, TA
   Dobberstein, B
AF Bacher, G
   Lutcke, H
   Jungnickel, B
   Rapoport, TA
   Dobberstein, B
TI Regulation by the ribosome of the GTPase of the signal-recognition particle during protein targeting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endoplasmic-reticulum membrane; translocation; receptor; hydrolysis; sequence; binding; polypeptide; requires; srp
AB THE signal-recognition particle (SRP) is important for the targeting of many secretory and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Targeting is regulated by three GTPases, the 54K subunit of SRP (SRP54), and the alpha- and beta-subunits of the SRP receptor(1). When a signal sequence emerges from the ribosome, SRP interacts with it and targets the resulting complex to the ER membrane by binding to the SRP receptor. Subsequently, SRP releases the signal sequence into the translocation channel(2,3). Here we use a complex of a ribosome with a nascent peptide chain, the SRP and its receptor, to investigate GTP binding to SRP54, and GTP hydrolysis. Our findings indicate that a ribosomal component promotes GTP binding to the SRP54 subunit of SRP, GTP-bound SRP54 is essential for high-affinity interaction between SRP and its receptor in the ER membrane. This interaction induces the release of the signal sequence from SRP, the insertion of the nascent polypeptide chain into the translocation channel, and GTP hydrolysis. The contribution of the ribosome had previously escaped detection because only synthetic signal peptides were used in the analysis(4).
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Bacher, G (corresponding author), UNIV HEIDELBERG,ZMBH,ZENTRUM MOLEK BIOL,NEUENHEIMER FELD 282,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
NR 26
TC 122
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 248
EP 251
DI 10.1038/381248a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900058
PM 8622769
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Xie, XL
   Kokubo, T
   Cohen, SL
   Mirza, UA
   Hoffmann, A
   Chait, BT
   Roeder, RG
   Nakatani, Y
   Burley, SK
AF Xie, XL
   Kokubo, T
   Cohen, SL
   Mirza, UA
   Hoffmann, A
   Chait, BT
   Roeder, RG
   Nakatani, Y
   Burley, SK
TI Structural similarity between TAFs and the heterotetrameric core of the histone octamer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transcription factor; preinitiation complex; crystal-structure; nucleosome; resolution; initiation; interacts; domain; dna
AB A complex of two TFIID TATA hox-binding protein-associated factors (TAF(II)s) is described at 2.0 Angstrom resolution. The amino-terminal portions of dTAF(II)42 and dTAF(II)62 from Drosophila adopt the canonical histone fold, consisting of two short alpha-helices flanking a long central alpha-helix. Like histones H3 and H4, dTAF(II)42 and dTAF(II)62 form an intimate heterodimer by extensive hydrophobic contacts between the paired molecules. In solution and in the crystalline state, the dTAF(II)42/dTAF(II)62 complex exists as a heterotetramer, resembling the (H3/H4), heterotetrameric core of the histone octamer, suggesting that TFIID contains a histone octamer-like substructure.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,LAB MOLEC BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,MASS SPECTROMETRY & GASEOUS ION CHEM LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL LAB,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
   NICHHD,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
C3 Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
NR 50
TC 227
Z9 252
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 316
EP 322
DI 10.1038/380316a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900050
PM 8598927
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pascarelle, SM
   Windhorst, RA
   Keel, WC
   Odewahn, SC
AF Pascarelle, SM
   Windhorst, RA
   Keel, WC
   Odewahn, SC
TI Sub-galactic clumps at a redshift of 2.39 and implications for galaxy formation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lyman-alpha emission; primeval galaxy; forming galaxy; faint galaxy; radio galaxy; evolution; wfpc2; pairs; magnitudes; cluster
AB A large number of very faint, compact objects have been found at a redshift of 2.39 in optical images of the distant Universe. The objects appear to be star-forming spheroids smaller than the bulge of a spiral galaxy; they are much smaller and fainter than typical galaxies seen today. These objects may be part of a reservoir from which many of today's luminous galaxies were formed through repeated mergers.
C1 UNIV ALABAMA, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, TUSCALOOSA, AL 35487 USA.
C3 University of Alabama System; University of Alabama Tuscaloosa
RP Pascarelle, SM (corresponding author), ARIZONA STATE UNIV, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, TEMPE, AZ 85287 USA.
NR 54
TC 147
Z9 150
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 45
EP 50
DI 10.1038/383045a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500040
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trkola, A
   Dragic, T
   Arthos, J
   Binley, JM
   Olson, WC
   Allaway, GP
   ChengMayer, C
   Robinson, J
   Maddon, PJ
   Moore, JP
AF Trkola, A
   Dragic, T
   Arthos, J
   Binley, JM
   Olson, WC
   Allaway, GP
   ChengMayer, C
   Robinson, J
   Maddon, PJ
   Moore, JP
TI CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monoclonal-antibody; virus; expression; gp120
AB THE beta-chemokine receptor CCR-5 is an essential co-factor for fusion of HIV-1 strains of the non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) phenotype with CD4(+) T-cells(1-5). The primary binding site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 is the CD4 molecule, and the interaction is mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein gp120 (refs 6, 7). The mechanism of CCR-5 function during HIV entry has not been defined, but we have shown previously that its beta-chemokine ligands prevent HIV-1 from fusing with the cell(1). We therefore investigated whether CCR-5 acts as a second binding site for HIV-1 simultaneously with or subsequent to the interaction between gp120 and CD4, We used a competition assay based on gp120 inhibition of the binding of the CCR-5 ligand, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 beta, to its receptor on activated CD4(+) T cells or CCR-5-positive CD4(-) cells. We conclude that CD4 binding, although not absolutely necessary for the gp120-CCR-5 interaction, greatly increases its efficiency, Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against several sites on gp120, including the V3 loop and CD4-induced epitopes, inhibited the interaction of gp120 with CCR-5, without affecting gp120-CD4 binding, Interference with HIV-1 binding to one or both of its receptors (CD4 and CCR-5) may be an important mechanism of virus neutralization.
C1 ROCKEFELLER UNIV,AARON DIAMOND AIDS RES CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NIAID,IMMUNOREGULAT LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   PROGEN PHARMACEUT INC,TARRYTOWN,NY 10591.
   TULANE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112.
C3 Rockefeller University; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Progen Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Tulane University
FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI093278] Funding Source: Medline
NR 20
TC 990
Z9 1171
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 184
EP 187
DI 10.1038/384184a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600070
PM 8906796
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Edouard, S
   Legras, B
   Lefevre, F
   Eymard, R
AF Edouard, S
   Legras, B
   Lefevre, F
   Eymard, R
TI The effect of small-scale inhomogeneities on ozone depletion in the Arctic
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID potential vorticity; winter; chlorine; chemistry
AB THE chemical processes involved in the depletion of polar stratospheric ozone are now fairly well understood(1,2). But the effect of small-scale stirring and mixing of the chemical species involved can be misrepresented in three dimensional chemical-transport models because of their coarse resolution, Because of the nonlinearities in the chemical rate laws, especially those involving chlorine in the main catalytic cycle, these effects can be important-particularly in the Arctic, where the polar vortex is less uniform and less isolated from surrounding air than in the Antarctic, Here we use a very-high-resolution model with simplified ozone-depletion chemistry to show that the depletion is sensitive to small-scale inhomogeneities in the distribution of reactant species, Under the conditions of the winter of 1994-95 the effect is large enough to account for the observed discrepancies of about 40% between modelled and observed ozone depletion in the Arctic environment(3-5).
C1 CNRM, CNRS, METEO FRANCE, F-31057 TOULOUSE, FRANCE.
   LAB CENT PONTS & CHAUSSEES, F-75015 PARIS, FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Gustave-Eiffel; Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees (LCPC)
RP Edouard, S (corresponding author), ECOLE NORMALE SUPER, CNRS, METEOROL DYNAM LAB, 24 RUE LHOMOND, F-75231 PARIS 05, FRANCE.
NR 22
TC 110
Z9 115
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 444
EP 447
DI 10.1038/384444a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700056
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Li, TG
   Janda, KD
   Lerner, RA
AF Li, TG
   Janda, KD
   Lerner, RA
TI Cationic cyclopropanation by antibody catalysis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID biosynthesis; squalene
AB REACTIONS involving highly reactive carbocations play a central role in many important chemical processes, such as cyclization reactions(1,2). However, the potential for controlling the pathways of such reactions to obtain energetically disfavoured (but desirable) products has been hard to realize because of the difficulties inherent in controlling the conformation and chemical environment of the carbocation intermediates. Antibody catalysts, with their high specificity and binding energies, can provide the degree of conformational and chemical control necessary for directing such reactions(3,4). Here we show how antibody catalysis can guide cationic cyclization reactions selectively to form products (in high yield) that would otherwise be highly disfavoured. Most notable is the formation of a strained bicyclic compound containing a rare cyclopropane group. To explain our results, we propose a common reaction scheme in which the key step is the formation of a highly reactive protonated cyclopropane intermediate; subtle structural modifications to the substrate (the compound on which the catalytic antibody acts) lead to dramatic differences in the structure of the final product.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CHEM, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 25
TC 44
Z9 45
U1 0
U2 10
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 326
EP 327
DI 
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300052
PM 8552185
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hu, EM
   McMahon, RG
AF Hu, EM
   McMahon, RG
TI Detection of Lyman-alpha-emitting galaxies at redshift 4.55
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID standard stars; absorption; discovery; emission
AB STUDIES of the formation and early history of galaxies have been hampered by the difficulties inherent in detecting faint galaxy populations at high redshift. As a consequence, observations at the highest redshifts (z = 3.5-5) have been restricted to objects that are Intrinsically bright, These include quasars, radio galaxies, and some Lyman-alpha-emitting objects(1-3) that are very close to (within similar to 10 kpc)-and appear to be physically associated with-quasars. But the extremely energetic processes which make these objects easy to detect also make them unrepresentative of normal (field) galaxies. Here we report the discovery of two Lyntan-alpha-emitting galaxies at redshift z = 4.55, which are sufficiently far from the nearest quasar (similar to 700 kpc) that radiation from the quasar is unlikely to provide the excitation source of the Lyman-alpha emission. Instead, these galaxies appear to be undergoing their first burst of star formation, at a time when the Universe was less than one billion years old.
C1 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Cambridge
RP Hu, EM (corresponding author), UNIV HAWAII,INST ASTRON,2680 WOODLAWN DR,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA.
NR 30
TC 132
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 231
EP 233
DI 10.1038/382231a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lamaze, C
   Chuang, TH
   Terlecky, LJ
   Bokoch, GM
   Schmid, SL
AF Lamaze, C
   Chuang, TH
   Terlecky, LJ
   Bokoch, GM
   Schmid, SL
TI Regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis by Rho and Rac
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gtp-binding protein; gdp-dissociation inhibitor; cells
AB PINOCYTOSIS and membrane ruffling are among the earliest and most dramatic cellular responses to stimulation by growth factors or other mitogens(1). The small Ras-related G proteins Rho and Rac have a regulatory role in membrane ruffling(1-3) and activated Rho has been shown to stimulate pinocytosis when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes(4). In contrast to these well established effects of Rho and Rac on plasma membrane morphology and bulk pinocytosis, there has been no evidence for their involvement in the regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis in clathrin-coated pits. Here we show that activated Rho and Rac inhibit transferrin-receptor-mediated endocytosis when expressed in intact cells. Furthermore, we have reconstituted these effects in a cell-free system and established that Rho and Rac can regulate clathrin-coated vesicle formation.
C1 Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT IMMUNOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Scripps Research Institute
NR 30
TC 332
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 11
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6587
BP 177
EP 179
DI 10.1038/382177a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UW672
UT WOS:A1996UW67200053
PM 8700210
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Goodman, OB
   Krupnick, JG
   Santini, F
   Gurevich, VV
   Penn, RB
   Gagnon, AW
   Keen, JH
   Benovic, JL
AF Goodman, OB
   Krupnick, JG
   Santini, F
   Gurevich, VV
   Penn, RB
   Gagnon, AW
   Keen, JH
   Benovic, JL
TI beta-arrestin acts as a clathrin adaptor in endocytosis of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID plasma-membrane; coated vesicles; protein; sequestration; resensitization; phosphorylation; dissociation; mechanism; kinases; subunit
AB THE ability of a system to regulate its responsiveness in the presence of a continuous stimulus, often termed desensitization, has been extensively characterized for the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR). beta(2)AR signalling is rapidly attenuated through receptor phosphorylation and subsequent binding of the protein beta-arrestin(1,2). Ultimately the receptor undergoes internalization(3,4), and although the molecular mechanism is unclear, receptor phosphorylation and beta-arrestin binding have been implicated in this process(5,6). Here we report that beta-arrestin and arrestin-3, but not visual arrestin, promote beta(2)AR internalization and bind with high affinity directly and stoichiometrically to clathrin, the major structural protein of coated pits, Moreover, beta-arrestin/arrestin chimaeras that are defective in either beta(2)AR or clathrin binding show a reduced ability to promote beta(2)AR endocytosis. Immunofluorescence microscopy of intact cells indicates an agonist-dependent colocalization of the beta(2)AR and beta-arrestin with clathrin, These results show that beta-arrestin functions as an adaptor in the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway, and suggest a general mechanism for regulating the trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors.
C1 THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,KIMMEL CANC INST,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL PHARMACOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107.
C3 Thomas Jefferson University
NR 28
TC 1182
Z9 1391
U1 1
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 3
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6599
BP 447
EP 450
DI 10.1038/383447a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VL463
UT WOS:A1996VL46300065
PM 8837779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brooke, TY
   Tokunaga, AT
   Weaver, HA
   Crovisier, J
   BockeleeMorvan, D
   Crisp, D
AF Brooke, TY
   Tokunaga, AT
   Weaver, HA
   Crovisier, J
   BockeleeMorvan, D
   Crisp, D
TI Detection of acetylene in the infrared spectrum of comet Hyakutake
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemical-models; molecules; fluorescence; atmospheres; resolution; halley; gas
AB COMETS are rich in volatile materials, of which roughly 80% (by number) are mater molecules(1). Considerable progress(2-4) being made in identifying the other volatile species, the abundances of which should enable us to determine whether comets formed primarily from ice-covered interstellar grains(5), or from material that was chemically processed in the early solar nebula(6,7). Here we report the detection of acetylene (C2H2,) in the infrared spectrum of comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). The estimated abundance is 0.3-0.9%, relative to water, which is comparable to the predicted solid-phase abundance in cold interstellar clouds. This suggests that the volatiles in comet Hyakotake may have come from ice-covered interstellar grains, rather than material processed in the accretion disk out of which the Solar System formed.
C1 UNIV HAWAII, INST ASTRON, HONOLULU, HI 96822 USA.
   JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, DEPT PHYS & ASTRON, BALTIMORE, MD 21218 USA.
   OBSERV PARIS, F-92195 MEUDON, FRANCE.
C3 University of Hawaii System; Johns Hopkins University; Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Brooke, TY (corresponding author), CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, 4800 OAK GROVE DR, M-S 169-237, PASADENA, CA 91109 USA.
NR 29
TC 141
Z9 144
U1 0
U2 17
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 606
EP 608
DI 10.1038/383606a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500047
PM 8857534
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oliver, SG
AF Oliver, SG
TI From DNA sequence to biological function
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human genome project; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; chromosome-iii; yeast; gene; proteins; growth; system; cell
AB Genome sequencing is leading to the discovery of new genes at a rate 50-100 times greater than that achieved by classical genetics, but the biological function of almost half of these genes is completely unknown. In order fully to exploit genome sequence data, a systematic approach to the discovery of gene function is required. Possible strategies are discussed here in the context of functional analysis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model eukaryote whose genome sequence will soon be completed.
RP Oliver, SG (corresponding author), UMIST, DEPT BIOCHEM & APPL MOLEC BIOL, POB 88, MANCHESTER M60 1QD, LANCS, ENGLAND.
NR 61
TC 249
Z9 266
U1 0
U2 19
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 597
EP 600
DI 10.1038/379597a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800040
PM 8628394
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Rybin, V
   Ullrich, O
   Rubino, M
   Alexandrov, K
   Simon, I
   Seabra, MC
   Goody, R
   Zerial, M
AF Rybin, V
   Ullrich, O
   Rubino, M
   Alexandrov, K
   Simon, I
   Seabra, MC
   Goody, R
   Zerial, M
TI GTPase activity of Rab5 acts as a timer for endocytic membrane fusion
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID gdp-dissociation inhibitor; elongation-factor-tu; nucleotide exchange; binding proteins; endosome fusion; invitro; association; regulator; effector; pathway
AB THE GTPase cycle is a versatile regulatory mechanism directing many cell functions(1), and Rab family members use it to regulate intracellular transport(2-4). Current models propose that GTP hydrolysis by Rah proteins is either required for membrane fusion or occurs afterwards to allow recycling of the protein(1-4). To measure the GTPase activity of Rab5 in endocytic membrane fusion(5), we engineered a mutant that preferentially binds xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP), Rab5(D136N) and monitored the kinetics of [alpha(32)P]-XTP hydrolysis in situ during endosome fusion in vitro. Surprisingly, nucleotide hydrolysis occurred even in the absence of membrane fusion, indicating that membrane-bound Rab5 undergoes futile cycles of GTP (XTP) binding and hydrolysis. Nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis by Rab5 is not conditional on membrane Fusion and is reduced by its effector Rabaptin-5 (ref. 6). Our data reveal that the GTP cycle of Rab proteins differs from that of other GTPases (for example, EF-Tu) and indicate that GTP hydrolysis acts as a timer that determines the frequency of membrane docking/fusion events.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB,D-69012 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV MAINZ,INST BIOCHEM,D-55128 MAINZ,GERMANY.
   MAX PLANCK INST MOL PHYSIOL,D-44139 DORTMUND,GERMANY.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MOL GENET,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Max Planck Society; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 30
TC 272
Z9 305
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 266
EP 269
DI 10.1038/383266a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500056
PM 8805704
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, WS
AF Moore, WS
TI Large groundwater inputs to coastal waters revealed by Ra-226 enrichments
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID continental-shelf; winyah bay; discharge; estuarine; sediments; radium; flux
AB The flow of ground water directly into the coastal ocean has been studied previously by in situ measurements, seep meters and diffusion gradient models'. Although these techniques provide ample evidence that such flows occur, they do not provide a means of quantifying the groundwater flux on a regional scale. Here I report large enrichments of Ra-226 in coastal waters of the South Atlantic Eight, and demonstrate that groundwater discharge is the main source of the Ra-226 surplus. Using Ra-226 data for brackish ground waters with estimates of residence times of nearshore waters, I conclude that the groundwater flux to these coastal waters must be about 40% of the river-water flux during the study period. Besides Ra, other metals, nutrients and organic compounds are expected to be enriched in brackish ground waters, so these findings require an upward revision of terrestrial fluxes of dissolved materials to these coastal waters, and perhaps a re-evaluation of such fluxes to the global ocean. These fluxes may be sensitive to hydrological factors, groundwater usage, dredging and sea-level change.
RP Moore, WS (corresponding author), UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT GEOL SCI,COLUMBIA,SC 29208, USA.
NR 16
TC 855
Z9 986
U1 5
U2 265
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 612
EP 614
DI 10.1038/380612a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100041
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Colgan, DF
   Murthy, KGK
   Prives, C
   Manley, JL
AF Colgan, DF
   Murthy, KGK
   Prives, C
   Manley, JL
TI Cell-cycle related regulation poly(A) polymerase by phosphorylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID xenopus-laevis oocytes; messenger-rna; dependent kinases; maturation; expression; cleavage
AB THE poly(A) tail found on almost all eukaryotic messenger RNAs(1,2) is important in enhancing translation initiation and determining mRNA stability(3,4). Control of poly(A)-tail synthesis thus has the potential to be a key regulatory step in gene expression and is indeed known to be important during early development in many organisms(5). To study a possible basis for such regulation, we examined phosphorylation of poly(A) polymerase (PAP) by p34(cdc2)/cyclin B (maturation/mitosis-promoting factor, MPF). We show here that PAP can be phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by MPF. Consistent with this, PAP becomes hyperphosphorylated both during meiotic maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes and in HeLa cells arrested at M phase, times in the cell-cycle when MPF is known to be active(6,7). We show further that hyperphosphorylation by MPF dramatically reduces the activity of purified PAP, and that PAP isolated from mitotic HeLa cells is similarly inhibited by hyperphosphorylation. This repression probably contributes to the well established reductions in poly(A)(+) RNA and/or protein synthesis known to occur in M-phase cells(8-15).
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, NEW YORK, NY 10027 USA.
C3 Columbia University
NR 30
TC 139
Z9 158
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 282
EP 285
DI 10.1038/384282a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100057
PM 8918882
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Murray, CD
   Winter, SMG
AF Murray, CD
   Winter, SMG
TI Periodic collisions between the moon Prometheus and Saturn's F ring
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID satellites
AB Saturn's F ring, which lies 3,400 km beyond the edge of the main ring system, was discovered by the Pioneer 11 spacecraft(1) in 1979. It is a narrow, eccentric ring which shows an unusual 'braided' appearance in several Voyager 1 images' obtained in 1980, although it appears more regular in images from Voyager 2 obtained nine months later(3). The discovery of the moons Pandora and Prometheus orbiting on either side of the ring provided a partial explanation for some of the observed features(4). Recent observations of Prometheus(5,6) by the Hubble Space Telescope show, surprisingly, that it is lagging behind its expected position by similar to 20 degrees. By modelling the dynamical evolution of the entire Prometheus-F ring-Pandora system, we show here that Prometheus probably encountered the core of the F ring in 1994 and that it may still be entering parts of the ring once per orbit. Collisions with objects in the F ring provide a plausible explanation for the observed lag and imply that the mass of the F ring is probably less than 25% that of Prometheus.
C1 UNESP,DEPT MATEMAT,GRP DINAM ORBITAL & PLANETOL,BR-12500000 GUARATINGUETA,SP,BRAZIL.
C3 Universidade Estadual Paulista
RP Murray, CD (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON QUEEN MARY & WESTFIELD COLL,ASTRON UNIT,MILE END RD,LONDON E1 4NS,ENGLAND.
NR 17
TC 28
Z9 30
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/380139a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hicks, RCJ
   Golledge, J
   MirHasseine, R
   Powell, JT
AF Hicks, RCJ
   Golledge, J
   MirHasseine, R
   Powell, JT
TI Vasoactive effects of fibrinogen on saphenous vein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID endothelium; smoking
AB Normal plasma fibrinogen concentrations are critical to haemostasis. Higher fibrinogen concentrations are associated with increasing risk of atherosclerotic disease(1) and with graft stenosis and occlusion after saphenous vein bypass surgery(2,3). Vein graft stenosis is characterized by the localized proliferation of intimal smooth muscle cells, causing narrowing of the graft with increased risk of thrombotic occlusion. In rabbit arteries, fibrinopeptide B is reported to have both vasoconstrictor and mitogenic properties(4,5). We report here that fibrinopeptides had no vasoactive effects on saphenous vein rings; however, fibrinogen (0-2 mu M) affected an endothelium-dependent relaxation, followed by recontraction at higher concentrations. The fibrinogen-mediated relaxation was inhibited by K+-channel blockers and antibodies to ICAM-1. Coupled signalling pathways for the synthesis of vasoactive mediators and mitogens could underlie the association between fibrinogen and the development of vein graft pathology.
RP Hicks, RCJ (corresponding author), CHARING CROSS & WESTMINSTER MED SCH,CARDIOVASC & PULM RES DIV,LONDON W6 8RF,ENGLAND.
NR 11
TC 47
Z9 50
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 818
EP 820
DI 10.1038/379818a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100056
PM 8587603
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ferris, JP
   Hill, AR
   Liu, RH
   Orgel, LE
AF Ferris, JP
   Hill, AR
   Liu, RH
   Orgel, LE
TI Synthesis of long prebiotic oligomers on mineral surfaces
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MOST theories of the origin of biological organization assume that polymers with lengths in the range of 30-60 monomers are needed to make a genetic system viable(1). But it has not proved possible to synthesize plausibly prebiotic polymers this long by condensation in aqueous solution, because hydrolysis competes with polymerization. The potential of mineral surfaces to facilitate prebiotic polymerization was pointed out long ago(2). Here we describe a system that models prebiotic polymerization by the oligomerization of activated monomers-both nucleotides and amino acids. We find that whereas the reactions in solution produce only short oligomers (the longest typically being a 10-mer), the presence of mineral surfaces (montmorillonite for nucleotides, illite and hydroxylapatite for amino acids) induces the formation of oligomers up to 55 monomers long. These are formed by successive 'feedings' with the monomers; polymerization takes place on the mineral surfaces in a manner akin to solid-phase synthesis of biopolymers(3,4).
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186.
C3 Salk Institute
RP Ferris, JP (corresponding author), RENSSELAER POLYTECH INST,DEPT CHEM,TROY,NY 12180, USA.
NR 9
TC 690
Z9 755
U1 2
U2 247
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/381059a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300053
PM 8609988
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lydall, D
   Nikolsky, Y
   Bishop, DK
   Weinert, T
AF Lydall, D
   Nikolsky, Y
   Bishop, DK
   Weinert, T
TI A meiotic recombination checkpoint controlled by mitotic checkpoint genes
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptonemal complex protein; double-strand breaks; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; chromosome synapsis; drosophila-melanogaster; yeast; meiosis; repair; dna; mutants
AB IN budding yeast, meiotic recombination occurs at about 200 sites per cell and involves DNA double-strand break (DSB) intermediates(1-3). Here we provide evidence that a checkpoint control requiring the mitotic DNA-damage checkpoint genes RAD17, RAD24 and MEC1 ensures that meiotic recombination is complete before the first meiotic division (MI). First, RAD17, RAD24 and MEC1 are required for the meiotic arrest caused by blocking the repair of DSBs with a mutation in the recA homologue DMC1. Second, mec1 and rad24 single mutants (DMC1(+)) appear to undergo MI before all recombination events are complete. Curiously, the mitosis-specific checkpoint gene RAD9 is not required for meiotic arrest of dmc1 mutants(4), This shows that although mitotic and meiotic control mechanisms are related, they differ significantly, Rad17 and Rad24 proteins may contribute directly to formation of an arrest signal by association with single-strand DNA in mitosis and meiosis.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT RADIAT & CELLULAR ONCOL,DEPT MOL GENET & CELL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60638.
C3 University of Arizona; University of Chicago
NR 30
TC 283
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 31
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6603
BP 840
EP 843
DI 10.1038/383840a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VQ144
UT WOS:A1996VQ14400068
PM 8893012
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kwok, RPS
   Laurance, ME
   Lundblad, JR
   Goldman, PS
   Shih, HM
   Connor, LM
   Marriott, SJ
   Goodman, RH
AF Kwok, RPS
   Laurance, ME
   Lundblad, JR
   Goldman, PS
   Shih, HM
   Connor, LM
   Marriott, SJ
   Goodman, RH
TI Control of cAMP-regulated enhancers by the viral transactivator Tax through CREB and the co-activator CBP
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID virus type-i; long terminal repeat; transcriptional activation; protein; binding; element; gene; sequences
AB The Tax protein of human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLV)-1 activates expression of the HTLV-1 long terminal repeat through a DNA element that resembles the cellular cyclic AMP-regulated enhancer (CRE)(1,2). Tax contains a transcriptional activation domain(3), but its ability to activate gene expression depends on interactions with cellular CRE-binding proteins such as CREB. Whether Tax can activate the expression of cellular CRE-containing genes has been controversial. Here we show that Tax can activate both the HTLV-1 and consensus cellular CREs, and propose that this activation may occur through mechanisms that are differentially dependent on CREB phosphorylation. Tax not only increases the binding of CREB to the viral CRE but also recruits the transcriptional co-activator CBP4,5 in a manner independent of CREB phosphorylation. In contrast, association of Tax with the cellular CRE occurs through CBP which, in turn, is recruited only in the presence of phosphorylated CREB.
C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VOLLUM INST,PORTLAND,OR 97201.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DIV MOLEC VIROL,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 Oregon Health & Science University; Baylor College of Medicine
NR 24
TC 316
Z9 340
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 642
EP 646
DI 10.1038/380642a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100051
PM 8602268
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Riedel, R
   Kienzle, A
   Dressler, W
   Ruwisch, L
   Bill, J
   Aldinger, F
AF Riedel, R
   Kienzle, A
   Dressler, W
   Ruwisch, L
   Bill, J
   Aldinger, F
TI A silicoboron carbonitride ceramic stable to 2,000 degrees C
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID structural ceramics; bulk ceramics; polyborosilazane; oxidation; nitride; design
AB CERAMICS based on silicon nitride and carbide are strong and stable at high temperatures, and are therefore under investigation for the fabrication of motor and turbine parts(1-3). But silicon nitride decomposes at about 1,400 degrees C in vacuum and 1,775 degrees C in 0.1 MPa nitrogen(4,5), limiting the high-temperature range of its technological uses. Here we describe a boron-containing silicon nitride/carbide ceramic that does not degrade at temperatures up to 2,000 degrees C even in nitrogen-free environments. We synthesize the material in a polymer-to-ceramic transformation(6) from a single polymeric polyborosilazane precursor. On heating at 1,000 degrees C in argon we obtain a ceramic with the composition Si3.0B1.0C4.3N2.0. The ceramic begins to convert to a polycrystalline composite of silicon nitride and carbide (with some non-crystalline boron nitride) at 1,700 degrees C, a process that is completed (without substantial change in elemental composition) at 2,000 degrees C.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST MET RES,INST WERKSTOFFWISSENSCH,PULVERMET LAB,D-70569 STUTTGART,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Riedel, R (corresponding author), TH DARMSTADT,FACHBEREICH MAT WISSENSCH,FACHGEBIET DISPERSE FESTSTOFFE,PETERSENSTR 23A,D-64287 DARMSTADT,GERMANY.
NR 21
TC 701
Z9 764
U1 15
U2 376
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 796
EP 798
DI 10.1038/382796a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hickok, G
   Bellugi, U
   Klima, ES
AF Hickok, G
   Bellugi, U
   Klima, ES
TI The neurobiology of sign language and its implications for the neural basis of language
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE left cerebral hemisphere is dominant for language, and many aspects of language use are more impaired by damage to the left than the right hemisphere, The basis for this asymmetry, however, is a matter of debate; the left hemisphere may be specialized for processing linguistic information(1-3) or for some more general function on which language depends, such as the processing of rapidly changing temporal information(4) or execution of complex motor patterns(5). To investigate these possibilities, we examined the linguistic abilities of 23 sign-language users with unilateral brain lesions. Despite the fact that sign language relies on visuospatial rather than rapid temporal information, the same left-hemispheric dominance emerged. Correlation analyses of the production of sign language versus non-linguistic hand gestures suggest that these processes are largely independent, Our findings support the view that the left-hemisphere dominance for language is not reducible solely to more general sensory or motor processes.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SAN DIEGO,CA 92186.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Diego
RP Hickok, G (corresponding author), SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,10010 N TORREY PINES RD,LA JOLLA,CA 92037, USA.
NR 19
TC 123
Z9 138
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 699
EP 702
DI 10.1038/381699a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900053
PM 8649515
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunt, JF
   Weaver, AJ
   Landry, SJ
   Gierasch, L
   Deisenhofer, J
AF Hunt, JF
   Weaver, AJ
   Landry, SJ
   Gierasch, L
   Deisenhofer, J
TI The crystal structure of the GroES co-chaperonin at 2.8 angstrom resolution
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein structures; surface; cooperativity; hydrolysis; interfaces; binding; cycle
AB The GroES heptamer forms a dome, approximately 75 Angstrom in diameter and 30 Angstrom high, with an 8 Angstrom orifice in the centre of its roof. The 'mobile loop' segment, previously identified as a GroEL binding determinant, is disordered in the crystal structure in six subunits; the single well-ordered copy extends from the bottom outer rim of the GroES dome, suggesting that the cavity within the dome is continuous with the polypeptide binding chamber of GroEL in the chaperonin complex.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
RP Hunt, JF (corresponding author), UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235, USA.
NR 53
TC 401
Z9 427
U1 1
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 37
EP 45
DI 10.1038/379037a0
PG 9
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600047
PM 8538739
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Beelman, CA
   Stevens, A
   Caponigro, G
   LaGrandeur, TE
   Hatfield, L
   Fortner, DM
   Parker, R
AF Beelman, CA
   Stevens, A
   Caponigro, G
   LaGrandeur, TE
   Hatfield, L
   Fortner, DM
   Parker, R
TI An essential component of the decapping enzyme required for normal rates of mRNA turnover
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID translational termination codon; messenger-rna decay; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; yeast; deadenylation; degradation; transcript; protein; gene; identification
AB A MAJOR pathway of messenger RNA degradation in eukaryotic cells is initiated by shortening of the poly(A) tail, which, at least in yeast, triggers a decapping reaction, thereby exposing the mRNA to 5' --> 3' degradation(1-4). Decapping is the key step in this decay pathway because the transcript body is rapidly degraded following decapping. Accordingly, decapping is the site of numerous controls, including inhibition of decapping by the poly(A) tail(3,4) and modulation of mRNA decapping rate by specific sequences(3-5). Moreover, a specialized decay pathway that degrades aberrant transcripts triggers rapid mRNA decapping independently of poly(A)-tail shortening(6). We have identified a yeast gene, termed DCP1, that encodes the decapping enzyme, or an essential component of a decapping complex. The protein Dcp1 is required for the normal decay of many unstable and stable yeast mRNAs, as well as mRNAs that are decapped independently of deadenylation. These results indicate that mRNA-specific rates of decapping, and thus decay, will result from differences in the interaction of the DCP1 decapping enzyme with individual transcripts.
C1 UNIV ARIZONA,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721.
   OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV BIOL,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831.
C3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Arizona; University of Arizona; United States Department of Energy (DOE); Oak Ridge National Laboratory
NR 21
TC 275
Z9 325
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 642
EP 646
DI 10.1038/382642a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300057
PM 8757137
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Slowey, NC
   Henderson, GM
   Curry, WB
AF Slowey, NC
   Henderson, GM
   Curry, WB
TI Direct U-Th dating of marine sediments from the two most recent interglacial periods
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID northwest providence channel; devils-hole; sea-level; foraminiferal calcite; u-234/u-238 ratios; glacial period; th-230 ages; ice ages; corals; bahamas
AB A KNOWLEDGE of the age of marine sediments is necessary to determine the timing of events and rates of processes in the marine realm, and the relationships among marine and other climatically sensitive records. The establishment of an accurate chronology for Pleistocene marine sediments beyond the range of radiocarbon dating (approximately the past 45 kyr) has therefore been a goal of palaeoceanographers for decades. Early attempts(1,2) based on measurements of the radionuclides Th-230 and Pa-231 mere beset with problems, and subsequent studies focused on tying fluctuations in marine sediment oxygen-isotope records to events such as the formation of col al reef terraces and changes in the Earth's magnetic polarity(3,4), and tuning the resultant chronologies to the Earth's orbitally driven insolation variations(5-8). But these chronologies (especially the age and duration of the last interglacial period) have been challenged by several studies(9-12), raising questions about the fundamental cause of Pleistocene climate fluctuations. Here we report the direct U-Th dating of aragonite-rich marine sediments from the Bahamas, and present an accurately dated marine oxygen-isotope record for the last two interglacials. We obtain dates of 120-127 kyr BP for the last interglacial and 189-190 kyr np for the late stage 7 interglacial. These dates are in accord with the general theory of orbitally forced climate fluctuations and demonstrate the potential of our direct-dating approach for developing an absolute chronology for the Pleistocene marine oxygen-isotope record.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV, LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERV, PALISADES, NY 10964 USA.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT GEOL & GEOPHYS, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Columbia University; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Slowey, NC (corresponding author), TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT OCEANOG, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA.
NR 40
TC 42
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 23
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 242
EP 244
DI 10.1038/383242a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500048
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dai, HJ
   Hafner, JH
   Rinzler, AG
   Colbert, DT
   Smalley, RE
AF Dai, HJ
   Hafner, JH
   Rinzler, AG
   Colbert, DT
   Smalley, RE
TI Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atomic-force microscopy; electrochemical microscopy; electrons; surfaces
AB SINCE the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope(1), the value of establishing a physical connection between the macroscopic world and individual nanometre-scale objects has become increasingly evident, both for probing these objects(2-4) and for direct manipulation(5-7) and fabrication(8,10) at the nanometre scale. While good progress has been made in controlling the position of the macroscopic probe of such devices to suh-angstrom accuracy, and in designing sensitive detection schemes, less has been done to improve the probe tip itself(4). Ideally the tip should be as precisely defined as the object under investigation, and should maintain its integrity after repeated use not only in high vacuum but also in air and water. The best tips currently used for scanning probe microscopy do sometimes achieve sub-nanometre resolution, but they seldom survive a 'tip crash' with the surface, and it is rarely clear what the atomic configuration of the tip is during imaging. Here we show that carbon nanotubes(11,12) might constitute well defined tips for scanning probe microscopy. We have attached individual nanotubes several micrometres in length to the silicon cantilevers of conventional atomic force microscopes. Because of their flexibility, the tips are resistant to damage from tip crashes, while their slenderness permits imaging of sharp recesses in surface topography. We have also been able to exploit the electrical conductivity of nanotubes by using them for scanning tunnelling microscopy.
C1 RICE UNIV, CTR NANOSCALE SCI & TECHNOL, HOUSTON, TX 77251 USA.
   RICE UNIV, DEPT CHEM, HOUSTON, TX 77251 USA.
   RICE UNIV, DEPT PHYS, HOUSTON, TX 77251 USA.
C3 Rice University; Rice University; Rice University
NR 26
TC 2030
Z9 2308
U1 7
U2 537
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 147
EP 150
DI 10.1038/384147a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600059
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Angel, RJ
   Ross, NL
   Seifert, F
   Fliervoet, TF
AF Angel, RJ
   Ross, NL
   Seifert, F
   Fliervoet, TF
TI Structural characterization of pentacoordinate silicon in a calcium silicate
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular-dynamics; casio3 system; high-pressure; gpa; coordination; transition; glass; sio2; nmr
AB IN silicate minerals formed at pressures typical of the Earth's crust, the silicon is usually coordinated by four oxygen atoms. In contrast, silicates formed at higher pressures, typical of the Earth's transition zone and lower mantle, contain predominantly six-coordinated silicon. Silicon coordinated by five oxygen atoms is not normally found as a structural element in crystalline phases, but is nevertheless believed to play a central role in many dynamic processes that occur in silicates. For example, pentacoordinate silicon is probably a component of aluminosilicate melts and glasses at mantle temperatures and pressures(1,2), where it will dominate their transport properties(3-6); it is also believe to act as an intermediate activated state during oxygen diffusion in silicate minerals(7,8). Here we report the complete structure determination of an inorganic crystalline silicate-CaSi2O5-containing SiO5 groups. Our results confirm the previous attribution(1,2,9) of peaks in the Si-29 NMR spectrum of this material to the presence of pentacoordinate silicon, and the detailed geometry that we determine for the SiO5 group should provide a firm basis for characterizing and quantifying the role of pentacoordinate silicon in silicate melts and glasses.
C1 UCL, DEPT GEOL SCI, LONDON WC1E 6BT, ENGLAND.
C3 University of London; University College London
RP Angel, RJ (corresponding author), UNIV BAYREUTH, BAYER GEOINST, POSTFACH 101251, D-95440 BAYREUTH, GERMANY.
NR 24
TC 93
Z9 98
U1 2
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 441
EP 444
DI 10.1038/384441a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Smith, PL
   Baukrowitz, T
   Yellen, G
AF Smith, PL
   Baukrowitz, T
   Yellen, G
TI The inward rectification mechanism of the HERG cardiac potassium channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID k+ channels; inactivation; cells
AB A human genetic defect associated with 'long Q-T syndrome', an abnormality of cardiac rhythm involving the repolarization of the action potential, was recently found to lie in the HERG gene, which codes for a potassium channel(1). The HERG K+ channel is unusual in that it seems to have the architectural plan of the depolarization-activated K+ channel family (six putative transmembrane segments), yet it exhibits rectification like that of the inward-rectifying K+ channels, a family with different molecular structure (two transmembrane segments)(2-4). We have studied HERG channels expressed in mammalian cells and find that this inward rectification arises from a rapid and voltage-dependent inactivation process that reduces conductance at positive voltages. The inactivation gating mechanism resembles that of C-type inactivation, often considered to be the 'slow inactivation' mechanism of other K+ channels. The characteristics of this gating suggest a specific role for this channel in the normal suppression of arrhythmias.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02114.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOSTON,MA 02114.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01 NS029693] Funding Source: Medline
NR 24
TC 667
Z9 750
U1 0
U2 49
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 833
EP 836
DI 10.1038/379833a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100061
PM 8587608
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grun, E
   Baguhl, M
   Hamilton, DP
   Riemann, R
   Zook, HA
   Dermott, S
   Fechtig, H
   Gustafson, BA
   Hanner, MS
   Horanyi, M
   Khurana, KK
   Kissel, J
   Kivelson, M
   Lindblad, BA
   Linkert, D
   Linkert, G
   Mann, I
   McDonnell, JAM
   Morfill, GE
   Polanskey, C
   Schwehm, G
   Srama, R
AF Grun, E
   Baguhl, M
   Hamilton, DP
   Riemann, R
   Zook, HA
   Dermott, S
   Fechtig, H
   Gustafson, BA
   Hanner, MS
   Horanyi, M
   Khurana, KK
   Kissel, J
   Kivelson, M
   Lindblad, BA
   Linkert, D
   Linkert, G
   Mann, I
   McDonnell, JAM
   Morfill, GE
   Polanskey, C
   Schwehm, G
   Srama, R
TI Constraints from Galileo observations on the origin of Jovian dust streams
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID jupiter; ejection; grains
AB THE Ulysses spacecraft detected streams of sub-micrometre-sized dust particles as it approached Jupiter in 1992(1,2), Although interplanetary space was known to contain dust, the presence of discrete streams was completely unexpected, The directions from which the dust grains struck the spacecraft strongly suggested that the source lay somewhere within the Jupiter system, Three origins were proposed, the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (ref, 3), Jupiter's gossamer ring(4), and the volcanoes on Io(5), but there was no definitive evidence for or against any of the options. Here we report the detection by the Galileo spacecraft of even more intense dust streams-including three intense dust storms of month-long duration, with impact rates up to 10 times higher than those observed by Ulysses, Our analysis of the data confirms that the dust streams originate near Jupiter; rye are able to rule out a cometary origin, but cannot yet determine conclusively whether the dust comes from Io or the ring.
C1 UNIV MARYLAND,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742.
   NASA,LYNDON B JOHNSON SPACE CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77058.
   UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   UNIV COLORADO,ATMOSPHER & SPACE PHYS LAB,BOULDER,CO 80309.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024.
   LUND OBSERV,LUND 221,SWEDEN.
   MAX PLANCK INST AERON,D-37191 KATLENBURG DUHM,GERMANY.
   UNIV KENT,CANTERBURY CT2 7NR,KENT,ENGLAND.
   MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
   EUROPEAN SPACE TECHNOL CTR,2200 AG NOORDWIJK,NETHERLANDS.
C3 University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Johnson Space Center; State University System of Florida; University of Florida; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Boulder; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; Lund University; Max Planck Society; University of Kent; Max Planck Society; European Space Agency; European Space Research & Technology Centre
RP Grun, E (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST KERNPHYS,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
NR 15
TC 51
Z9 52
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 395
EP 398
DI 10.1038/381395a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Biver, N
   Rauer, H
   Despois, D
   Moreno, R
   Paubert, G
   BockeleeMorvan, D
   Colom, P
   Crovisier, J
   Gerard, E
   Jorda, L
AF Biver, N
   Rauer, H
   Despois, D
   Moreno, R
   Paubert, G
   BockeleeMorvan, D
   Colom, P
   Crovisier, J
   Gerard, E
   Jorda, L
TI Substantial outgassing of CO from comet Hale-Bopp at large heliocentric distance
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB When comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) was discovered(1), at a distance of seven astronomical units from the Sun, it was more than one hundred times brighter than comet Halley at the same distance. A comet's brightness is derived from the reflection of sunlight from dust grains driven away from the nucleus by the sublimation of volatile ices. Near the Sun, sublimation of water ice (a main constituent of comet nuclei) is the source of cometary activity; but at its current heliocentric distance, Hale-Bopp is too cold for this process to operate. Other comets have shown activity at large distances(2), and in the case of comet Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, carbon monoxide has been detected in quantities sufficient to generate its observed coma(3,4). Here we report the detection of CO emission from Hale-Bopp, at levels indicating a very large rate of outgassing. Several other volatile species were searched for, but not detected. Sublimation of CO therefore appears to be responsible for the present activity of this comet, and we anticipate that future observations will reveal the onset of sublimation of other volatile species as the comet continues its present journey towards the Sun.
C1 OBSERV BORDEAUX, F-33270 FLOIRAC, FRANCE.
   IRAM, E-18012 GRANADA, SPAIN.
C3 Universite de Bordeaux
RP Biver, N (corresponding author), OBSERV PARIS, F-92195 MEUDON, FRANCE.
NR 21
TC 63
Z9 64
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 14
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6570
BP 137
EP 139
DI 10.1038/380137a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TZ978
UT WOS:A1996TZ97800042
PM 8600385
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Metcalfe, N
   Shanks, T
   Campos, A
   Fong, R
   Gardner, JP
AF Metcalfe, N
   Shanks, T
   Campos, A
   Fong, R
   Gardner, JP
TI Galaxy formation at high redshifts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID evolution; counts; field; telescope
AB SENSITIVE optical surveys have revealed(1) a large population of 'faint blue galaxies', which are believed to be young galaxies observed close to their time of formation(2). But there has been considerable uncertainty regarding the epochs at which these galaxies are observed, owing to the difficulties inherent in determining spectroscopic redshifts for very faint objects. Here, by modelling the numbers and colours of galaxies at the faintest detection limits, we show that the faint blue galaxies are likely to lie at high redshift (z approximate to 2). This conclusion holds regardless of whether the Universe is assumed to be open of at the critical density (flat). In an open universe, the data are consistent with galaxy models in which star formation rates decay exponentially with decreasing redshift, whereas the assumption of a flat universe requires the addition of a population of galaxies which are seen only at high redshift.
C1 UNIV DURHAM, DEPT PHYS, DURHAM DH1 3LE, ENGLAND.
C3 Durham University
NR 29
TC 67
Z9 67
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 236
EP 239
DI 10.1038/383236a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lloyd, SE
   Pearce, SHS
   Fisher, SE
   Steinmeyer, K
   Schwappach, B
   Scheinman, SJ
   Harding, B
   Bolino, A
   Devoto, M
   Goodyer, P
   Rigden, SPA
   Wrong, O
   Jentsch, TJ
   Craig, IW
   Thakker, RV
AF Lloyd, SE
   Pearce, SHS
   Fisher, SE
   Steinmeyer, K
   Schwappach, B
   Scheinman, SJ
   Harding, B
   Bolino, A
   Devoto, M
   Goodyer, P
   Rigden, SPA
   Wrong, O
   Jentsch, TJ
   Craig, IW
   Thakker, RV
TI A common molecular basis for three inherited kidney stone diseases
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID linked recessive nephrolithiasis; muscle chloride channel; expression; mutations; gene
AB KIDNEY stones (nephrolithiasis), which affect 12% of males and 5% of females in the western world, are familial in 45% of patients(1,2) and are most commonly associated with hypercalciuria(1). Three disorders of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis (Dent's disease(3), X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis (XRN)(4), and X-linked recessive hypophosphataemic rickets (XLRH)(5)) have been mapped to Xp11.22 (refs 5-7). A microdeletion(6) in one Dent's disease kindred allowed the identification of a candidate gene, CLCN5 (refs 8,9) which encodes a putative renal chloride channel. Here we report the investigation of 11 kindreds with these renal tubular disorders for CLCN5 abnormalities; this identified three nonsense, four missense and two donor splice site mutations, together with one intragenic deletion and one microdeletion encompassing the entire gene. Heterologous expression of wild-type CLCN5 in Xenopus oocytes yielded outwardly rectifying chloride currents, which were either abolished or markedly reduced by the mutations. The common aetiology for Dent's disease, XRN and XLRH indicates that CLCN5 may be involved in other renal tubular disorders associated with kidney stones.
C1 HAMMERSMITH HOSP,ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,MRC,MOLEC ENDOCRINOL GRP,LONDON W12 0NN,ENGLAND.
   UNIV OXFORD,GENET LAB,OXFORD OX1 3QU,ENGLAND.
   UNIV HAMBURG,CTR MOLEC NEUROBIOL,D-20246 HAMBURG,GERMANY.
   SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MED,SYRACUSE,NY 13210.
   IST GIANNINA GASLINI,GENET MOLEC LAB,I-16148 GENOA,ITALY.
   HOP MONTREAL ENFANTS,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA.
   GUYS HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT NEPHROL,LONDON SE1 9RT,ENGLAND.
   MIDDLESEX HOSP,DEPT NEPHROL,LONDON W1N 8AA,ENGLAND.
C3 Imperial College London; University of Oxford; University of Hamburg; State University of New York (SUNY) System; SUNY Upstate Medical University; University of Genoa; IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini; Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; University of London; University College London
NR 28
TC 609
Z9 649
U1 0
U2 44
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 445
EP 449
DI 10.1038/379445a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400058
PM 8559248
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bilwes, AM
   denHertog, J
   Hunter, T
   Noel, JP
AF Bilwes, AM
   denHertog, J
   Hunter, T
   Noel, JP
TI Structural basis for inhibition of receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase-alpha by dimerization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID crystal-structure; recognition; ligand; phosphorylation; environment; system; 1b
AB RECEPTOR-LIKE protein-tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), like their non-receptor counterparts, regulate the level of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins derived from the action of protein-tyrosine kinases(1). RPTPs are type-I integral membrane proteins which contain one or two catalytic domains in their cytoplasmic region(2). It is not known whether extracellular ligands regulate the activity of RPTPs. Here we describe the crystal structure of the membrane-proximal catalytic domain (D1) of a typical RPTP, murine RPTP alpha. Significant structural deviations from the PTP1B fold reside within the amino-terminal hells-turn-helix segment of RPTP alpha D1 (residues 214 to 242) and a distinctive two stranded beta-sheet formed between residues 211-213 and 458-461. The turn of the N-terminal segment inserts into the active site of a dyad-related D1 monomer. On the basis of two independent crystal structures, sequence alignments, and the reported biological activity of EGF receptor/CD45 chimaeras(3), we propose that dimerization and active-site blockage is a physiologically important mechanism for downregulating the catalytic activity of RPTP alpha and other RBTPs.
C1 SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,STRUCT BIOL LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,MOL BIOL & VIROL LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
   NETHERLANDS INST DEV BIOL,NL-3584 CT UTRECHT,NETHERLANDS.
C3 Salk Institute; Salk Institute; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts & Sciences; Hubrecht Institute (KNAW)
NR 28
TC 292
Z9 337
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 8
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6591
BP 555
EP 559
DI 10.1038/382555a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VB258
UT WOS:A1996VB25800055
PM 8700232
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petridou, E
   Trichopoulos, D
   Dessypris, N
   Flytzani, V
   Haidas, S
   Kalmanti, M
   Koliouskas, D
   Kosmidis, H
   Piperopoulou, F
   Tzortzatou, F
AF Petridou, E
   Trichopoulos, D
   Dessypris, N
   Flytzani, V
   Haidas, S
   Kalmanti, M
   Koliouskas, D
   Kosmidis, H
   Piperopoulou, F
   Tzortzatou, F
TI Infant leukaemia after in utero exposure to radiation from Chernobyl
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID childhood leukemia; reactor accident; oncogene; fallout; britain; cancer; sweden
AB THERE has been no documented increase in childhood leukaemia following the Chernobyl accident. However, different forms of childhood leukaemia may not be equally susceptible to radiation carcinogenesis. Infant leukaemia is a distinct form associated with a specific genetic abnormality. Outside the former Soviet Union, contamination resulting from the Chernobyl accident has been highest in Greece and Austria and high also in the Scandinavian countries(1-4). All childhood leukaemia cases diagnosed throughout Greece since 1 January 1980 have been recorded. Here we report that infants exposed in utero to ionizing radiation from the Chernobyl accident had 2.6 limes the incidence of leukaemia compared to unexposed children (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 5.1; P approximate to 0.003), and those born to mothers residing in regions with high radioactive fallout were at higher risk of developing infant leukaemia. No significant difference in leukaemia incidence was found among children aged 12 to 47 months. Preconceptional irradiation had no demonstrable effect on leukaemia risk at any of the studied age groups.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,CTR CANC PREVENT,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   AGIA SOPHIA CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT HAEMATOL ONCOL,ATHENS 11527,GREECE.
   UNIV ATHENS,SCH MED,DEPT HYG & EPIDEMIOL,ATHENS 11527,GREECE.
   UNIV HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT HAEMATOL ONCOL,IRAKLION 71500,GREECE.
   HIPPOKRATEION HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT HAEMATOL ONCOL,THESSALONIKI 54642,GREECE.
   AGLAIA KYRIAKOU CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT HAEMATOL ONCOL,ATHENS 11527,GREECE.
   AHEPA HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT HAEMATOL ONCOL,THESSALONIKI 54636,GREECE.
   UNIV ATHENS,AGIA SOPHIA CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PAEDIAT 1,ONCOL UNIT,ATHENS 11527,GREECE.
C3 Harvard University; The Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; University of Patras; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Ahepa University Hospital; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; The Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital
NR 28
TC 100
Z9 110
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 352
EP 353
DI 10.1038/382352a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000051
PM 8684463
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tortell, PD
   Maldonado, MT
   Price, NM
AF Tortell, PD
   Maldonado, MT
   Price, NM
TI The role of heterotrophic bacteria in iron-limited ocean ecosystems
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID sub-arctic pacific; phytoplankton growth; marine-phytoplankton; biomass; rates; bacterioplankton; deficiency; limitation; plankton; dynamics
AB IRON availability limits phytoplankton growth in large areas of the world's oceans(1-3) and may influence the strength of the biological carbon pump(4-5). Very little is known of the iron requirements of oceanic heterotrophic bacteria, which constitute up to 50% of the total particulate organic carbon in open ocean waters(6,7) and are important in carbon cycling as remineralizers of dissolved organic matter and hence producers of CO2 (ref. 8). Here we report that oceanic bacteria contain more iron per biomass than phytoplankton. Tn the subarctic Pacific, they constitute a large fraction of biogenic iron and account for 20-45% of biological iron uptake, Bacterial iron quotas in the field are similar to those of iran-deficient laboratory cultures, which exhibit reduced electron transport, slow growth, and low carbon growth efficiency. Heterotrophic bacteria therefore play a major role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron. In situ iron limitation of heterotrophic metabolism may have profound effects on carbon Bur in the ocean.
C1 MCGILL UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MONTREAL,PQ H3A 1B1,CANADA.
C3 McGill University
NR 29
TC 239
Z9 273
U1 1
U2 80
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 330
EP 332
DI 10.1038/383330a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900042
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuida, K
   Zheng, TS
   Na, SQ
   Kuan, CY
   Yang, D
   Karasuyama, H
   Rakic, P
   Flavell, RA
AF Kuida, K
   Zheng, TS
   Na, SQ
   Kuan, CY
   Yang, D
   Karasuyama, H
   Rakic, P
   Flavell, RA
TI Decreased apoptosis in the brain and premature lethality in CPP32-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID programmed cell-death; chick-embryo; spinal-cord; phosphatidylserine; inhibition; migration; protease; elegans
AB PROGRAMMED cell death (apoptosis) is a prominent feature of the development of the immune and nervous systems(1,2). The identification of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene, ced-3, as a prototype of the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) protease family has led to extensive evidence implicating these enzymes in apoptosis(3,4). Among the ten or more members of the ICE protease family, CPP32/yama/apopain(5-7) exhibits the highest similarity to CED-3 in both sequence homolog and substrate specificity(8). To analyse its function in vivo, we generated CPP32-deficient mice by homologous recombination, These mice, horn at a frequency lower than expected by mendelian genetics, mere smaller than their Littermates and died at 1-3 weeks of age, Although their thymocytes retained normal susceptibility to various apoptotic stimuli, brain development in CPP32-deficient mice was profoundly affected, and discernible by embryonic day 12, resulting in a variety of hyperplasias and disorganized cell deployment, These supernumerary cells were postmitotic and terminally differentiated by the postnatal stage, Pyknotic clusters at sites of major morphogenetic change during normal brain development(9) were not observed in the mutant embryos, indicating decreased apoptosis in the absence of CPP32. Thus CPP32 is shown to play a critical role during morphogenetic cell death(9,10) in the mammalian brain.
C1 YALE UNIV,SCH MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,IMMUNOBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,NEUROBIOL SECT,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   TOKYO METROPOLITAN INST MED SCI,DEPT IMMUNOL,BUNKYO KU,TOKYO 113,JAPAN.
C3 Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Yale University; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
NR 30
TC 1687
Z9 1898
U1 1
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 368
EP 372
DI 10.1038/384368a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100052
PM 8934524
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kitson, J
   Raven, T
   Jiang, YP
   Goeddel, DV
   Giles, KM
   Pun, KT
   Grinham, CJ
   Brown, R
   Farrow, SN
AF Kitson, J
   Raven, T
   Jiang, YP
   Goeddel, DV
   Giles, KM
   Pun, KT
   Grinham, CJ
   Brown, R
   Farrow, SN
TI A death-domain-containing receptor that mediates apoptosis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tumor-necrosis-factor; tnf receptor; cell-death; protein; interacts; fas; system; yeast
AB THE cell-killing effects of the cytokines TNF-alpha and Fast are mediated by the distinct cell-surface receptors TNFR1, TNFR2 and Fas (also known as CD95/APO-1), which are all members of a receptor superfamily that is important for regulating cell survival(1-4). The cytoplasmic regions of TNFR1 and Fas contain a conserved 'death' domain which is an essential component of the signal pathway that triggers apoptosis and activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B (refs 5, 6). Here we report the isolation of a 54K receptor that is a new member of the TNFR superfamily, using the death domain of TNFR1 in a yeast two-hybrid system(7,8). This protein, WSL-1, is most similar to TNFR1 itself, particularly in the death-domain region, The gene wsl-1 is capable of inducing apoptosis when transfected into 3T3 and 293 cells, and can also activate NF-kappa B in 293 cells, Like TNFR1, WSL-1 will homodimerize in yeast. WSL-1 also interacts specifically with the TNFR1-associated molecule TRADD(9). The tissue distribution is very restricted and significantly different from that of Fas and TNFR1.
C1 GLAXO WELLCOME MED RES CTR,CELL BIOL UNIT,STEVENAGE SG1 2NY,HERTS,ENGLAND.
   TULARIK INC,S SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94080.
C3 GlaxoSmithKline; Glaxosmithkline United Kingdom; Tularik, Inc.
NR 22
TC 293
Z9 355
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 372
EP 375
DI 10.1038/384372a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100053
PM 8934525
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Anderson, RM
   Donnelly, CA
   Ferguson, NM
   Woolhouse, MEJ
   Watt, CJ
   Udy, HJ
   MaWhinney, S
   Dunstan, SP
   Southwood, TRE
   Wilesmith, JW
   Ryan, JBM
   Hoinville, LJ
   Hillerton, JE
   Austin, AR
   Wells, GAH
AF Anderson, RM
   Donnelly, CA
   Ferguson, NM
   Woolhouse, MEJ
   Watt, CJ
   Udy, HJ
   MaWhinney, S
   Dunstan, SP
   Southwood, TRE
   Wilesmith, JW
   Ryan, JBM
   Hoinville, LJ
   Hillerton, JE
   Austin, AR
   Wells, GAH
TI Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of BSE in British cattle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID bovine spongiform encephalopathy; scrapie; sheep; optimization; mice; prp; variables; gene
AB A comprehensive analysis of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in cattle in Great Britain assesses past, present and future patterns in the incidence of infection and disease, and allows a critical appraisal of different culling policies for eradication of the disease.
C1 UNIV COLORADO, HLTH SCI CTR, DEPT PREVENT MED & BIOMETR, DENVER, CO 80262 USA.
   CENT VET LAB, ADDLESTONE KT15 3NB, SURREY, ENGLAND.
   INST ANIM HLTH, COMPTON NG20 7NN, BERKS, ENGLAND.
C3 University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; UK Research & Innovation (UKRI); Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); Pirbright Institute
RP Anderson, RM (corresponding author), UNIV OXFORD, DEPT ZOOL, CTR EPIDEMIOL INFECT DIS, OXFORD OX1 3PS, ENGLAND.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 55
TC 502
Z9 549
U1 0
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 779
EP 788
DI 10.1038/382779a0
PG 10
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700038
PM 8752271
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wittmer, JP
   Claudin, P
   Cates, ME
   Bouchaud, JP
AF Wittmer, JP
   Claudin, P
   Cates, ME
   Bouchaud, JP
TI An explanation for the central stress minimum in sand piles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID granular pile
AB A KEY component of a continuum-mechanical description of a sand pile (viewed as an assembly of hard particles in frictional contact) is the requirement of stress continuity-the forces acting on a small element of material must balance. But an additional physical postulate is required to close the equations. Standard continuum approaches postulate that the material is everywhere just at the point of slip failure(1,2). But these approaches have been unable to explain a startling experimental observation(3)-that the weight exerted by a conical sand pile on a surface has a minimum, not a maximum, below the apex. Here we propose a new closure, which embodies an intuitive model of arching(4,5) within a fully consistent continuum theory. Our assumption is that the principal stress axes have a fixed angle of inclination to the vertical. In two dimensions, this is sufficient to close the equations, In three dimensions, a second closure relation is required, but our results are relatively insensitive to the choice made. Our model, which contains no adjustable parameters, can account for the vertical stress distribution in real sand piles. This supports the idea that stresses propagate within a granular medium according to local rules that depend on its construction history.
C1 UNIV EDINBURGH,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,EDINBURGH EH9 3JZ,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
   CAVENDISH LAB,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND.
   CEA ORMES MERISIERS,SERV PHYS ETAT CONDENSE,F-91191 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE.
C3 University of Edinburgh; University of Cambridge; Universite Paris Saclay; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
NR 18
TC 188
Z9 215
U1 0
U2 35
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 336
EP 338
DI 10.1038/382336a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moore, JK
   Haber, JE
AF Moore, JK
   Haber, JE
TI Capture of retrotransposon DNA at the sites of chromosomal double-strand breaks
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; reverse transcription; nucleotide-sequence; ty element; yeast; recombination; mechanisms; evolution; repair; rna
AB NON-HOMOLOGOUS repair of broken chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae san be studied at a defined location by expressing the site-specific HO endonuclease that cuts the mating-type (MAT) locus. When homologous recombination is prevented, most double-strand breaks are repaired by non-homologous end-joinings similar to those observed in mammalian cells. About 1% of non-homologous repair events were exceptional, having 'captured' approximately 100 base pairs of DNA within the HO cleavage site. In each case, the insertion came from yeast's retrotransposon Ty1 element. Four of the five contained the R-U5 region, which is the first part of Ty1 messenger RNA to be converted to complementary DNA. The capture of cDNA fragments at fhe sites of double-strand breaks may account for the way that pseudogenes and long and short interspersed sequences (LINES and SINES) have been inserted at many locations in the mammalian genome.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,ROSENSTIEL CTR,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
   BRANDEIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
C3 Brandeis University; Brandeis University
NR 22
TC 212
Z9 237
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 644
EP 646
DI 10.1038/383644a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500060
PM 8857544
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Lohmann, KJ
   Lohmann, CMF
AF Lohmann, KJ
   Lohmann, CMF
TI Detection of magnetic field intensity by sea turtles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID geomagnetic-field; caretta-caretta; migration; respond
AB Whether migratory animals can determine their global position by detecting features of the Earth's magnetic field has long been debated(1-4). To do this an animal must perceive (at least) two distinct magnetic parameters, each of which must vary in a different direction across the Earth's surface(3,5). There has been no evidence that any animal can perceive two such magnetic features, and whether 'magnetic maps' exist at all has remained controversial(2-6). Several populations of sea turtles(7-9) undergo transoceanic migrations before returning to nest on or near the same beaches where they themselves hatched. Along the migratory routes, all or most locations have unique combinations of magnetic field intensity and held line inclination. It has been demonstrated that hatchling loggerhead turtles can distinguish between different magnetic inclination angles(10). Here we report that turtles can also distinguish between different field intensities found along their migratory route. Thus sea turtles possess the minimal sensory abilities necessary to approximate global position using a bicoordinate magnetic map.
RP Lohmann, KJ (corresponding author), UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT BIOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27599 USA.
NR 28
TC 196
Z9 227
U1 1
U2 94
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 59
EP 61
DI 10.1038/380059a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Duchosal, MA
   Rothermel, AL
   McConahey, PJ
   Dixon, FJ
   Altieri, DC
AF Duchosal, MA
   Rothermel, AL
   McConahey, PJ
   Dixon, FJ
   Altieri, DC
TI In vivo immunosuppression by targeting a novel protease receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID severe combined immunodeficiency; versus-host disease; b-cell lymphomas; pbl-scid mice; lymphoproliferative disease; t-cells; activation; pathogenesis; generation; mechanism
AB MEMBRANE receptors for blood proteases govern the clotting(1) and fibrinolytic(2) cascades, regulate signal transduction(3,4), and control the growth of mesenchymal cells(5,6). Despite their importance in the development of vascular injury(7), it is unclear whether these mechanisms participate in the generation of an immune response. Here we report that targeting a factor Xa receptor, designated effector cell protease receptor-1 (EPR-1), with antisense oligonucleotide or with a monoclonal antibody (mAb 2E1)(8) inhibited CD3/T-cell receptor-dependent lymphocyte proliferation. Immunosuppression was mediated by abolishing cytokine production and down-modulating membrane expression of the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor. In vivo administration of mAb 2E1 to severe-combined-immunodeficient mice injected with human peripheral blood leukocytes suppressed production of human immunoglobulin, abolished graft-versus-host disease, and protected these xenochimaeric mice from Epstein-Barr-virus-induced human lymphoproliferative disease. These observations indicate a new role for protease receptors in the regulation of the immune response, and identify a potential target for therapeutic immunosuppression in humans.
C1 RW JOHNSON PHARMACEUT RES INST, RARITAN, NJ 08869 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT IMMUNOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   YALE UNIV, BOYER CTR MOLEC MED, DEPT PATHOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06536 USA.
C3 Johnson & Johnson; Johnson & Johnson USA; Scripps Research Institute; Yale University
RP Duchosal, MA (corresponding author), CHU VAUDOIS, DEPT INTERNAL MED, DIV HAEMATOL, CH-1011 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND.
NR 28
TC 26
Z9 29
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 352
EP 356
DI 10.1038/380352a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900062
PM 8598931
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU DeVita, A
   Galli, G
   Canning, A
   Car, R
AF DeVita, A
   Galli, G
   Canning, A
   Car, R
TI A microscopic model for surface-induced diamond-to-graphite transitions
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pseudopotentials; hydrogenation; dynamics
AB GRAPHITIZATION of diamond at ambient pressure,vas first observed in the 1920s(1,2), but the mechanisms responsible for this transformation and, in particular, those underlying the nucleation and growth of graphite in diamond, remain controversial(3-5). In addition to their fundamental interest, these processes have technological relevance-for example, for the growth by chemical vapour deposition(6) of diamond-like films, which sometimes include graphitic islands(7), Here we report the results of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of a surface-induced diamond-to-graphite transition, which provide a microscopic model for the early stages of the graphitization process, We find that a well defined diamond/graphite interface forms during the transition; the electronic properties of the atoms at this interface suggest that they are highly chemically active sites. In addition to its relevance to graphite inclusion in diamond films, our model should yield insight into the process of selective etching in vapour-deposited carbon films, and possibly also into diamond nucleation.
C1 CRAY RES INC,LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
RP DeVita, A (corresponding author), IN ECUBLENS,INST ROMAND RECH NUMER PHYS MAT,CH-1015 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND.
NR 29
TC 121
Z9 131
U1 2
U2 69
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 8
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6565
BP 523
EP 526
DI 10.1038/379523a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TU693
UT WOS:A1996TU69300044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pichel, JG
   Shen, LY
   Sheng, HZ
   Granholm, AC
   Drago, J
   Grinberg, A
   Lee, EJ
   Huang, SP
   Saarma, M
   Hoffer, BJ
   Sariola, H
   Westphal, H
AF Pichel, JG
   Shen, LY
   Sheng, HZ
   Granholm, AC
   Drago, J
   Grinberg, A
   Lee, EJ
   Huang, SP
   Saarma, M
   Hoffer, BJ
   Sariola, H
   Westphal, H
TI Defects in enteric innervation and kidney development in mice lacking GDNF
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID embryonic stem-cells; lethality; gene
AB GLIAL-CELL-LINE-DERIVED neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been isolated as a neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons(1). Because of its neurotrophic activity on a wide range of neuronal populations in vitro and in vivo(2-11), GDNF is being considered as a potential therapeutic agent for neuronal disorders(2,3,12). During mammalian development, it is expressed not only in the nervous system, but also very prominently in the metanephric kidney and the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting possible functions during organogenesis(7,11,13,14). We have investigated the role of GDNF during development by generating a null mutation in the murine GDNF locus, and found that mutant mice show kidney agenesis or dysgenesis and defective enteric innervation. We demonstrate that GDNF induces ureter bud formation and branching during metanephros development, and is essential for proper innervation of the gastrointestinal tract.
C1 NIH,LAB MAMMALIAN GENET & DEV,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DENVER,CO 80262.
   UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT BASIC DENT SCI,DENVER,CO 80262.
   MONASH UNIV,DEPT ANAT,CLAYTON,VIC 3168,AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV HELSINKI,BIOCTR 1,PROGRAM MOL NEUROBIOL,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
   UNIV HELSINKI,BIOCTR 1,PROGRAM DEV BIOL,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
   UNIV HELSINKI,CHILDRENS HOSP,LAB PEDIAT PATHOL,FIN-00380 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado System; University of Colorado Denver; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Monash University; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki
NR 30
TC 971
Z9 1077
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 73
EP 76
DI 10.1038/382073a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300056
PM 8657307
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ash, RD
   Knott, SF
   Turner, G
AF Ash, RD
   Knott, SF
   Turner, G
TI A 4-Gyr shock age for a Martian meteorite and implications for the cratering history of Mars
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thermal history; chronology; shergotty
AB Analyses of meteorites that originated on Mars provide important insights into the geological and atmospheric evolution of the planet. Such analyses have hitherto been restricted to relatively young martian rocks' (the oldest martian meteorites have an age of approximately 1.3 billion years). But the recently recognized(2) martian meteorite, Allan Hills 84001, which is distinct from the other martian meteorites(2-4), shows evidence for a much older age(5,6). Here we report an analysis of the shock-alteration history of this meteorite based on argon isotope dating, from which we derive a shock age of 4.0+/-0.1 billion years. The age and geological history of this meteorite suggest that it came from the heavily cratered Noachian-age terrains of Mars's southern hemisphere, and it may thus provide an absolute chronology for this region of the planet, independent of that inferred from the cratering record. The shock age of the meteorite also coincides with that of the so-called Lunar Cataclysm (a relatively short period during which many of the craters on the Moon are believed to have formed), supporting the idea(7) that intense bombardment was widespread throughout the inner Solar System between 3.9 and 4.1 billion years ago.
C1 AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,NEW YORK,NY 10024.
C3 American Museum of Natural History (AMNH)
RP Ash, RD (corresponding author), UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT EARTH SCI,OXFORD RD,MANCHESTER M13 9PL,LANCS,ENGLAND.
NR 27
TC 90
Z9 90
U1 0
U2 6
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 57
EP 59
DI 10.1038/380057a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700053
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Grall, RR
   Coles, WA
   Klinglesmith, MT
   Breen, AR
   Williams, PJS
   Markkanen, J
   Esser, R
AF Grall, RR
   Coles, WA
   Klinglesmith, MT
   Breen, AR
   Williams, PJS
   Markkanen, J
   Esser, R
TI Rapid acceleration of the polar solar wind
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alfven waves; velocity
AB THE solar wind is a supersonic outflow of coronal plasma into interplanetary space, and is the agent that carries solar disturbances to the Earth. Direct measurements of the wind speed over a range of distances-from the orbit of Mercury(1) to beyond the outermost planets(2) and now over the solar poles(3)-show that the acceleration is largely complete by 70 solar radii (R(.)). But there are no direct measurements nearer the Sun with which to constrain theoretical models of the acceleration. In principle, the speed of the solar wind in the acceleration region can be inferred by indirect methods such as radio scattering, but this is not straightforward as these data provide a measure of the wind properties integrated along the lines of sight. Here we report radio-scattering measurements of the speed of the south polar stream which have been corrected for this path integration, and also for the potential bias due to the presence of plasma waves. Our results indicate that the acceleration of the polar wind is almost complete by 10 R(.), much closer to the Sun than had been expected(4). This suggests that the acceleration of the sofar wind and the heating of the solar corona occur in essentially the same region, and thus that the underlying mechanisms may be strongly linked(5).
C1 UNIV WALES, DEPT PHYS, ABERYSTWYTH, DYFED, WALES.
   EISCAT, GEOPHYS OBSERV, SF-99600 SODANKYLA, FINLAND.
   HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CTR ASTROPHYS, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Aberystwyth University; Smithsonian Institution; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Harvard University
RP Grall, RR (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA.
NR 25
TC 180
Z9 184
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 429
EP 432
DI 10.1038/379429a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Planz, O
   Seiler, P
   Hengartner, H
   Zinkernagel, RM
AF Planz, O
   Seiler, P
   Hengartner, H
   Zinkernagel, RM
TI Specific cytoxic T cells eliminate cells producing neutralizing antibodies
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; b-cells; immune suppression; exogenous antigen; mice; immunosuppression; responses; infection; complex; aids
AB IN medically important infections with cytopathic viruses, neutralizing antibodies are generated within 6-14 days. in contrast, such protective antibodies appear late (50-150 days) after infection with immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in humans, or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in mice(1-6). However, during these infections, non-neutralizing antibodies appear much earlier(2,6,7). It has been proposed that T cells suppress antibody responses generally and against viruses in vitro(6,8-10). Here we show that the suppression of neutralizing-antibody responses in LCMV infections in mice is due to selective infection of neutralizing-antibody producing B cells by this non-cytopathic virus, and their subsequent destruction by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Such specific B-cell elimination that leads to a delay in neutralizing-antibody production could help to establish persistent virus infections by non-cytopathic viruses.
RP Planz, O (corresponding author), UNIV ZURICH,INST EXPT IMMUNOL,DEPT PATHOL,SCHMELZBERGSTR 12,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND.
NR 29
TC 79
Z9 86
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 726
EP 729
DI 10.1038/382726a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300053
PM 8751445
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Pattou, L
   Lorand, JP
   Gros, M
AF Pattou, L
   Lorand, JP
   Gros, M
TI Non-chondritic platinum-group element ratios in the Earth's mantle
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ariege northeastern pyrenees; siderophile; peridotites; abundance; spinel; origin; gold; chalcophile; palladium; iridium
AB THE Earth's upper mantle has an overabundance of highly siderophile elements (platinum-group elements, gold and rhenium), relative to what would be expected from equilibrium with the metallic core(1-3), This excess is now widely believed to have been introduced as a ''late veneer'' by meteorite bombardment during early Earth history, but after separation of the core(4), Here we report high-precision analyses of platinum-group elements (PGEs) from fertile upper-mantle lherzolites, which show variations in relative abundances that exceed those in the chondritic meteorites that are thought to have furnished the late veneer(5), In particular, the Pd/Ir ratio, at about 1.76, is significantly greater than that of known chondritic meteorites(6), Our results, combined with previous indications of both non-chondritic and nearly chondritic PGE ratios in the few other fertile mantle lherzolites that have been analysed(2,3,7-11), strongly suggest that the mantle is heterogeneous in its PGE content on scales of similar to 100 kilometres, If the observed PGE ratios can be reconciled with a plausible meteoritic source, the observed heterogeneity may reflect an original spatial variation in the late veneer; otherwise, an additional fractionation mechanism seems to be required.
RP Pattou, L (corresponding author), MUSEUM NATL HIST NAT,MINERAL LAB,CNRS,UA 736,61 RUE BUFFON,F-75005 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 35
TC 154
Z9 173
U1 0
U2 26
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 712
EP 715
DI 10.1038/379712a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hunt, TW
   Fields, TA
   Casey, PJ
   Peralta, EG
AF Hunt, TW
   Fields, TA
   Casey, PJ
   Peralta, EG
TI RCS10 is a selective activator of G alpha(i) GTPase activity
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID beta-gamma-subunits; g-protein; alpha; pathway
AB POLYPEPTIDES that define a protein family termed RGS (for regulators of G-protein signalling) are encoded by the SST2 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the EGL-10 gene of the nematode Caenorhabdatis elegans, and several related mammalian genes. Genetic studies in invertebrates and mammalian cell-transfection experiments indicate that RGS proteins negatively regulate signalling pathways involving seven transmembrane receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins(1-3). However, the biochemical mechanism by which RGS proteins control these pathways is unknown. Here we report the characterization of human RGS10, a member of this protein family. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that RGS10 associates specifically with the activated forms of two related G-protein subunits, G alpha(i3), and G alpha(z) but fails to interact with the structurally and functionally distinct G alpha(s) subunit. In vitro assays with purified proteins indicate that RGS10 increases potently and selectively the GTP hydrolytic activity of several members of the G alpha(i) family, including G alpha(i3), G alpha z and G alpha(o). These results demonstrate that RGS proteins can attenuate signalling pathways involving heterotrimeric G proteins by serving as GTPase-activating proteins for specific types of G alpha subunits.
C1 DUKE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MOL CANC BIOL, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA.
   DUKE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, DURHAM, NC 27710 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
C3 Duke University; Duke University; Harvard University
NR 23
TC 319
Z9 377
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 175
EP 177
DI 10.1038/383175a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800054
PM 8774883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cullings, KW
   Szaro, TM
   Bruns, TD
AF Cullings, KW
   Szaro, TM
   Bruns, TD
TI Evolution of extreme specialization within a lineage of ectomycorrhizal epiparasites
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID suillus-grevillei; associations; specificity; identification; fungi
AB MONOTROPES (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) are achlorophyllous, epiparasitic plants that receive all of their fixed carbon from green plants through a common ectomycorrhizal association rather than by a direct parasitic connection (Fig. 1)(1,2). Using molecular identification methods we show that some monotropes are highly specific in their fungal associations and at least one species, Pterospora andromedea, is specialized on a single species group within the genus Rhizopogon. Phylogenetic analysis of the Monotropoideae shows that specialization has been derived through narrowing of fungal associations within the lineage containing P. andromedea. High specificity is contrary to past predictions for the Monotropoideae and for plant communities in general, raising many questions about the roles of mycorrhizal specificity in ecosystem function.
C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720.
C3 University of California System; University of California Berkeley
NR 29
TC 106
Z9 118
U1 0
U2 22
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 63
EP 66
DI 10.1038/379063a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600054
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Armstrong, AR
   Bruce, PG
AF Armstrong, AR
   Bruce, PG
TI Synthesis of layered LiMnO2 as an electrode for rechargeable lithium batteries
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID insertion
AB RECHARGEABLE lithium batteries can store more than twice as much energy per unit weight and volume as other rechargeable batteries(1,2). They contain Lithium ions in an electrolyte, which shuttle back and forth between, and are intercalated by, the electrode materials. The first commercially successful rechargeable lithium battery(3), introduced by the Sony Corporation in 1990, consists of a carbon-based negative electrode, layered LiCoO2 as the positive electrode, and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. The high cost and toxicity of cobalt compounds, however, has prompted a search for alternative materials that intercalate lithium ions. One such is LiMn2O4, which has been much studied as a positive electrode material(4-7); the cost of manganese is less than 1% of that of cobalt, and it is less toxic. Here we report the synthesis and electrochemical performance of a new material, layered LiMnO2, which is structurally analogous to LiCoO2. The charge capacity of LiMnO2 (similar to 270 mA hg(1)) compares well with that of both LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 and preliminary results indicate good stability over repeated charge-discharge cycles.
RP Armstrong, AR (corresponding author), UNIV ST ANDREWS,SCH CHEM,ST ANDREWS KY16 9ST,FIFE,SCOTLAND.
NR 13
TC 1380
Z9 1578
U1 12
U2 1350
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 499
EP 500
DI 10.1038/381499a0
PG 2
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickason, RR
   Huston, DP
AF Dickason, RR
   Huston, DP
TI Creation of a biologically active interleukin-5 monomer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colony-stimulating factor; binding
AB INTERLEUKIN-5 (IL-5) specifically induces the differentiation of eosinophils, which are important in host defence and the patho genesis of allergies and asthma(1,2). Structurally, IL-5 is a unique member of the short-chain helical-bundle subfamily of cytokines whose canonical motif contains four helices (A-D) arranged in an up-up-down-down topology(3,4). In contrast to other subfamily members, which fold unimolecularly into a single helical bundle(5-8), IL-5 forms a pair of helical bundles by the interdigitation of two identical monomers that contribute a D helix to the other's A-C helices(3). We predicted that the lack of bioactivity by an IL-5 monomer(9) was due to a short loop between helices C and D which physically prevents unimolecular folding of helix D into a functionally obligate structural motif. Here we report that, by lengthening this loop, we have engineered an insertional mutant of IL-5 that was expressed as a monomer with biological activity similar to that of native IL-5. These studies demonstrate that all of the structural features necessary for IL-5 to function are contained within a single helical bundle.
C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
C3 Baylor College of Medicine
RP Dickason, RR (corresponding author), BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT MED, 1 BAYLOR PLAZA, FBRN B567, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
NR 19
TC 42
Z9 44
U1 0
U2 1
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 15
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6566
BP 652
EP 655
DI 10.1038/379652a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TV688
UT WOS:A1996TV68800056
PM 8628400
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ducy, P
   Desbois, C
   Boyce, B
   Pinero, G
   Story, B
   Dunstan, C
   Smith, E
   Bonadio, J
   Goldstein, S
   Gundberg, C
   Bradley, A
   Karsenty, G
AF Ducy, P
   Desbois, C
   Boyce, B
   Pinero, G
   Story, B
   Dunstan, C
   Smith, E
   Bonadio, J
   Goldstein, S
   Gundberg, C
   Bradley, A
   Karsenty, G
TI Increased bone formation in osteocalcin-deficient mice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID matrix gla protein; rat bone; mouse; expression; gene; interleukin-6; osteopontin; osteoclasts; marker; form
AB VERTEBRATES constantly remodel bone. The resorption of preexisting bone by osteoclasts and the formation of new hone by osteoblasts is strictly coordinated to maintain bone mass within defined limits. A fen molecular determinants of bone remodelling that affect osteoclast activity(1-3) have been characterized, bot the molecular determinants of osteoblast activity are unknown. To investigate the role of osteocalcin, the most abundant osteoblast-specific non-collagenous protein(4) we have generated osteocalcin-deficient mice. These mice develop a phenotype marked by higher bone mass and bones of Improved functional quality. Histomorphometric studies done before and after ovariectomy showed that the absence of osteocalcin leads to an increase in bone formation without impairing bone resorption. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that osteocalcin is a determinant of bone formation.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DEPT MOL GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PATHOL,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284.
   UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MED,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284.
   UNIV TEXAS,DENT BRANCH,DEPT BASIC SCI,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT ORTHOPAED,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109.
   YALE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ORTHOPAED,NEW HAVEN,CT 06510.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
   BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT MOL & HUMAN GENET,HOUSTON,TX 77030.
C3 University of Texas System; UTMD Anderson Cancer Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Texas System; University of Texas at San Antonio; University of Texas System; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; University of Michigan System; University of Michigan; Yale University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine
NR 25
TC 1373
Z9 1629
U1 0
U2 124
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 448
EP 452
DI 10.1038/382448a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100056
PM 8684484
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kaspi, VM
   Bailes, M
   Manchester, RN
   Stappers, BW
   Bell, JF
AF Kaspi, VM
   Bailes, M
   Manchester, RN
   Stappers, BW
   Bell, JF
TI Evidence from a processing pulsar orbit for a neutron-star birth kick
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radio pulsars; relativistic gravity; binary pulsar; psr 1913+16; constraints; spin
AB BIRTH 'kicks' to neutron stars, resulting from asymmetric supernova explosions, have been proposed to explain the high velocities of pulsars(1,2), the existence of companionless, high-velocity massive stars(3,4), and a putative Galactic halo of neutron stars(5). The kick hypothesis has been controversial, because most of the evidence for kicks is indirect, and a physical mechanism to produce asymmetric explosions is as yet unknown(6). Here we report five years of radio observations of the pulsar PSR J0045 - 7319, which is in an eccentric orbit around a B star(7). The data show significant deviations from a simple keplerian orbit, which we interpret as arising from advance of the pulsar's periastron and spin-orbiting coupling(8). Both effects arise because of the B star's rotationally induced equatorial bulge, however spin-orbit coupling requires the B star's spin axis to be inclined with respect to the orbital angular momentum vector; we find that the inclination angle is between 25 and 41 degrees. In the likely event that the angular momenta were aligned before the supernova explosion, this misalignment provides direct evidence that the neutron star received a kick at birth.
C1 CSIRO, AUSTRALIA TELESCOPE NATL FACIL, EPPING, NSW 2121, AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV MELBOURNE, SCH PHYS, PARKVILLE, VIC 3052, AUSTRALIA.
   ANU, MT STROMLO & SIDING SPRING OBSERV, WESTON, ACT 2611, AUSTRALIA.
   UNIV MANCHESTER, NUFFIELD RADIO ASTRON LABS, JODRELL BANK, MACCLESFIELD SK11 9DL, CHESHIRE, ENGLAND.
C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australia Telescope National Facility; University of Melbourne; Australian National University; University of Manchester; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics
RP Kaspi, VM (corresponding author), CALTECH, JET PROP LAB, IPAC, 770 S WILSON AVE, PASADENA, CA 91125 USA.
NR 29
TC 126
Z9 134
U1 0
U2 5
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 584
EP 586
DI 10.1038/381584a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700043
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Middleton, RE
   Pheasant, DJ
   Miller, C
AF Middleton, RE
   Pheasant, DJ
   Miller, C
TI Homodimeric architecture of a CIC-type chloride ion channel
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dominant myotonia-congenita; torpedo electroplax; acetylcholine-receptor; thomsen
AB THE recent discovery of the ClC-family of anion-conducting channel proteins(1-3) has led to an appreciation of the central roles played by chloride ion channels in cellular functions, such as electrical behaviour of muscle(4-7) and nerve(8) and epithelial solute transport(9). Little is known, however, about molecular architecture or sequence-function relationships in these membrane proteins, In the single case of ClC-0, a voltage-gated 'muscle-type' chloride channel, the functional complex is known to be a homo-oligomer of a polypeptide of M(r) similar to 90,000, with no associated 'helper' subunits(10). The subunit stoichiometry of ClC-type channels is controversial, however, with either dimeric or tetrameric association suggested by different indirect experiments(10,11). Before a coherent molecular view of this new class of ion channels can emerge, the fundamental question of subunit composition must first be settled, We have examined hybrid ClC-0 channels constructed from functionally tagged subunits, and report here that ClC-0 is a homodimer containing two chloride-conduction pores.
C1 BRANDEIS UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,GRAD DEPT BIOCHEM,WALTHAM,MA 02254.
C3 Brandeis University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 26
TC 228
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 337
EP 340
DI 10.1038/383337a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900045
PM 8848046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Tong, L
   Qian, CG
   Massariol, MJ
   Bonneau, PR
   Cordingley, MG
   Lagace, L
AF Tong, L
   Qian, CG
   Massariol, MJ
   Bonneau, PR
   Cordingley, MG
   Lagace, L
TI A new serine-protease fold revealed by the crystal structure of human cytomegalovirus protease
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID substrate; proteins
AB HUMAN cytomegalovirus (hCMV), a herpesvirus, infects up to 70% of the general population in the United States and can cause morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed individuals (organ-transplant recipients and AIDS patients) and congenitally infected newborns(1). hCMV protease is essential for the production of mature infectious virions, as it performs proteolytic processing near the carboxy terminus (M-site) of the viral assembly protein precursor (for a review, see ref. 2). hCMV protease is a serine protease(2), although it has little homology to other clans of serine proteases(2,3). Here we report the crystal structure of hCMV pretense at 2.0 Angstrom resolution, and show that it possesses a new polypeptide backbone fold. Ser 132 and His 63 are found in close proximity in the active site, confirming earlier biochemical and mutagenesis studies(2). The structure suggests that the third member of the triad is probably His 157. A dimer of the protease with an extensive interface is found in the crystal structure. This structure information will help in the design and optimization of inhibitors against herpesvirus proteases.
C1 BIOMEGA BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM RES INC,LAVAL,PQ H7S 2G5,CANADA.
C3 Boehringer Ingelheim
RP Tong, L (corresponding author), BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUT INC,90 E RIDGE POB 368,RIDGEFIELD,CT 06877, USA.
NR 23
TC 165
Z9 176
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 272
EP 275
DI 10.1038/383272a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500058
PM 8805706
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Trupp, M
   Arenas, E
   Fainzilber, M
   Nilsson, AS
   Sieber, BA
   Grigoriou, M
   Kilkenny, C
   SalazarGrueso, E
   Pachnis, V
   Arumae, U
   Sariola, H
   Saarma, M
   Ibanez, CF
AF Trupp, M
   Arenas, E
   Fainzilber, M
   Nilsson, AS
   Sieber, BA
   Grigoriou, M
   Kilkenny, C
   SalazarGrueso, E
   Pachnis, V
   Arumae, U
   Sariola, H
   Saarma, M
   Ibanez, CF
TI Functional receptor for GDNF encoded by the c-ret proto-oncogene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID line
AB GLIAL-CELL-LINE-DERIVED neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promotes the survival and phenotype of central dopaminergic(1,2), noradrenergic(3) and motor neurons(4-6), as well as various subpopulations of peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons(7,8). GDNF is structurally related to members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily(9), several members of which have well-characterized receptor systems(10,11); however, GDNF receptors still remain undefined. Here we show that GDNF binds to, and induces tyrosine phosphorylation of, the product of the c-ret proto-oncogene, an orphan receptor tyrosine kinase, in a GDNF-responsive motor-neuron cell line. Ret protein could also bind GDNF and mediate survival and growth responses to GDNF upon transfection into naive fibroblasts. Moreover, high levels of c-ret mRNA expression were found in dopaminergic neurons of the adult substantia nigra, where exogenous GDNF protected Ret-positive neurons from 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell death, Thus the product of the c-ret proto-oncogene encodes a functional receptor for GDNF that may mediate its neurotrophic effects on motor and dopaminergic neurons.
C1 KAROLINSKA INST,DEPT MED BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,MOLEC NEUROBIOL LAB,S-17177 STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN.
   NATL INST MED RES,DIV DEV NEUROBIOL,LONDON NW7 1AA,ENGLAND.
   UNIV CHICAGO,BRAIN RES INST,DEPT NEUROL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV HELSINKI,INST BIOTECHNOL,PROGRAM MOL NEUROBIOL,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
   UNIV HELSINKI,INST BIOTECHNOL,PROGRAM DEV BIOL,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND.
C3 Karolinska Institutet; MRC National Institute for Medical Research; University of Chicago; University of Helsinki; University of Helsinki
NR 24
TC 706
Z9 778
U1 0
U2 17
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 785
EP 789
DI 10.1038/381785a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600060
PM 8657281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Nelson, JR
   Lawrence, CW
   Hinkle, DC
AF Nelson, JR
   Lawrence, CW
   Hinkle, DC
TI Deoxycytidyl transferase activity of yeast REV1 protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID saccharomyces-cerevisiae; escherichia-coli; gene; mutagenesis
AB MUTAGENESIS induced by DNA damage in Sacchalamyces cerevisiae requires the products of the REV1, REV3 and REV7 genes(1), The Rev3 and Rev7 proteins are subunits of DNA polymerase-zeta(2) (Pol-zeta), an enzyme whose sole function appears to be translesion synthesis(3). Rev1 protein has weak homology with UmuC protein(4), which facilitates translesion synthesis in Escherichia coli by an unknown mechanism. We show here that Rev1 protein has a deoxycytidyl transferase activity which transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3' end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. Efficient transfer occurred opposite a template abasic site, but similar to 20% transfer also occurred opposite a template guanine and similar to 10% opposite adenine or uracil; less than or equal to 1% was seen opposite thymine or cytosine. Insertion of cytosine opposite an abasic site produced a terminus that was extended efficiently by Pol-zeta, but not by yeast Poi-alpha.
C1 UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT BIOPHYS,ROCHESTER,NY 14642.
   UNIV ROCHESTER,DEPT BIOL,ROCHESTER,NY 14642.
C3 University of Rochester; University of Rochester
NR 10
TC 516
Z9 607
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 729
EP 731
DI 10.1038/382729a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300054
PM 8751446
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bunsey, M
   Eichenbaum, H
AF Bunsey, M
   Eichenbaum, H
TI Conservation of hippocampal memory function in rats and humans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rhesus-monkeys; association; symmetry; amnesia; lesions; pigeons
AB THE hippocampus is critical to declarative memory in humans(1). This kind of memory involves associations among items or events that can be accessed flexibly to guide memory expression in various and even new situations(2-4). In animals, there has been controversy about whether the hippocampus is specialized for spatial memory(5,6) or whether it mediates a general memory function(3,4), as it does in humans. To address this issue we trained normal rats and rats with hippocampal damage on non-spatial stimulus-stimulus associations, then probed the nature of their memory representations. We report here that normal rats demonstrated two forms of flexible memory expression, transitivity, the ability to judge inferentially across stimulus pairs that share a common element, and symmetry, the ability to associate paired elements presented in the reverse of training order. Rats with neurotoxic damage limited to the hippocampus demonstrated neither form of flexible expression, indicating that non-spatial declarative processing depends specifically on the hippocampus in animals as it does in humans.,
RP Bunsey, M (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,CTR BEHAV NEUROSCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 33
TC 496
Z9 590
U1 0
U2 25
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 255
EP 257
DI 10.1038/379255a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900046
PM 8538790
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Glasheen, JW
   McMahon, TA
AF Glasheen, JW
   McMahon, TA
TI A hydrodynamic model of locomotion in the basilisk lizard
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB ORGANISMS with a body mass of more than one gram and which live at the air-water interface generally support their weight with their buoyant bodies. The maximum swimming speed these animals can attain is limited by wave-making resistance(1-3). For high-speed progression across a body of water, shore birds and basilisk lizards (Basiliscus basiliscus) support their bodies above the water surface by repeatedly striking the surface with their feet. Here we investigate the mechanism of support in moderately sized basilisk lizards (about 90 g) by combining hydrodynamic measurements of a physical model of the lizards' feet with an analysis of video records of foot movements. We find basilisks of intermediate size obtain little support for their body weight by slapping the water surface; most of the support comes from stroking the foot downwards while expanding an air cavity underwater. The lizard minimizes downward forces by pulling its foot upward before the cavity collapses.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT ORGANISM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
   HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University
NR 11
TC 176
Z9 202
U1 0
U2 91
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 340
EP 342
DI 10.1038/380340a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shigemoto, R
   Kulik, A
   Roberts, JDB
   Ohishi, H
   Nusser, Z
   Kaneko, T
   Somogyi, P
AF Shigemoto, R
   Kulik, A
   Roberts, JDB
   Ohishi, H
   Nusser, Z
   Kaneko, T
   Somogyi, P
TI Target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate receptor In the presynaptic active zone
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID synaptic transmission; hippocampal-neurons; calcium currents; modulation
AB THE probability of synaptic neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals is regulated by presynaptic receptors responding to transmitters released from the same nerve terminal or from terminals of other neurons. The release of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, is suppressed by presynaptic autoreceptors(1-3). Here we show that a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR7) in the rat hippocampus is restricted to the presynaptic grid, the site of synaptic vesicle fusion. Pyramidal cell terminals presynaptic to mGluR1 alpha-expressing interneurons have at least a ten-fold higher level of presynaptic mGluR7 than terminals making synapses with pyramidal cells and other types of interneuron. Distinct levels of mGluR7 are found at different synapses made by individual pyramidal axons or even single boutons. These results raise the possibility that presynaptic neurons could regulate the probability of transmitter release at individual synapses according to the postsynaptic target.
C1 UNIV OXFORD,MRC,ANAT NEUROPHARMACOL UNIT,DEPT PHARMACOL,OXFORD OX1 3TH,ENGLAND.
   KYOTO UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT MORPHOL BRAIN SCI,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN.
C3 University of Oxford; Kyoto University
NR 31
TC 352
Z9 400
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 523
EP 525
DI 10.1038/381523a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500060
PM 8632825
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiklind, T
   Combes, F
AF Wiklind, T
   Combes, F
TI The redshift of the gravitational lens of PKS1830-211 determined from molecular absorption lines
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID einstein ring; images
AB GRAVITATIONAL lensing can be used to derive fundamental cosmological parameters, provided that the redshift of the lens and the structure of its potential well are known(1). The radio source PKS1830-211-a lensed quasar(2-5) whose components are separated by about 1 arcsecond-is ideal for such an examination, but until recently the redshift of the lens has been unknown. Here we report the detection and identification of 12 molecular absorption lines in the spectrum of PKS1830-211; the lines originate in the lensing source, which is probably a spiral galaxy, at a redshift of similar to 0.89, Only one of the lensed components is covered by the intervening molecular gas; when combined with the strong variability in the quasar, this creates a unique opportunity to measure the difference in the light travel time for the two components, which depends in part on the Hubble constant and the cosmic deceleration parameter.
C1 OBSERV PARIS,DEMIRM,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE.
C3 Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris
RP Wiklind, T (corresponding author), ONSALA SPACE OBSERV,S-43992 ONSALA,SWEDEN.
NR 12
TC 182
Z9 187
U1 0
U2 1
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 139
EP 141
DI 10.1038/379139a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheng, ZH
   Rettig, J
   Cook, T
   Catterall, WA
AF Sheng, ZH
   Rettig, J
   Cook, T
   Catterall, WA
TI Calcium-dependent interaction of N-type calcium channels with the synaptic core complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transmitter release; membrane-protein; active zones; synaptotagmin; syntaxin; vesicles; docking
AB NEUROTRANSMITTER release is initiated by influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels(1,2), within 200 mu s of the action potential arriving at the synaptic terminal(3), as the Ca2+ concentration increases from 100 nM to >200 mu M(4). Exocytosis requires high Ca2+ concentration, with a threshold of 20-50 mu M and half-maximal activation at 190 mu M(5,6). The synaptic membrane syntaxin(7,8), 25K synaptosome-associated protein (SNAP25)9, and vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin(10-12), are thought to form a synaptic core complex which mediates vesicle docking and membrane fusion(13-19) Synaptotagmin may be the low-affinity Ca2+-sensor(20-24), but other Ca2+-sensors are involved(25-27) as residual neurotransmission persists in synaptotagmin-null mutants. Syntaxin binds to N-type Ca2+ channels(7,8,28,29) at a site in the intracellular loop connecting domains II and III30. Here we describe Ca2+ dependent interaction of this site with syntaxin and SNAP25 which has a biphasic dependence on Ca2+, with maximal binding at 20 mu M free Ca2+, near the threshold for transmitter release. Ca2+-dependent interaction of Ca2+ channels with the synaptic core complex may be important for Ca2+-dependent docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT PHARMACOL, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 30
TC 307
Z9 345
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 1
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6564
BP 451
EP 454
DI 10.1038/379451a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TT304
UT WOS:A1996TT30400060
PM 8559250
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ho, SN
   Biggar, SR
   Spencer, DM
   Schreiber, SL
   Crabtree, GR
AF Ho, SN
   Biggar, SR
   Spencer, DM
   Schreiber, SL
   Crabtree, GR
TI Dimeric ligands define a role for transcriptional activation domains in reinitiation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; preinitiation complex; factor atf; in-vivo; protein; promoter; binding; recruitment; calcineurin; initiation
AB EUKARYOTIC transcriptional activators mediate transcriptional induction through stabilization of the preinitiation complex(1-4), probably through direct interactions with basal transcription factors(5-7). In vitro studies on the role of an activator in the maintenance of on-going transcription (reinitiation) hare been contradictory, suggesting that, after formation of a preinitiation complex, an activator may(8) or may not(9) be necessary for transcription to be maintained, We have developed a means of regulating transcription in living cells through the use of both homodimeric and heterodimerizing synthetic ligands that allow the ligand-dependent association and disassociation of a transcriptional activation domain with a promoter. Here we report that maintaining the transcription of endogenous genes in vivo, in both yeast and human cells, requires the continuous presence of the activation domain. The use of synthetic ligands as a transcriptional on-off switch represents a powerful means of controlling the transcription in vitro and in vivo for both experimental and therapeutic purposes.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,BECKMAN CTR MOL & GENET MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT PATHOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,BECKMAN CTR MOL & GENET MED,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT DEV BIOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.
C3 Stanford University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Harvard University
NR 31
TC 238
Z9 320
U1 0
U2 23
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 822
EP 826
DI 10.1038/382822a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700051
PM 8752278
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Moqtaderi, Z
   Bai, Y
   Poon, D
   Weil, PA
   Struhl, K
AF Moqtaderi, Z
   Bai, Y
   Poon, D
   Weil, PA
   Struhl, K
TI TBP-associated factors are not generally required for transcriptional activation in yeast
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna-polymerase-ii; tata-binding protein; in-vivo; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene; holoenzyme; promoter; complex; recruitment; repression
AB THE transcription factor TFIID, a central component of the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription apparatus, comprises the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and approximately ten TBP-associated factors (TAFs)(1). Although the essential role of TBP in all eukaryotic transcription has been extensively analysed in vivo and in vitro(2,3), the function of the TAFs is less clear. In vitro, TAFs are dispensable for basal transcription but are required for the response to activators(1). In addition, specific TAFs may act as molecular bridges between particular activators and the general transcription machinery(4,5). In vivo, TAFs are required for yeast(6,7) and mammalian(8) cell growth, but little is known about their specific transcriptional functions. Using conditional alleles created by a new double-shutoff method, we show here that TAF depletion in yeast cells fan reduce transcription from some promoters lacking conventional TATA elements. However, TAF depletion has surprisingly little effect on transcriptional enhancement by several activators, indicating that TAFs are not generally required for transcriptional activation in yeast.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOL CHEM & MOL PHARMACOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   VANDERBILT UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MOL PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,NASHVILLE,TN 37232.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Vanderbilt University
NR 30
TC 252
Z9 273
U1 0
U2 5
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 188
EP 191
DI 10.1038/383188a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800058
PM 8774887
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Jia, ZC
   DeLuca, CI
   Chao, HM
   Davies, PL
AF Jia, ZC
   DeLuca, CI
   Chao, HM
   Davies, PL
TI Structural basis for the binding of a globular antifreeze protein to ice
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID adsorption; mechanism; program
AB ANTIFREEZE proteins (AFPs) have the unique ability to adsorb to ice and inhibit its growth(1). Many organisms ranging from fish to bacteria use AFPs to retard freezing or lessen the damage incurred upon freezing and thawing(2-6). The ice-binding mechanism of the long linear alpha-helical type I AFPs has been attributed to their regularly spaced polar residues matching the ice lattice along a pyramidal plane(7,8). In contrast, it is not known how globular antifreeze proteins such as type III AFP that lack repeating ice-binding residues bind to ice. Here we report the 1.25 Angstrom crystal structure of recombinant type III AFP (QAE isoform(9)) from eel pout (Macrozoarces americanus), which reveals a remarkably hat amphipathic ice-binding site where five hydrogen-bonding atoms match two ranks of oxygens on the {10 (1) over bar 0} ice prism plane in the [0001] direction, giving high ice binding affinity and specificity. This binding site, substantiated by the structures and properties of several ice-binding site mutants, suggests that the AFP occupies a niche in the ice surface in which it covers the basal plane while binding to the prism face.
RP Jia, ZC (corresponding author), QUEENS UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,KINGSTON,ON K7L 3N6,CANADA.
NR 26
TC 215
Z9 262
U1 2
U2 87
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 21
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6606
BP 285
EP 288
DI 10.1038/384285a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VU381
UT WOS:A1996VU38100058
PM 8918883
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ahima, RS
   Prabakaran, D
   Mantzoros, C
   Qu, DQ
   Lowell, B
   MaratosFlier, E
   Flier, JS
AF Ahima, RS
   Prabakaran, D
   Mantzoros, C
   Qu, DQ
   Lowell, B
   MaratosFlier, E
   Flier, JS
TI Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID food-deprivation; secretion; rat
AB A TOTAL deficiency in or resistance to the protein leptin causes severe obesity(1-4). As leptin levels rise with increasing adiposity in rodents(5) and man(6,7), it is proposed to act as a negative feedback 'adipostatic signal' to brain centres controlling energy homeostasis, limiting obesity in times of nutritional abundance(1,3). Starvation is also a threat to homeostasis that triggers adaptive responses(8-12), but whether leptin plays a role in the physiology of starvation is unknown. Leptin concentration falls during starvation(13) and totally leptin-deficient ob/ob mice have neuroendocrine abnormalities similar to those of starvation(14), suggesting that this may be the case. Here we show that preventing the starvation-induced fall in leptin with exogenous leptin substantially blunts the changes in gonadal, adrenal and thyroid axes in male mice, and prevents the starvation-induced delay in ovulation in female mice. In contrast, leptin repletion during this period of starvation has little or no effect on body weight, blood glucose or ketones. We propose that regulation of the neuroendocrine system during starvation could be the main physiological role of leptin.
C1 BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV ENDOCRINOL,BOSTON,MA 02215.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,JOSLIN DIABET CTR,BOSTON,MA 02215.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.
NR 24
TC 2661
Z9 2906
U1 1
U2 179
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 250
EP 252
DI 10.1038/382250a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000048
PM 8717038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barbeau, K
   Moffett, JW
   Caron, DA
   Croot, PL
   Erdner, DL
AF Barbeau, K
   Moffett, JW
   Caron, DA
   Croot, PL
   Erdner, DL
TI Role of protozoan grazing in relieving iron limitation of phytoplankton
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID colloidal iron; availability; seawater
AB RECENT evidence indicates that iron is a limiting factor in primary production in some areas of the oceans(1,2). In sea water, iron is largely present in the form of particulate and colloidal phases which are apparently unavailable for uptake by phytoplankton(3-5). Several mechanisms have been proposed whereby non-reactive iron may be converted into more labile forms (for example, thermal dissolution(6), photochemical reactions(7,8) and ligand complexation(9)). Here we report that digestion of colloidal iron in the acidic food vacuoles of protozoan grazers may be a mechanism for the generation of 'bioavailable' iron from refractory iron phases. We have demonstrated several grazer-mediated effects on colloidal ferrihydrite, including a decrease in colloid size, an increase in colloid lability as determined by competitive ligand-exchange techniques, and an increase in the bioavailability of colloids to iron-limited diatoms. These results indicate that protozoan grazers may significantly enhance the supply of iron to marine phytoplankton from terrestrial sources.
C1 WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST,WOODS HOLE,MA 02543.
C3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
NR 22
TC 186
Z9 200
U1 0
U2 48
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 61
EP 64
DI 10.1038/380061a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kuniholm, PI
   Kromer, B
   Manning, SW
   Newton, M
   Latini, CE
   Bruce, MJ
AF Kuniholm, PI
   Kromer, B
   Manning, SW
   Newton, M
   Latini, CE
   Bruce, MJ
TI Anatolian tree rings and the absolute chronology of the eastern Mediterranean, 2220-718 BC
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID radiocarbon time scale; calibration
AB EXCELLENT preservation of wood and charcoal at archaeological sites in Anatolia has allowed the Aegean Dendrochronology Project to build absolute and floating tree-ring sequences(1). One such floating dendrochronology of 1,503 years includes samples relating to known rulers, sites and cultures of the ancient eastern Mediterranean. If this chronology could be dated precisely, many long-standing questions might be resolved. Here we report 18 high-precision C-14 determinations which, when wiggle-matched to the radiocarbon calibration curve, provide a date within narrow limits. Inside this range, we can suggest the probable absolute dating of the dendrochronology because of a remarkable growth anomaly in the seventeenth century BC, for which we propose a correlation with major growth anomalies at 1628/1627 BC in the absolutely dated dendrochronologies of Europe and the United States. Many archaeological sites from several cultures in the eastern Mediterranean can now be dated with fine precision. This chronology has important implications for Old World archaeology and prehistory.
C1 UNIV HEIDELBERG,HEIDELBERGER AKAD WISSENSCH,INST UMWELTPHYS,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV READING,DEPT ARCHAEOL,READING RG6 6AA,BERKS,ENGLAND.
C3 Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg; University of Reading
RP Kuniholm, PI (corresponding author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT HIST ART & ARCHAEOL,M & C WIENER LAB AEGEAN & NEAR EASTERN DENDROCHRONOL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA.
NR 30
TC 76
Z9 88
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 27
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6585
BP 780
EP 783
DI 10.1038/381780a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UU356
UT WOS:A1996UU35600058
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ting, CN
   Olson, MC
   Barton, KP
   Leiden, JM
AF Ting, CN
   Olson, MC
   Barton, KP
   Leiden, JM
TI Transcription factor GATA-3 is required for development of the T-cell lineage
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thymocyte differentiation; receptor genes; mice lacking; expression; enhancer; embryogenesis; hematopoiesis; rearrangement; protooncogene; disruption
AB THE zinc-finger transcription factor GATA-3 is expressed in haematopoietic cells and in the developing kidney and nervous system(1-7). Within the haematopoietic lineages, expression of GATA-3 is restricted to thymocytes and T cells. Functionally important GATA-3 binding sites have been identified in multiple T-cell-specific genes(1,6-8). Mice containing homozygous null mutations of the GATA-3 gene die on embryonic day 12, precluding a detailed assessment of the role of GATA-3 in haematopoietic development(9). Here we have used murine embryonic stem (ES) cells containing homozygous mutations in the GATA-3 gene (GATA-3(-/-)) in conjunction with the RAG-2(-/-) (ref. 10) and C57BL/6 complementation systems to study the role of GATA-3 in mammalian haematopoiesis. Our results show that GATA-3(-/-) ES cells can contribute to the development of the mature erythroid, myelomonocytic and B-cell lineages, but fail to give rise to thymocytes or mature peripheral T cells. The differentiation of GATA-3(-/-) T cells is blocked at or before the earliest double-negative (CD4(-)/CD8(-)) stage of thymocyte development, such that the GATA-3(-/-) ES cells are unable to contribute measurably to the double-negative thymocyte population. These findings suggest that GATA-3 is an essential and specific regulator of early thymocyte development.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
   UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT PATHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
NR 30
TC 539
Z9 612
U1 0
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 474
EP 478
DI 10.1038/384474a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700066
PM 8945476
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Farrar, MA
   AlberolaIla, J
   Perlmutter, RM
AF Farrar, MA
   AlberolaIla, J
   Perlmutter, RM
TI Activation of the Raf-1 kinase cascade by coumermycin-induced dimerization
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID binds coumarin drugs; nih 3t3 cells; protein-kinase; plasma-membrane; dna gyrase; signal-transduction; in-vitro; ras; phosphorylation; subdomain
AB THE Raf-1 serine/threonine kinase is a key component of the MAP kinase cascade(1-3), regulating both proliferation and commitment to cell fate(4,5). Raf activation is stimulated following its translocation to the plasma membrane, a process that ordinarily requires interaction with the membrane-localized GTPase, Ras-GTP(6-10). To investigate the mechanisms underlying Raf activation, we have developed a coumermycin-induced chemical dimerization method. We find that dimerization is by itself sufficient, in the absence of any membrane components, both to activate a modified Raf protein and to stimulate the MAP kinase cascade appropriately. As Ras-GTP-induced membrane localization increases the effective intracellular Ras concentration, our results indicate that homotypic oligomerization may ordinarily act to promote Raf activation in vivo.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BIOCHEM & MED MED GENET,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   UNIV WASHINGTON,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle
NR 28
TC 278
Z9 339
U1 0
U2 20
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 178
EP 181
DI 10.1038/383178a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800055
PM 8774884
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Scott, DR
AF Scott, DR
TI Seismicity and stress rotation in a granular model of the brittle crust
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID shear band formation; heat-flow; localization; lithosphere; earthquakes; nucleation; strength; rupture; faults; state
AB THE basic mechanical process responsible for earthquakes and faulting is not known. The intuitive notion of frictional slip on faults between elastic crustal blocks cannot be reconciled with laboratory measurements of the strength of rocks(1), field observations of heat flow(2,3) and stress orientation(4) around the San Andreas fault in California, and seismological estimates of the energy radiated by earthquakes(5). The weakening of large faults by elevated pore-fluid pressure(6) has been suggested as one solution to this paradox, but places severe constraints on the hydrological conditions of the faults concerned, Here I propose an alternative model for earthquake mechanics, in which the crust is treated as a system of many interlocking blocks divided by many faults(7), The model combines this random granular structure with simple, deterministic mechanical interactions, Numerical simulations of the deformation of an aggregate of rough grains under compressive stress show earthquake-like elastodynamic failures without frictional heat production, and substantial rotation of stresses across shear zones, which mimics field observations, There remain problems of scale in comparing these simulations with nature, but a seismological test of the model may be possible.
RP Scott, DR (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON UNIV COLL,DEPT GEOL SCI,GOWER ST,LONDON WC1E 6BT,ENGLAND.
NR 36
TC 104
Z9 109
U1 1
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 13
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6583
BP 592
EP 595
DI 10.1038/381592a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UQ657
UT WOS:A1996UQ65700046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Finger, EB
   Puri, KD
   Alon, R
   Lawrence, MB
   vonAndrian, UH
   Springer, TA
AF Finger, EB
   Puri, KD
   Alon, R
   Lawrence, MB
   vonAndrian, UH
   Springer, TA
TI Adhesion through L-selectin requires a threshold hydrodynamic shear
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID node homing receptor; human neutrophils; lecam-1; identification; leukocytes; surface; gmp-140; mac-1; rates; flow
AB SELECTINS are cell adhesion molecules that bind carbohydrate ligands and promote interaction between leukocytes and the vessel wall in vascular shear flow(1,2). Selectin-ligand bonds have high mechanical strength, allowing initial tethering to the vessel wall through one or few bonds, and have fast on and off rates, permitting rolling in response to hydrodynamic drag(3). The L-selectin molecule on leukocytes binds to peripheral node addressin on high endothelial venules of lymph nodes to mediate leukocyte rolling(4,5) and binds to a ligand on neutrophils to mediate rolling of leukocytes over one another(6). Here we describe a surprising mechanism for regulation of these interactions, both in vitro and in vivo. Shear above a critical threshold is required to promote and maintain rolling interactions through L-selectin, but not through E-selectin, P-selectin or VCAM-1. The shear threshold requirement for L-selectin may be physiologically important in low shear to prevent inappropriate aggregation of leukocytes and interaction with the vessel wall.
C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CTR BLOOD RES,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,BOSTON,MA 02115.
   UNIV VIRGINIA,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22903.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Boston Children's Hospital; Program in Cellular & Molecular Medicine (PCMM); Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; University of Virginia
NR 29
TC 413
Z9 488
U1 0
U2 27
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 266
EP 269
DI 10.1038/379266a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900049
PM 8538793
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bennett, ATD
   Cuthill, IC
   Partridge, JC
   Maier, EJ
AF Bennett, ATD
   Cuthill, IC
   Partridge, JC
   Maier, EJ
TI Ultraviolet vision and mate choice in zebra finches
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID passeriform bird; leiothrix-lutea; uv vision; color; preferences
AB SEXUAL selection is one of the most actively studied areas of evolutionary biology(1-3), and ever since Darwin(1) birds have been probably the most popular taxon for testing the predictions about colour variation. Humans have been used to assess 'colour', an approach which may be flawed(4,5) as many birds see in the ultraviolet (to which humans are blind), and have at least four spectral classes of retinal cone cells (humans have only three), Here we report experiments on zebra finches which test the hypothesis that the ultraviolet waveband (300-400 nm) is used in avian mate-choice decisions. We found that the ultraviolet is used, and that it probably contributes to hue perception. This finding may have,vide implications for future studies of avian sexual selection and colour, and supports one hypothesized function of avian ultraviolet vision, the role of which is largely unknown.(4,6,7)
C1 UNIV REGENSBURG,INST ZOOL,D-93040 REGENSBURG,GERMANY.
C3 University of Regensburg
RP Bennett, ATD (corresponding author), UNIV BRISTOL,SCH BIOL SCI,WOODLAND RD,BRISTOL BS8 1UG,AVON,ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 354
Z9 381
U1 1
U2 123
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 4
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6573
BP 433
EP 435
DI 10.1038/380433a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UD590
UT WOS:A1996UD59000060
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Roberts, MA
   Sankar, G
   Thomas, JM
   Jones, RH
   Du, H
   Chen, J
   Pang, W
   Xu, R
AF Roberts, MA
   Sankar, G
   Thomas, JM
   Jones, RH
   Du, H
   Chen, J
   Pang, W
   Xu, R
TI Synthesis and structure of a layered titanosilicate catalyst with five-coordinate titanium
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ti; aluminophosphate; ba2tisi2o8; fresnoite; phosphate; crystal
AB TITANIUM occurs widely in the Earth's crust, traces of it being present in most rocks, soils and flays. It is estimated that titanosilicate minerals alone number more than 100; but, remarkably, in only one of these does the Ti(IV) ion take up five-fold coordination. This is in fresnoite(1) (Ba2TiSi2O8), which contains square-pyramidal TiO5 polyhedra. In the course of a programme(2-11) to produce new microporous and mesoporous solid catalysts, we have discovered an unusual non-centrosymmetric, tetragonal layered solid (Na4Ti2Si8O22.4H(2)O), designated JDF-L1, which promises to have interesting applications in materials chemistry. This material contains five-coordinate Ti(IV) ions in the form of TiO5 square pyramids in which each of the vertices of the base is linked to SiO4 tetrahedra [TiO . O-4(SiO3)(4)] to form continuous sheets. The structure was solved by applying ab initio methods to data obtained by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The interlamellar Na+ ions of JDF-L1 are replaceable by protonated amines, and after treatment with a mixture of dilute acid and hydrogen peroxide the parent solid selectively oxidizes phenol to quinone. These results indicate that the material should have useful catalytic, intercalation and ion-exchange properties analogous to those of aluminosilicate clays.
C1 UNIV KEELE, DEPT CHEM, KEELE ST5 5BG, STAFFS, ENGLAND.
   JILIN UNIV, DEPT CHEM, CHANGCHUN 130023, PEOPLES R CHINA.
C3 Keele University; Jilin University
RP Roberts, MA (corresponding author), UCL ROYAL INST GREAT BRITAIN, DAVY FARADAY RES LAB, 21 ALBEMARLE ST, LONDON W1X 4BS, ENGLAND.
NR 32
TC 165
Z9 169
U1 0
U2 98
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 401
EP 404
DI 10.1038/381401a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sablin, EP
   Kull, FJ
   Cooke, R
   Vale, RD
   Fletterick, RJ
AF Sablin, EP
   Kull, FJ
   Cooke, R
   Vale, RD
   Fletterick, RJ
TI Crystal structure of the motor domain of the kinesin-related motor ncd
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID protein; drosophila; movement
AB MICROTUBULE-BASED ATPases of the kinesin superfamily(1,2) provide the motile force for many animated features of living cells. Kinesin motors differ in their direction of movement along microtubules. Kinesin(3) and ncd(4,5), a kinesin-related motor involved in formation and maintenance of mitotic and meiotic spindles, move in opposite directions along microtubules, even though their motor domains are 40% identical in amino-acid sequence. Here we report the crystal structure of the MgADP complex of the Drosophila ncd motor domain determined to 2.5 Angstrom by X-ray crystallography, and compare it to the kinesin structure. The ncd and kinesin motor domains are remarkably similar in structure, and the locations of conserved surface amino acids suggest these motors share a common microtubule-binding site, Moreover, structural and functional comparisons of ncd, kinesin, myosin and G proteins indicate that these NTPases may have a similar strategy of changing conformation between NTP and NDP states. We propose a general model for converting a common gamma-phosphate-sensing mechanism into opposite polarities of movement for kinesin and ncd.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 28
TC 327
Z9 364
U1 1
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 555
EP 559
DI 10.1038/380555a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300058
PM 8606780
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Cowing, D
   Kenyon, C
AF Cowing, D
   Kenyon, C
TI Correct Hox gene expression established independently of position in Caenorhabditis elegans
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID c-elegans; homeobox genes; body region; cell fates; embryo; polarity; glp-1
AB THE Hox genes are expressed in a conserved sequence of spatial domains along the anteroposterior (A/P) body axes of many organisms(1). In Drosophila, position-specific signals located along the A/P axis establish the pattern of Hox gene expression(2-4). In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, it is not known how the pattern of Hox gene expression is established, C. elegans uses lineal control mechanisms and local cell interactions to specify early blastomere identities(5,6). However, many cells expressing the same Hox gene are unrelated by lineage, suggesting that, as in Drosophila, domains of Hox gene expression may be defined by cell-extrinsic A/P positional signals. To test this, we have investigated whether posterior mesodermal and ectodermal cells will express their normal posterior Hox gene when they are mispositioned in the anterior. Surprisingly, we find that correct Hox gene expression does not depend on cell position, but is highly correlated with cell lineage, Thus, although the most striking feature of Hox gene expression is its positional specificity, in C. elegans the pattern is achieved, at least in part, by a lineage-specific control system that operates without regard to A/P position.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco
NR 23
TC 40
Z9 47
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 353
EP 356
DI 10.1038/382353a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000052
PM 8684464
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Eden, GF
   VanMeter, JW
   Rumsey, JM
   Maisog, JM
   Woods, RP
   Zeffiro, TA
AF Eden, GF
   VanMeter, JW
   Rumsey, JM
   Maisog, JM
   Woods, RP
   Zeffiro, TA
TI Abnormal processing of visual motion In dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID developmental dyslexia; cortex; organization; color; connections; perception; movement; vision
AB IT is widely accepted that dyslexics have deficits in reading and phonological awareness(1,2), but there is increasing evidence that they also exhibit visual processing abnormalities that may be confined to particular portions of the visual system(3,4). In primate visual pathways, inputs from parvocellular or magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus remain partly segregated in projections to extrastriate cortical areas specialized for processing colour and form versus motion(5-10), In studies of dyslexia, psychophysical(3) and anatomical(4) evidence indicate an anomaly in the magnocellular visual subsystem, To investigate the pathophysiology of dyslexia, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study visual motion processing in normal and dyslexic men, In all dyslexics, presentation of moving stimuli failed to produce the same task-related functional activation in area V5/MT (part of the magnocellular visual subsystem) observed in controls, In contrast, presentation of stationary patterns resulted in equivalent activations in V1/V2 and extrastriate cortex in both groups, Although previous studies have emphasized language deficits, our data reveal differences in the regional functional organization of the cortical visual system in dyslexia.
C1 NIMH, CHILD PSYCHIAT BRANCH, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   NIH, LAB DIAGNOST RADIOL RES, OD, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
   SENSOR SYST INC, STERLING, VA 20164 USA.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, SCH MED, DEPT NEUROL, LOS ANGELES, CA 90098 USA.
C3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
RP Eden, GF (corresponding author), NIMH, SECT FUNCT BRAIN IMAGING, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
NR 29
TC 510
Z9 569
U1 1
U2 68
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 4
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6586
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/382066a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UV473
UT WOS:A1996UV47300054
PM 8657305
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kashina, AS
   Baskin, RJ
   Cole, DG
   Wedaman, KP
   Saxton, WM
   Scholey, JM
AF Kashina, AS
   Baskin, RJ
   Cole, DG
   Wedaman, KP
   Saxton, WM
   Scholey, JM
TI A bipolar kinesin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID electron-microscopy; mitotic spindle; fission yeast; in-vitro; protein; motor; microtubules; gene; organization; antibody
AB CHROMOSOME Segregation during mitosis depends on the action of the mitotic spindle, a self-organizing, bipolar protein machine which uses microtubules (MTs) and their associated motors(1,2). Members of the BimC subfamily of kinesin-related MT-motor proteins are believed to be essential for the formation and functioning of a normal bipolar spindle(3-14). Here we report that KRP(130), a homotetrameric BimC-related kinesin purified from Drosophila melanogaster embryos(13), has an ultrastructure. It consists of four kinesin-related polypeptides assembled into a bipolar aggregate with motor domains at opposite ends, analogous to a miniature myosin filament(15). Such a bipolar 'minifilament' could crosslink spindle MTs and slide them relative to one another. We do not know of any other MT motors that have a bipolar structure.
C1 INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405.
C3 Indiana University System; Indiana University Bloomington
RP Kashina, AS (corresponding author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SECT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA.
FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM046295] Funding Source: Medline
NR 28
TC 310
Z9 372
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 270
EP 272
DI 10.1038/379270a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900050
PM 8538794
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Long, JA
   Moan, EI
   Medford, JI
   Barton, MK
AF Long, JA
   Moan, EI
   Medford, JI
   Barton, MK
TI A member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of Arabidopsis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID maize homeobox gene; thaliana; mutation; cells; site
AB THE KNOTTED class of plant genes encodes homeodomain proteins(1,2). These genes have been found in all plant species where they have been sought(3-5) and, where examined, show expression patterns that suggest they play an important role in shoot meristem function(5-7). Until now, all mutant phenotypes associated with these genes have been due to gain-of-function mutations(4,5,8,9), making it difficult to deduce their wild-type function. Here we present evidence that the Arabidopsis SHOOT-MERISTEMLESS (STM) gene, required for shoot apical meristem formation during embryogenesis, encodes a class I KNOTTED-like protein. We also describe the expression pattern of this gene in the wild-type plant. To our knowledge, STM is the first gene shown to mark a specific pattern element in the developing plant embryo both phenotypically and molecularly.
C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT GENET,MADISON,WI 53706.
   UNIV WISCONSIN,MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706.
   PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,COLLEGE PARK,PA 16802.
C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison; Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE); Pennsylvania State University
NR 20
TC 1289
Z9 1504
U1 8
U2 254
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 66
EP 69
DI 10.1038/379066a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600055
PM 8538741
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Driver, J
AF Driver, J
TI Enhancement of selective listening by illusory mislocation of speech sounds due to lip-reading
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB MECHANISMS of human attention allow selective processing of just the relevant events among the many stimuli bombarding our senses(1). Most laboratory studies examine attention within just a single sense, but in the real world many important events are specified multimodally, as in verbal communication. Speech comprises visual lip movements as well as sounds, and lip-reading contributes to speech perception. even for listeners with good hearing, by a process of audiovisual integration(2). Such examples raise the problem of how we coordinate our spatial attention across the sensory modalities, to select sights and sounds from a common source for further processing. Here we show that this problem is alleviated by allowing some cross-modal matching before attentional selection is completed. Cross modal matching can lead to an illusion, whereby sounds are mislocated at their apparent visual source(3); this crossmodal illusion can enhance selective spatial attention to speech sounds.
RP Driver, J (corresponding author), UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL,DEPT PSYCHOL,MALET ST,LONDON WC1E 7HX,ENGLAND.
NR 12
TC 209
Z9 231
U1 0
U2 45
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 66
EP 68
DI 10.1038/381066a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300056
PM 8609989
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kamada, K
   Horiuchi, T
   Ohsumi, K
   Shimamoto, N
   Morikawa, K
AF Kamada, K
   Horiuchi, T
   Ohsumi, K
   Shimamoto, N
   Morikawa, K
TI Structure of a replication-terminator protein complexed with DNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID ribosomal-rna genes; escherichia-coli; bacillus-subtilis; crystal-structure; antigen helicase; binding-protein; fork movement; sequence; invitro; identification
AB The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli replication-terminator protein (Tus) bound to terminus-site (Ter) DNA has been determined at 2.7 Angstrom resolution. The Tus protein folds into a previously undescribed architecture divided into two domains by a central basic cleft. This cleft accommodates locally deformed B-form Ter DNA and makes extensive contacts with the major groove, mainly through two interdomain beta-strands. The unusual structural features of this complex may explain how the replication fork is halted in only one direction.
C1 PROT ENGN RES INST,BIOMOL ENGN RES INST,SUITA,OSAKA 565,JAPAN.
   NATL INST GENET,MISHIMA,SHIZUOKA 411,JAPAN.
   GRAD UNIV ADV STUDIES,DEPT MOL BIOMECH,OKAZAKI,AICHI 444,JAPAN.
   NATL INST BASIC BIOL,OKAZAKI,AICHI 444,JAPAN.
   GRAD UNIV ADV STUDIES,DEPT GENET,MISHIMA,SHIZUOKA 411,JAPAN.
C3 Research Organization of Information & Systems (ROIS); National Institute of Genetics (NIG) - Japan; Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan; National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) - Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB); Graduate University for Advanced Studies - Japan
NR 41
TC 95
Z9 111
U1 0
U2 9
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 598
EP 603
DI 10.1038/383598a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500045
PM 8857533
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Martin, TE
AF Martin, TE
TI Fitness costs of resource overlap among coexisting bird species
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nest predation; ecological community
AB NATURAL selection is thought to favour differences in resource use (resource partitioning) among coexisting species because overlap is assumed to incur fitness costs(1-5). However, studies of resource partitioning in animal systems in the wild have ignored or had difficulty demonstrating fitness costs of overlap, particularly at the level of individuals, Here I report manipulative and observational tests demonstrating individual-level fitness costs of resource overlap. Based on an extensive data set (2,400 experimental nests and 1,408 natural nests), I show that seven coexisting bird species differ in nesting microhabitats, and that overlap in use of nest sites increases nest predation rates (fitness costs), Moreover, predation risk is greater for individuals within species that use nest sites that overlap with coexisting species. Such intraspecific variation can allow natural selection to shape species differences and patterns of species coexistence.
RP Martin, TE (corresponding author), UNIV MONTANA,MONTANA COOPERAT WILDLIFE RES UNIT,US NATL BIOL SERV,MISSOULA,MT 59812, USA.
NR 26
TC 111
Z9 129
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 28
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6572
BP 338
EP 340
DI 10.1038/380338a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UC379
UT WOS:A1996UC37900057
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ghosh, P
   Shabat, D
   Kumar, S
   Sinha, SC
   Grynszpan, F
   Li, J
   Noodleman, L
   Keinan, E
AF Ghosh, P
   Shabat, D
   Kumar, S
   Sinha, SC
   Grynszpan, F
   Li, J
   Noodleman, L
   Keinan, E
TI Using antibodies to perturb the coordination sphere of a transition metal complex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID density-functional calculations; electronic-structure; copper(i) complexes; energy; derivatives
AB METAL ions in the active sites of many metalloenzymes exhibit distinctive spectral and chemical features which are different from those of small inorganic complexes(1,2). These features are the result of the unusual geometric and electronic constraints that are imposed on the metal ion within the protein environment(3). Much effort has been invested to try to mimic this feature of metalloenzymes in synthetic systems, but this remains a formidable task Here we show that one of the key lessons learned from the science of catalytic antibodies-that binding energy can be converted into chemical energy(4)-can be exploited to 'fine-tune' the physicochemical properties of a metal complex. We show that an antibody's binding site can reversibly perturb the coordination geometry of a metal ion, and can stabilize a high-energy coordinated species(5). Specifically, antibodies designed to bind the organosilicon compound 1 (Fig, 1) also bind the geometrically similar Cu(I) complex 2. However, the antibody binds a slightly compressed form of 2, which is closer in size to 1. This distortion is manifested by a spectral shift-an 'immunochromic' effect.
C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, DEPT MOLEC BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   TECHNION ISRAEL INST TECHNOL, DEPT CHEM, IL-32000 HAIFA, ISRAEL.
C3 Scripps Research Institute; Technion Israel Institute of Technology
NR 29
TC 27
Z9 28
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 339
EP 341
DI 10.1038/382339a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000046
PM 8684461
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Shimoda, K
   vanDeursen, J
   Sangster, MY
   Sarawar, SR
   Carson, RT
   Tripp, RA
   Chu, C
   Quelle, FW
   Nosaka, T
   Vignali, DAA
   Doherty, PC
   Grosveld, G
   Paul, WE
   Ihle, JN
AF Shimoda, K
   vanDeursen, J
   Sangster, MY
   Sarawar, SR
   Carson, RT
   Tripp, RA
   Chu, C
   Quelle, FW
   Nosaka, T
   Vignali, DAA
   Doherty, PC
   Grosveld, G
   Paul, WE
   Ihle, JN
TI Lack of IL-4-induced Th2 response and IgE class switching in mice with disrupted Stat6 gene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID il-4; generation; invivo; cells
AB Signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats) are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to cytokines, and are thought to mediate many of their functional responses(1-4) Stat6 is activated in response to interleukin (IL)-4 (refs 5,6) and may contribute to various functions including mitogenesis, T-helper cell differentiation and immunoglobulin isotype switching(7). To evaluate the role of Stat6, we generated Stat6-null mice (Stat6(-/-)) by gene disruption in embryonic stem cells. The mice were viable, indicating the lack of a non-redundant function in normal development. Although naive lymphoid cell development was normal, Stat6(-/-) mice were deficient in IL-4-mediated functions including Th2 helper T-cell differentiation, expression of cell surface markers, and immunoglobulin class switching to IgE. In contrast, IL-4-mediated proliferation was only partly affected.
C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT BIOCHEM, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT GENET, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT IMMUNOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38105 USA.
   NIAID, IMMUNOL LAB, NIH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA.
C3 St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
NR 29
TC 1116
Z9 1250
U1 0
U2 32
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 630
EP 633
DI 10.1038/380630a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100047
PM 8602264
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Janowski, BA
   Willy, PJ
   Devi, TR
   Falck, JR
   Mangelsdorf, DJ
AF Janowski, BA
   Willy, PJ
   Devi, TR
   Falck, JR
   Mangelsdorf, DJ
TI An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXR alpha
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID thyroid-hormone receptor; 9-cis retinoic acid; heterodimer formation; response pathway; co-repressor; erb-a; identification; superfamily; activation; expression
AB CHOLESTEROL and its oxysterol congeners are important constitutents of cell membranes and function as intermediates in several crucial biosynthetic pathways. These compounds autoregulate their metabolic fate by end-product repression and activation of downstream catabolism(1). Although end-product repression by oxysterols is relatively well understood(2), the mechanism by which these compounds act as positive transcription signalling molecules is unknown. Here we identify a specific group of endogenous oxysterols that activate transcription through the nuclear receptor LXR alpha. Transactivation of LXR alpha by oxysterols occurs at concentrations at which these compounds exist in vivo. The most potent activators also serve as intermediary substrates in the rate-limiting steps of three important metabolic pathways: steroid hormone biosynthesis, bile acid synthesis, and conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. Our results demonstrate the existence of a nuclear receptor signalling pathway for oxysterols and suggest that LXR alpha may be important as a sensor of cholesterol metabolites.
C1 UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT PHARMACOL,DALLAS,TX 75235.
   UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT MOL GENET,DALLAS,TX 75235.
C3 University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of Texas System; University of Texas Dallas; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas System; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; University of Texas Dallas
NR 31
TC 1522
Z9 1746
U1 1
U2 70
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 728
EP 731
DI 10.1038/383728a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800057
PM 8878485
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Liang, E
   Kargatis, V
AF Liang, E
   Kargatis, V
TI Dependence of the spectral evolution of gamma-ray bursts on their photon fluence
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE nature of gamma-ray bursts remains one of the great mysteries of modern astromomy(1,2). Although the spatial distribution of these high-energy sources is tightly constrained (they are distributed isotropically across the sky(3)), the same cannot be said of their spectral and temporal properties, for which few clear trends have been identified(1,2). But it is from such properties that important clues about the physical mechanisms underlying the bursts are likely to be derived(4,5). Here we show that for a sample of bursts consisting of well resolved, isolated energy pulses, and for which the spectra are sufficiently clean to allow their temporal evolution to be modelled, the photon energy at which the power output is maximum for each pulse decreases exponentially with photon fluence (that is, running time integral of photon flux), We find that for many multi-pulse bursts, the exponential decay constant is invariant from pulse to pulse. This property favours models in which the pulses arise from a regenerative source, rather than as a consequence of a single catastrophic event.
C1 HUGHES STX, GREENBELT, MD 20771 USA.
RP Liang, E (corresponding author), RICE UNIV, DEPT SPACE PHYS & ASTRON, POB 1892, HOUSTON, TX 77005 USA.
NR 17
TC 126
Z9 137
U1 0
U2 3
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 2
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6577
BP 49
EP 51
DI 10.1038/381049a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UJ053
UT WOS:A1996UJ05300049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mello, CC
   Schubert, C
   Draper, B
   Zhang, W
   Lobel, R
   Priess, JR
AF Mello, CC
   Schubert, C
   Draper, B
   Zhang, W
   Lobel, R
   Priess, JR
TI The PIE-1 protein and germline specification in C-elegans embryos
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID caenorhabditis-elegans; blastomere identity; gene; encodes; sequence; family; skn-1; localization; polarity; cloning
AB TOTIPOTENT germline blastomeres in Caenorhabditis elegans contain, but do not respond to, factors that promote somatic differentiation in other embryonic cells(1,2), Mutations in the maternal gene pie-1 result in the germline blastomeres adopting somatic cell fates(3), Here we show that pie-1 encodes a nuclear protein, PIE-1, that is localized to the germline blastomeres throughout early development, During division of each germline blastomere, PIE-1 initially associates with both centrosomes of the mitotic spindle, However, PIE-1 rapidly disappears from the centrosome destined for the somatic daughter, and persists in the centrosome of the daughter that becomes the next germline blastomere, The PIE-1 protein contains potential zinc-finger motifs also found in the mammalian growth-factor response protein TIS-11/NUP475 (refs 4-7), The localization and genetic properties of pie-1 provide an example of a repressor-based mechanism for preserving pluripotency within a stem cell lineage.
C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT ZOOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195.
   FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SEATTLE,WA 98104.
C3 University of Washington; University of Washington Seattle; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
RP Mello, CC (corresponding author), FRED HUTCHINSON CANC RES CTR,DIV BASIC SCI,1124 COLUMBIA ST,SEATTLE,WA 98104, USA.
NR 27
TC 278
Z9 352
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 710
EP 712
DI 10.1038/382710a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300048
PM 8751440
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Gurnett, DA
   Kurth, WS
   Roux, A
   Bolton, SJ
   Kennel, CF
AF Gurnett, DA
   Kurth, WS
   Roux, A
   Bolton, SJ
   Kennel, CF
TI Evidence for a magnetosphere at Ganymede from plasma-wave observations by the Galileo spacecraft
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID turbulence; jupiter
AB ON 27 June 1996 the Galileo spacecraft(1,2) made the first of four planned close fly-bys of Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, Here we report measurements of plasma waves and radio emissions, over the frequency range 5 Hz to 5.6 MHz during the first encounter, Intense plasma waves were detected over a region of space nearly four times Ganymede's diameter, which is much larger than would be expected for a simple wake arising from Ganymede's passage through Jupiter's rapidly rotating magnetosphere. The types of waves detected (whistler-mode emissions, upper hybrid waves, electrostatic electron cyclotron waves and escaping radio emission) strongly suggest that Ganymede has a large, extended magnetosphere of its own, The data indicate the presence of a strong (B > 400 nT) magnetic field, and show that Ganymede is surrounded by an ionosphere-like plasma with a maximum electron density of about 100 particles cm(-3) and a scale height of about 1,000 km.
C1 UNIV VERSAILLES ST QUENTIN,CTR ETUD ENVIRONM TERR & PLANETAIRES,F-78140 VELIZY VILLACOUBL,FRANCE.
   CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,OFF CHANCELLOR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; California Institute of Technology; National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); University of California System; University of California Los Angeles
RP Gurnett, DA (corresponding author), UNIV IOWA,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,IOWA CITY,IA 52242, USA.
NR 26
TC 158
Z9 166
U1 0
U2 13
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 535
EP 537
DI 10.1038/384535a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Weliky, M
   Bosking, WH
   Fitzpatrick, D
AF Weliky, M
   Bosking, WH
   Fitzpatrick, D
TI A systematic map of direction preference in primary visual cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID monkey striate cortex; iso-orientation domains; functional architecture; organization; selectivity; geometry; columns; area-18
AB NEURONS in the primary visual cortex respond selectively to the orientation of edges and their direction of motion. Orientation preference is mapped in a systematic fashion across the cortical surface, such that neurons in adjacent columns have similar but slightly shifted preferred orientations(1-7), Microelectrode studies have suggested that direction preference is also arranged in a systematic fashion(8-10), but exactly how this response property is mapped remains unclear. Here we show by optical imaging(4-5) of intrinsic signals(6-7,11-14) in ferret cortical area 17 that there is a mosaic-like map of direction preference, This map consists of numerous regions within which direction preference changes in a slow, continuous fashion, These regions are separated by winding boundaries (fractures) across which direction preference shifts abruptly, often by 180 degrees, Comparison of direction and orientation preference maps shows that these fractures subdivide iso-orientation domains into regions selective for opposite directions of motion.
RP Weliky, M (corresponding author), DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROBIOL,BOX 3209,DURHAM,NC 27710, USA.
NR 17
TC 212
Z9 243
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 725
EP 728
DI 10.1038/379725a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700052
PM 8602218
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Oberlin, E
   Amara, A
   Bachelerie, F
   Bessia, C
   Virelizier, JL
   ArenzanaSeisdedos, F
   Schwartz, O
   Heard, JM
   ClarkLewis, I
   Legler, DF
   Loetscher, M
   Baggiolini, M
   Moser, B
AF Oberlin, E
   Amara, A
   Bachelerie, F
   Bessia, C
   Virelizier, JL
   ArenzanaSeisdedos, F
   Schwartz, O
   Heard, JM
   ClarkLewis, I
   Legler, DF
   Loetscher, M
   Baggiolini, M
   Moser, B
TI The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID chemotactic cytokines; molecular-cloning; receptor; interleukin-8; mip-1-alpha; mip-1-beta; sequence; proteins; rantes
AB A PUTATIVE chemokine receptor that we previously cloned and termed LESTR(1) has recently been shown to function as a co-receptor (termed fusin) for lymphocyte-tropic HIV-1 strains(2), Cells expressing CD4 became permissive to infection with T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 strains of the syncytium-inducing phenotype after transfection with LESTR/fusin complementary DNA, We report here the identification of a human chemokine of the CXC type, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), as the natural ligand for LESTR/fusin, and we propose the term CXCR-4 for this receptor, in keeping with the new chemokine-receptor nomenclature, SDF-1 activates Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with CXCR-4 cDNA as well as blood leukocytes and lymphocytes. In cell lines expressing CXCR-4 and CD4, and in blood lymphocytes, SDF-1 is a powerful inhibitor of infection by lymphocyte-tropic HIV-1 strains, whereas the CC chemokines RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta, which were shown previously to prevent infection with primary, monocyte-tropic viruses(3), are inactive, In combination with CC chemokines, which block the infection with monocyte/macrophage-tropic viruses, SDF-1 could help to decrease virus load and prevent the emergence of the syncytium-inducing viruses which are characteristic of the late stages of AIDS(4).
C1 INST PASTEUR,UNITE IMMUNOL VIRALE,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
   INST PASTEUR,LAB RETROVIRUS & TRANSFERT GENET,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE.
   UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,BIOMED RES CTR,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z3,CANADA.
   UNIV BERN,THEODOR KOCHER INST,BERN 9,SWITZERLAND.
C3 Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; Pasteur Network; Universite Paris Cite; Institut Pasteur Paris; University of British Columbia; University of Bern; Theodor Kocher Institute
NR 26
TC 1476
Z9 1669
U1 0
U2 38
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 833
EP 835
DI 10.1038/382833a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700054
PM 8752281
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barth, DS
   MacDonald, KD
AF Barth, DS
   MacDonald, KD
TI Thalamic modulation of high-frequency oscillating potentials in auditory cortex
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID medial geniculate-body; evoked-potentials; rat; projections; connections; neurons; activation; anatomy
AB PERHAPS the most widely recognized but least understood electrophysiological activity of the cerebral cortex is its characteristic electrical oscillations. Recently, there have been efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying high-frequency gamma oscillations (similar to 40 Hz) because they may coordinate sensory processing between populations of cortical cells(1,2), High-resolution cortical recordings show that gamma oscillations are constrained to sensory cortex(3-5) that they occur independently in auditory and somatosensory cortex(4), and that they are phase-locked between primary and secondary sensory cortex(5). As yet, the mechanism of their neurogenesis is unknown(2). Whereas cortical neurons can produce gamma oscillations without subcortical input(6-9), they may also be modulated by the thalamus(10) and basal forebrain(11). Here we report that the neural generator of gamma oscillations in auditory cortex seems to be intracortical, serving to synchronize interactions between the primary and secondary areas. The acoustic thalamus directly modulates these oscillations, which are inhibited by stimulation of the dorsal and ventral divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGd and MGv) and evoked by stimulation of the adjacent posterior intralaminar nucleus (PIL).
RP Barth, DS (corresponding author), UNIV COLORADO,DEPT PSYCHOL,CAMPUS BOX 345,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA.
NR 23
TC 122
Z9 139
U1 0
U2 10
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 5
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6595
BP 78
EP 81
DI 10.1038/383078a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VF295
UT WOS:A1996VF29500051
PM 8779725
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Luo, ZJ
   Tzivion, G
   Belshaw, PJ
   Vavvas, D
   Marshall, M
   Avruch, J
AF Luo, ZJ
   Tzivion, G
   Belshaw, PJ
   Vavvas, D
   Marshall, M
   Avruch, J
TI Oligomerization activates c-Raf-1 through a Ras-dependent mechanism
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID signal-transduction; 14-3-3 protein; kinase raf; binding; domain
AB THE c-Raf-1 proto-oncoprotein is a Ras-GTP-regulated protein kinase(1) that associates in situ with 14-3-3 proteins(2,3), which are naturally dimeric(4,5). In COS cells, recombinant Raf is found in oligomeric assemblies. To examine whether induced oligomerization can alter Raf kinase activity, sequences encoding the FK506-binding protein FKBP12 were fused to the amino terminus of c-Raf-1, introducing a binding site for FK506. Oligomerization of recombinant FKBP-Raf in situ, induced by the addition of the dimeric FK506 derivative FK1012A, activated Raf kinase activity at least half as well as epidermal growth factor (EGF). As with EGF, activation of FKBP-Raf by FK1012A is entirely Ras-GTP dependent. Thus oligomerization of Raf per se promotes Raf activation through a Ras-dependent mechanism.
C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, MED SERV, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT MED, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, DEPT CHEM & CHEM BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
   INDIANA UNIV, DEPT MED, DIV HEMATOL & ONCOL, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202 USA.
   INDIANA UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202 USA.
   INDIANA UNIV, WALTHER ONCOL CTR, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202 USA.
C3 Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Harvard University; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis; Walther Cancer Foundation; Indiana University System; Indiana University Indianapolis
RP Luo, ZJ (corresponding author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP, DIABET UNIT, BOSTON, MA 02129 USA.
NR 22
TC 207
Z9 258
U1 0
U2 12
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 181
EP 185
DI 10.1038/383181a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800056
PM 8774885
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sheikh, SP
   Zvyaga, TA
   Lichtarge, O
   Sakmar, TP
   Bourne, HR
AF Sheikh, SP
   Zvyaga, TA
   Lichtarge, O
   Sakmar, TP
   Bourne, HR
TI Rhodopsin activation blocked by metal-ion-binding sites linking transmembrane helices C and F
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transducin interaction; projection structure; metarhodopsin-ii; bovine rhodopsin; protein; specificity; mutations; receptor; cells; form
AB A LARGE superfamily of receptors containing seven transmembrane (TRI) helices transmits hormonal and sensory signals across the plasma membrane to heterotrimeric G proteins at the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. To investigate how G-protein-coupled receptors work at the molecular level, we have engineered metal-ion-binding sites between TM helices to restrain activation-induced conformational change in specific locations. In rhodopsin, the photoreceptor of retinal rod cells, we substituted histidine residues for natural amino acids at the cytoplasmic ends of the TM helices C and F. The resulting mutant proteins were able to activate the visual G protein transducin in the absence but not in the presence of metal ions. These results indicate that the TM helices C and F are in close proximity and suggest that movements of these helices relative to one another are required for transducin activation. Thus a change in the orientations of TRI helices C and F is likely to be a key element in the mechanism for coupling binding of ligands (or isomerization of retinal) to the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,INST CARDIOVASC RES,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   ROCKEFELLER UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,DEPT MOL BIOL & BIOCHEM,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Rockefeller University
NR 29
TC 386
Z9 419
U1 0
U2 15
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 26
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6598
BP 347
EP 350
DI 10.1038/383347a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VJ439
UT WOS:A1996VJ43900048
PM 8848049
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Todorov, P
   Cariuk, P
   McDevitt, T
   Coles, B
   Fearon, K
   Tisdale, M
AF Todorov, P
   Cariuk, P
   McDevitt, T
   Coles, B
   Fearon, K
   Tisdale, M
TI Characterization of a cancer cachectic factor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID leukemia-inhibitory factor; tumor necrosis factor; cachexia; mice; mechanism; muscle; cells; model
AB CANCER cachexia is a syndrome of progressive wasting which has been suggested to be mediated by tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (ref. 1), interleukins 1 and 6 (ref. 2), interferon-gamma (ref. 3) and leukaemia-inhibitory factor(4). It has proved difficult to correlate levels of tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 with cancer cachexia(5,6), and the weight loss induced by leukaemia-inhibitory factor may be due to toxicity(7). In the murine adenocarcinoma MAC16, cachexia is mediated by circulatory catabolic factors(8,9), which we have now isolated using an antibody cloned from splenocytes of mice transplanted with the MAC16 tumour, with a delayed cachexia(10). The material is a proteoglycan of relative molecular mass 24K which produces cachexia in vivo by inducing catabolism of skeletal muscle. The 24K material was also present in urine of cachectic cancer patients, but was absent from normal subjects, patients with weight loss due to trauma, and cancer patients with little or no weight loss. This suggests that cachexia in mice and humans may be produced by the same material.
C1 UNIV ASTON,INST PHARMACEUT SCI,CRC,NUTR BIOCHEM RES GRP,BIRMINGHAM B4 7ET,W MIDLANDS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV COLL & MIDDLESEX SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,CRC,MOLEC TOXICOL GRP,LONDON W1P 6D8,ENGLAND.
   UNIV EDINBURGH,ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT SURG,EDINBURGH EH3 9YW,MIDLOTHIAN,SCOTLAND.
C3 University of Birmingham; Aston University; University of London; University College London; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh; University of Edinburgh
NR 17
TC 345
Z9 375
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 739
EP 742
DI 10.1038/379739a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700056
PM 8602222
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Schadt, M
   Seiberle, H
   Schuster, A
AF Schadt, M
   Seiberle, H
   Schuster, A
TI Optical patterning of multidomain liquid-crystal displays with wide viewing angles
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alignment
AB THE leading technology for flat, high-resolution computer and television screens is based on twisted nematic liquid-crystal displays(1). The successful operation of these displays requires control of molecular alignment, which is currently achieved by confining the liquid crystal between mechanically rubbed surfaces(2). But in addition to the practical difficulties associated with rubbing, the resulting displays suffer from restricted viewing angles arising from the uniaxial nature of the alignment process(3,4). This latter problem can in principle be circumvented if molecular alignment is varied, in a controlled manner, within individual pixels(5-9). Exposure of functionalized substrates to polarized light offers a means of achieving high-resolution patterns in the plane of the display(10-12). But to ensure that the alignment pattern imposed on the liquid crystal is free of orientation defects, the tilt angle between the long molecular axes and the substrates must be precisely controlled(13-14). Here we show how our earlier linear photoalignment strategy(10,12) can be extended to obtain such control, and thereby fabricate stable, multi-domain pixel displays with markedly improved fields of view.
RP Schadt, M (corresponding author), ROLIC LTD,GRENZACHERSTR 124,CH-4002 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
NR 15
TC 747
Z9 856
U1 5
U2 160
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 212
EP 215
DI 10.1038/381212a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900046
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Sicinski, P
   Donaher, JL
   Geng, Y
   Parker, SB
   Gardner, H
   Park, MY
   Robker, RL
   Richards, JS
   McGinnis, LK
   Biggers, JD
   Eppig, JJ
   Bronson, RT
   Elledge, SJ
   Weinberg, RA
AF Sicinski, P
   Donaher, JL
   Geng, Y
   Parker, SB
   Gardner, H
   Park, MY
   Robker, RL
   Richards, JS
   McGinnis, LK
   Biggers, JD
   Eppig, JJ
   Bronson, RT
   Elledge, SJ
   Weinberg, RA
TI Cyclin DZ is an FSH responsive gene involved in gonadal cell proliferation and oncogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID human breast-cancer; expression; d1; organization; tumors
AB THE D type cyclins (D1, D2 and D3) are critical governors of the cell-cycle clock apparatus during the G1 phase of the mammalian cell cycle. These three D-type cyclins are expressed in overlapping, apparently redundant fashion in the proliferating tissues(1,2). To investigate why mammalian cells need three distinct D-type cyclins, we have generated mice bearing a disrupted cyclin D2 gene by using gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Cyclin D2-deficient females are sterile owing to the inability of ovarian granulosa cells to proliferate normally in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), whereas mutant males display hypoplastic testes. In ovarian granulosa cells, cyclin D2 is specifically induced by FSH via a cycllc-AMP dependent pathway, indicating that expression of the various D-type cyclins is under control of distinct intracellular signalling pathways. The hypoplasia seen in cyclin D2(-/-) ovaries and testes prompted us to examine human cancers deriving from corresponding tissues. We find that some human ovarian and testicular tumours contain high levels of cyclin D2 messenger RNA.
C1 MIT, WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
   MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, HOWARD HUGHES MED INST, VERNA & MARRS MCLEAN DEPT BIOCHEM, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA.
   Scripps Res Inst, DEPT CELL BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT CELL BIOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   JACKSON LAB, BAR HARBOR, ME 04609 USA.
   TUFTS UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PATHOL, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA.
   TUFTS UNIV, SCH VET MED, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Whitehead Institute; Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Baylor College of Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Baylor College of Medicine; Scripps Research Institute; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School; Jackson Laboratory; Tufts University; Tufts University
NR 22
TC 596
Z9 659
U1 0
U2 15
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 470
EP 474
DI 10.1038/384470a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700065
PM 8945475
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Polzin, KL
   Speer, KG
   Toole, JM
   Schmitt, RW
AF Polzin, KL
   Speer, KG
   Toole, JM
   Schmitt, RW
TI Intense mixing of Antarctic Bottom Water in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flow; dissipation; diffusion; breaking; rates
AB The spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water--the densest global-scale water mass--is highly constrained by ocean-floor topography. In the Atlantic Ocean, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge confines this water mass mainly to the western basins, the bottom waters in the eastern basins being renewed by flows through gaps in the ridge(1). One such gap is the Romanche fracture zone, a large offset of the ridge which straddles the Equator. It has been observed(2) that sills within this fracture zone block the passage of waters colder than similar to 0.9 degrees C; warmer, less dense waters passing over the sills appear to cascade downslope where they are modified by mixing. Here we present direct measurements which quantify these processes. The flow is vertically sheared and exhibits remarkably intense turbulence, comparable to that seen at the ocean surface in the presence of winds of similar to 10 m s(-1). This turbulence mixes the densest waters passing through the fracture zone with the warmer, overlying waters, so that the coldest waters exiting this region have been warmed by similar to 0.6 degrees C during transit, Topographic obstructions and turbulent mixing together thus determine the properties of the flows renewing the deepest waters of the Atlantic Ocean's eastern basins.
C1 IFREMER, CNRS, LAB PHYS OCEANS, F-29280 PLOUZANE, FRANCE.
   WOODS HOLE OCEANOG INST, DEPT PHYS OCEANOG, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Ifremer; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD); Universite de Bretagne Occidentale; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
RP Polzin, KL (corresponding author), UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH OCEANOG, BOX 357940, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA.
NR 27
TC 123
Z9 130
U1 0
U2 22
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 54
EP 57
DI 10.1038/380054a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700052
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Petrov, DA
   Lozovskaya, ER
   Hartl, DL
AF Petrov, DA
   Lozovskaya, ER
   Hartl, DL
TI High intrinsic: Rate of DNA loss in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID transposable elements; processed pseudogenes; sequence evolution; genes; mechanism
AB PSEUDOGENES are common in mammals but virtually absent in Drosophila(1). All putative Drosophila pseudogenes show patterns of molecular evolution that are inconsistent with the lack of functional constraints(2-5). The absence of bona fide pseudogenes is not only puzzling it also hampers attempts to estimate rates and patterns of neutral DNA change. The estimation problem is especially acute in the case of deletions and insertions, which are likely to have large effects when they occur in functional genes and are therefore subject to strong purifying selection. We propose a solution to this problem by taking advantage of the propensity of retrotransposable elements, without long terminal repeats (non-LTR) to: create non-functional, 'dead-on-arrival' copies of themselves as a common by-product of their transpositional cycle(6-8). Phylogenetic analysis of a non-LTR element, Helena, demonstrates that copies lose DNA at an unusually high rate, suggesting that lack of pseudogenes in Drosophila is the product of rampant deletion of DNA in unconstrained regions, This finding has important implications for the study of genome evolution in general and the 'C-value paradox'(9) in particular.
RP Petrov, DA (corresponding author), HARVARD UNIV, DEPT ORGANISM & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL, 16 DIVINITY AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA.
NR 23
TC 301
Z9 326
U1 1
U2 12
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 28
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6607
BP 346
EP 349
DI 10.1038/384346a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VV271
UT WOS:A1996VV27100045
PM 8934517
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Mal, A
   Poon, RYC
   Howe, PH
   Toyoshima, H
   Hunter, T
   Harter, ML
AF Mal, A
   Poon, RYC
   Howe, PH
   Toyoshima, H
   Hunter, T
   Harter, ML
TI Inactivation of p27(Kip1) by the viral E1A oncoprotein in TGF beta-treated cells
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID growth arrest; inhibition; kinase; phosphorylation; proteins; p34cdc2; cycle
AB THE adenovirus oncoprotein E1A and the simian virus SV40 large T antigen can both reverse the strong growth-inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor(TGF)-beta on mink lung epithelial cells(1,2): exposure of TGF-beta causes these cells to arrest late in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (ref. 3). This arrest correlates with an increase in expression of the protein p15(Ink4B) (ref. 4), inactivation of the cyclin E/A-cdk2 complex by the inhibitory protein p27(Kip1) (refs 5-7), and with the accumulation of unphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein(8). The rescue by E1A of cells from TGF-beta arrest is partly independent of its binding to retinoblastoma protein(1). Here we show that E1A directly affects the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) in TGF-beta-treated cells by binding to it and blocking its inhibitory effect, thereby restoring the activity of the cyclin-cdk2 kinase complex. In this way, E1A can overcome the effect of TGF-beta and modulate the cell cycle. To our knowledge, E1A provides the first example of a viral oncoprotein that can disable a cellular protein whose function is to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.
C1 CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,RES INST,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44195.
   CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,RES INST,DEPT CELL BIOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44195.
   SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,LA JOLLA,CA 92037.
C3 Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Salk Institute
NR 26
TC 136
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 21
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6571
BP 262
EP 265
DI 10.1038/380262a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UB117
UT WOS:A1996UB11700056
PM 8637577
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Godecke, I
   Bonhoeffer, T
AF Godecke, I
   Bonhoeffer, T
TI Development of identical orientation maps for two eyes without common visual experience
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cross-correlation; striate cortex; organization; selectivity; potentials; domains; area-18; cells
AB IN the mammalian visual cortex, many neurons are driven binocularly and response properties such as orientation preference or spatial frequency tuning are virtually identical for the two eyes(1). A precise match of orientation is essential in order to detect disparity and is therefore a prerequisite for stereoscopic vision. It is not clear whether this match is accomplished by activity-dependent mechanisms together wit the common visual experience normally received by the eyes(2,3), or whether the visual system relies on other, perhaps even innate, cues to achieve this task(4-7). Here we test whether visual experience is responsible for the match in a reverse-suturing experiment in which kittens were raised so that both eyes were never able to see at the same time. A comparison of the layout of the two maps formed under these conditions showed them to be virtually identical. Considering that the two eyes never had common visual experience, this indicates that correlated visual input is not required for the alignment of orientation preference maps.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,D-82152 MUNICH,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
NR 25
TC 132
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 4
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 251
EP 254
DI 10.1038/379251a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900045
PM 8538789
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kull, FJ
   Sablin, EP
   Lau, R
   Fletterick, RJ
   Vale, RD
AF Kull, FJ
   Sablin, EP
   Lau, R
   Fletterick, RJ
   Vale, RD
TI Crystal structure of the kinesin motor domain reveals a structural similarity to myosin
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID active-site; microtubules; molecules; movement; release; complex
AB KINESIN is the founding member of a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins that perform force-generating tasks such as organelle transport and chromosome segregation(1,2). It has two identical similar to 960-amino-acid chains containing an amino-terminal globular motor domain, a central alpha-helical region that enables dimer formation through a coiled coil, and a carboxy-terminal tail domain that binds light chains and possibly an organelle receptor(1). The kinesin motor domain of similar to 340 amino acids, which can produce movement in vitro(3), is much smaller than that of myosin (similar to 850 amino acids) and dynein (1,000 amino acids), and is the smallest known molecular motor. Here, we report the crystal structure of the human kinesin motor domain with bound ADP determined to 1.8-Angstrom resolution by X-ray crystallography. The motor consists primarily of a single alpha/beta arrowhead-shaped domain with dimensions of 70x45x45 Angstrom. Unexpectedly, it has a striking structural similarity to the core of the catalytic domain of the actin-based motor myosin. Although kinesin and myosin have virtually no amino-acid sequence identity, and exhibit distinct enzymatic(4-6) and motile(7-10) properties, our results suggest that these two classes of mechanochemical enzymes evolved from a common ancestor and share a similar force-generating strategy.
C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT BIOCHEM BIOPHYS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PHARMACOL,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
   UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143.
C3 University of California System; University of California San Francisco; University of California System; University of California San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California System; University of California San Francisco
FU Howard Hughes Medical Institute Funding Source: Medline; NIAMS NIH HHS [P01 AR042895] Funding Source: Medline
NR 34
TC 588
Z9 689
U1 1
U2 64
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 11
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6574
BP 550
EP 555
DI 10.1038/380550a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UE663
UT WOS:A1996UE66300057
PM 8606779
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ouyang, Q
   Flesselles, JM
AF Ouyang, Q
   Flesselles, JM
TI Transition from spirals to defect turbulence driven by a convective instability
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID traveling waves; chemical waves; dynamics; chaos; media
AB SPATIAL and temporal order often arises in homogeneous systems driven away from equilibrium(1). Sufficiently far from equilibrium, however, highly ordered behaviour typically degenerates into spatiotemporal chaos. The mechanisms underlying this qualitative transition can be clarified by studying a model system comprising a continuous field of coupled nonlinear oscillators. Analyses of the nonlinear partial differential equation that describes this model elucidate generic dynamical features that characterize spatially extended nonequilibrium systems; moreover, they predict an archetypal pathway(2,3) for the development of spatiotemporal chaos through the spontaneous generation of topological singularities, or 'defects'. The resulting highly irregular state, known as 'defect-mediated turbulence', has not, however, been observed previously in a real system. Here we report an experimental observation of the transition from ordered behaviour to defect-mediated turbulence in the pattern-forming chemical system known as the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. A regular spiral pattern dominates in the ordered state, but as the system is driven further from equilibrium, the spiral becomes unstable and generates hundreds of defects. This observation substantiates a basic mechanism which should underlie the transition to spatiotemporal chaos in a wide variety of pattern-forming systems.
RP Ouyang, Q (corresponding author), INST NON LINEAIRE NICE,UNSA,CNRS,UMR 129,F-06560 VALBONNE,FRANCE.
NR 22
TC 244
Z9 255
U1 0
U2 30
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 11
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6561
BP 143
EP 146
DI 10.1038/379143a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TP360
UT WOS:A1996TP36000051
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Laird, KR
   Fritz, SC
   Maasch, KA
   Cumming, BF
AF Laird, KR
   Fritz, SC
   Maasch, KA
   Cumming, BF
TI Greater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the Northern Great Plains, USA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID salinity; reconstruction; precipitation; fluctuations; temperature; california; record; lakes
AB EXTREME large-scale droughts in North America, such as the 'Dust Bowl' of the 1930s, have been infrequent events within the documented history of the past few hundred years, yet this record may not be representative of long-term patterns of natural variation of drought intensity and frequency. In the Great Plains region of central North America, historical droughts have persisted longer than in any other part of the United States(1), but no detailed records of drought patterns in this region have hitherto been obtained that extend beyond the past 500 years. Here we present a reconstruction of drought intensity and frequency over the past 2,300 years in the Northern Great Plains, based on lake salinity fluctuations inferred from fossil diatom assemblages. This record, of sub-decadal resolution, suggests that extreme droughts persisted for centuries, and was most pronounced during AD 200-370, AD 700-850 and AD 1000-1200. We suggest that before AD 1200, the atmospheric circulation anomalies that produce drought today were more frequent and persistant.
C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,LIMNOL RES CTR,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
   LEHIGH UNIV,DEPT EARTH & ENVIRONM SCI,BETHLEHEM,PA 18015.
   UNIV MAINE,DEPT GEOL SCI,ORONO,ME 04469.
   UNIV MAINE,INST QUATERNAY STUDIES,ORONO,ME 04469.
   QUEENS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,PALEOECOL ENVIRONM ASSESSMENT & RES LAB,KINGSTON,ON K7L 3N6,CANADA.
C3 University of Minnesota System; University of Minnesota Twin Cities; Lehigh University; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; University of Maine System; University of Maine Orono; Queens University - Canada
RP Laird, KR (corresponding author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455, USA.
NR 33
TC 216
Z9 253
U1 4
U2 59
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 12
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6609
BP 552
EP 554
DI 10.1038/384552a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VX769
UT WOS:A1996VX76900055
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Dickson, D
AF Dickson, D
TI Here comes tomorrow's millionaires
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
NR 0
TC 1
Z9 1
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 24
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6602
BP 743
EP 743
DI 10.1038/383743a0
PG 1
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VN918
UT WOS:A1996VN91800063
PM 8878491
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bradley, D
   Carpenter, R
   Copsey, L
   Vincent, C
   Rothstein, S
   Coen, E
AF Bradley, D
   Carpenter, R
   Copsey, L
   Vincent, C
   Rothstein, S
   Coen, E
TI Control of inflorescence architecture in Antirrhinum
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID flower development; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; gene; majus; transposon; mutations; meristem; cloning; locus
AB Flowering plants exhibit two types of inflorescence architecture: determinate and indeterminate. The centroradialis mutation causes the normally indeterminate inflorescence of Antirrhinum to terminate in a flower. We show that centroradialis is expressed in the inflorescence apex a few days after floral induction, and interacts with the floral-meristemidentity gene floricaula to regulate flower position and morphology. The protein CEN is similar to animal proteins that associate with lipids and GTP-binding proteins. We propose a model for how different inflorescence structures may arise through the action and evolution of centroradialis.
RP Bradley, D (corresponding author), JOHN INNES CTR,DEPT GENET,COLNEY LANE,NORWICH NR4 7UH,NORFOLK,ENGLAND.
NR 34
TC 367
Z9 419
U1 0
U2 66
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 29
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6568
BP 791
EP 797
DI 10.1038/379791a0
PG 7
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TX501
UT WOS:A1996TX50100048
PM 8587601
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Waldman, T
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
AF Waldman, T
   Lengauer, C
   Kinzler, KW
   Vogelstein, B
TI Uncoupling of S phase and mitosis induced by anticancer agents in cells lacking p21
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cycle; insitu
AB PRECISE coordination of the S and M phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle is critical not only for normal cell division, but also for effective growth arrest under conditions of stress. When damaged, a cell must communicate signals to both the mitotic and DNA synthesis machineries so that a mitotic block is not followed by an extra S phase, or vice versa. The biochemical mechanisms regulating this coordination, termed checkpoints, have been identified in lower eukaryotes, but are largely unknown in mammalian cells(1-3). Here we show that p21(WAF1/CIP1), the prototype inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)(4), is required for this coordination in human cells. In the absence of p21, DNA-damaged cells arrest in a G2-like state, but then undergo additional S phases without intervening normal mitoses. They thereby acquire grossly deformed, polyploid nuclei and subsequently die through apoptosis. Perhaps not by coincidence, the DNA-damaging agents that can cause S/M uncoupling are used in the clinic to kill cancer cells preferentially.
C1 JOHNS HOPKINS ONCOL CTR,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,BALTIMORE,MD 21231.
   PROGRAM HUMAN GENET,BALTIMORE,MD 21231.
C3 Johns Hopkins University; Johns Hopkins Medicine; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
NR 28
TC 716
Z9 770
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 20
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6584
BP 713
EP 716
DI 10.1038/381713a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UR979
UT WOS:A1996UR97900057
PM 8649519
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Best, S
   LeTissier, P
   Towers, G
   Stoye, JP
AF Best, S
   LeTissier, P
   Towers, G
   Stoye, JP
TI Positional cloning of the mouse retrovirus restriction gene Fv1
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID murine leukemia virus; locus affecting resistance; host-range; wild mouse; molecular clones; cell-cultures; human dna; fv-1; yeast; invitro
AB VERTEBRATE evolution has taken place against a background of constant retrovirus infection, and much of the mammalian genome consists of endogenous retrovirus-like elements(1). Several host genes have evolved to control retrovirus replication(3), including Friend-virus-susceptibility-1, Fv1, on mouse chromosome 4 (refs 3, 4). The Fv1 gene acts on murine leukaemia virus at a stage after entry into the target cell but before integration and formation of the provirus(5). Although restriction is not absolute, Fv1 prevents or delays spontaneous or experimentally induced viral tumours(2), In vitro, Fv1 restriction leads to an apparent 50-1,000 fold reduction in viral titre(6). Genetic evidence implicates a direct interaction between the Fv1 gene product and a component of the viral preintegration complex, the capsid protein CA (refs 7-9), We have now cloned Fv1: the gene appears to be derived from the gag region of an endogenous retrovirus unrelated to murine leukaemia virus, implying that the Fv1 protein and its target mag share functional similarities despite the absence of nucleotide-sequence homology.
C1 NATL INST MED RES, DIV VIROL, LONDON NW7 1AA, ENGLAND.
C3 MRC National Institute for Medical Research
FU Medical Research Council [MC_U117570590] Funding Source: Medline
NR 30
TC 399
Z9 469
U1 0
U2 8
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 826
EP 829
DI 10.1038/382826a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700052
PM 8752279
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kanopka, A
   Muhlemann, O
   Akusjarvi, G
AF Kanopka, A
   Muhlemann, O
   Akusjarvi, G
TI Inhibition by SR proteins of splicing of a regulated adenovirus pre-mRNA
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID rna; binding; invitro; site; termination; expression; selection; enhancer; sf2
AB THE adenovirus L1 unit(1) represents an example of an alternatively spliced precursor messenger (pre-mRNA) where one 5' splice can be joined to one of two alternative 3' splice sites, producing the 52,55K or the IIIa mRNAs (Fig, 1a). Efficient usage of the distal IIIa 3' splice site requires late viral protein synthesis and is therefore confined to the late phase of virus infection(2-4). Here we show that, in extracts from uninfected cells, the classical SR proteins(5), which are essential splicing factors(5-7), inhibit IIIa pre-mRNA splicing by binding to an intronic repressor element and preventing recruitment of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle to the spliceosome. We further show that the viral repressor element has splicing-enhancer activity when appropriately placed in the pre-mRNA. Together, our results demonstrate that SR proteins function as activators or repressors of splicing depending on where on the pre-mRNA they bind.
C1 UNIV UPPSALA,DEPT IMMUNOL & MED MICROBIOL,BMC,S-75123 UPPSALA,SWEDEN.
C3 Uppsala University
NR 30
TC 214
Z9 259
U1 1
U2 11
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUN 6
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6582
BP 535
EP 538
DI 10.1038/381535a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UP435
UT WOS:A1996UP43500064
PM 8632829
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Chao, DM
   Gadbois, EL
   Murray, PJ
   Anderson, SF
   Sonu, MS
   Parvin, JD
   Young, RA
AF Chao, DM
   Gadbois, EL
   Murray, PJ
   Anderson, SF
   Sonu, MS
   Parvin, JD
   Young, RA
TI A mammalian SRB protein associated with an RNA polymerase II holoenzyme
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID tata-binding protein; transcription; purification; yeast; ctd
AB A large multisubunit complex containing RNA polymerase II, general transcription factors and SRB regulatory proteins initiates transcription of class II genes in yeast cells(1-4). The SRB proteins are a hallmark of this RNA polymerase II holoenzyme as they are found only in this complex, where they contribute to the response to regulators(4-8). We have now isolated a human homologue of the yeast SRB7 gene and used antibodies against human SRB7 protein to purify and characterize a mammalian RNA polymerase II holoenzyme containing the general transcription factors TFIIE and TFIIH. This holoenzyme is more responsive to transcriptional activators than core RNA polymerase II when assayed in the presence of coactivators.
C1 MIT, DEPT BIOL, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, DIV MOLEC ONCOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP, DEPT PATHOL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
   HARVARD UNIV, SCH MED, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA.
C3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard University Medical Affiliates; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Harvard University; Harvard Medical School
RP Chao, DM (corresponding author), WHITEHEAD INST BIOMED RES, 9 CAMBRIDGE CTR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA.
NR 27
TC 131
Z9 145
U1 0
U2 4
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAR 7
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6569
BP 82
EP 85
DI 10.1038/380082a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TY877
UT WOS:A1996TY87700062
PM 8598913
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Frade, JM
   RodriguezTebar, A
   Barde, YA
AF Frade, JM
   RodriguezTebar, A
   Barde, YA
TI Induction of cell death by endogenous nerve growth factor through its p75 receptor
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID neurotrophin receptors; chick-embryos; apoptosis; ngf; expression; neurons; retina; brain
AB DURING development, neuronal survival is regulated by the limited availability of neurotrophins, which are proteins of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family. Activation of specific trk tyrosine kinase receptors by the neurotrophins blocks programmed cell death. The trkA-specific ligand NGF has also been shown to activate the non-tyrosine kinase receptor p75, a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor and Fas (APO-1/CD95) family. Here we report that, early in development, endogenous NGF causes the death of retinal neurons that express p75 but not trkA. These results indicate that, as with cells of the immune system, the death of neurons in the central nervous system can also be induced by ligands, and that the effect of NGF on cell fate depends on the type of receptor expressed by developing neurons.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST PSYCHIAT,DEPT NEUROBIOCHEM,D-82152 PLANEGG,GERMANY.
   CSIC,INST CAJAL,E-28002 MADRID,SPAIN.
C3 Max Planck Society; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC); CSIC - Instituto Cajal (IC)
NR 25
TC 658
Z9 726
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 12
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6596
BP 166
EP 168
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VG148
UT WOS:A1996VG14800051
PM 8774880
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Macias, MJ
   Hyvonen, M
   Baraldi, E
   Schultz, J
   Sudol, M
   Saraste, M
   Oschkinat, H
AF Macias, MJ
   Hyvonen, M
   Baraldi, E
   Schultz, J
   Sudol, M
   Saraste, M
   Oschkinat, H
TI Structure of the WW domain of a kinase-associated protein complexed with a proline-rich peptide
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nmr-spectroscopy; identification; dystrophin; resonance; modules; site
AB THE WW domain is a new protein module with two highly conserved tryptophans that binds proline-rich peptide motifs in vitro. It is present in a number of signalling and regulatory proteins, often in several copies(1-3). Here we investigate the solution structure of the WW domain of human YAP65 (for Yes kinase-associated protein) in complex with proline-rich peptides containing the core motif PPxY (ref. 4). The structure of the domain with the bound peptide GTPPPPYTVG is a slightly curved, three-stranded, antiparallel beta-sheet. Two prolines pack against the first tryptophan, forming a hydrophobic buckle on the convex side of the sheet. The concave side has three exposed hydrophobic residues (tyrosine, tryptophan and leucine) which form the binding site for the ligand, A non-conserved isoleucine in the amino-terminal flanking region covers a hydrophobic patch and stabilizes the WW domain of human YAP65 irt vitro. The structure of the WW domain differs from that of the SH3 domain and reveals a new design for a protein module that uses stacked aromatic surface residues to arrange a binding site for proline-rich peptides.
C1 EUROPEAN MOL BIOL LAB, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
   FORSCHUNGSINST MOL PHARMAKOL, D-10315 BERLIN, GERMANY.
   MT SINAI SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, NEW YORK, NY 10029 USA.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
NR 27
TC 382
Z9 436
U1 0
U2 39
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 15
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6592
BP 646
EP 649
DI 10.1038/382646a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VC303
UT WOS:A1996VC30300058
PM 8757138
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU ElKhoury, J
   Hickman, SE
   Thomas, CA
   Cao, L
   Silverstein, SC
   Loike, JD
AF ElKhoury, J
   Hickman, SE
   Thomas, CA
   Cao, L
   Silverstein, SC
   Loike, JD
TI Scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of microglia to beta-amyloid fibrils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID alzheimer-disease; fluorometric assay; basement-membrane; end-products; congo red; macrophages; neurotoxicity; activation; protein; region
AB A PATHOLOGICAL hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the senile plaque, containing beta-amyloid fibrils, microglia and astrocytes(1). beta-amyloid fibrils exert a cytotoxic effect on neurons(2), and stimulate microglia to produce neurotoxins, such as reactive oxygen species(3,4). Mononuclear phagocytes, including microglia, express scavenger receptors that mediate endocytosis of oxidized low-density lipoproteins(5), and adhesion to glucose-modified extracellular matrix proteins(6). Here we report that class A scavenger receptors mediate adhesion of rodent microglia and human monocytes to beta-amyloid fibril-coated surfaces leading to secretion of reactive oxygen species and cell immobilization. Thus, class A scavenger receptors are potential therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT MED,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Columbia University
RP ElKhoury, J (corresponding author), COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG,DEPT PHYSIOL & CELLULAR BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA.
NR 23
TC 654
Z9 732
U1 0
U2 33
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 716
EP 719
DI 
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300050
PM 8751442
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
   Siveter, DJ
AF Briggs, DEG
   Siveter, DJ
   Siveter, DJ
TI Soft-bodied fossils from a Silurian volcaniclastic deposit
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID preservation; bed
AB FOSSIL deposits that preserve lightly sclerotized and soft-bodied organisms are fundamentally important to our understanding of the history of life on Earth. They provide a much more complete record of ancient communities than does the normal shelly fossil record. Conditions during the Cambrian may have favoured the preservation of soft-bodied organisms' Burgess-Shale-type(2-5) and Orsten-type(6) faunas are becoming increasingly known from this roughly 40-million-year-long period for which we have a growing body of data on the metazoan radiation. Soft-bodied organisms are much less well represented in the subsequent 100 million years. The discovery of a new Silurian soft-bodied biota therefore has the potential to fill an important gap in our knowledge. The relatively deep-water marine environment represented is dominated by previously undiscovered arthropods and polychaetes. Here we describe a group of soft-bodied fossils from carbonate concretions within a volcanic ash, identifying an important new source of soft bodied taxa.
C1 UNIV LEICESTER,DEPT GEOL,LEICESTER LE1 7RH,LEICS,ENGLAND.
   UNIV BRISTOL,DEPT GEOL,BRISTOL BS8 1RJ,AVON,ENGLAND.
   UNIV MUSEUM,GEOL COLLECT,OXFORD OX1 3PW,ENGLAND.
C3 University of Leicester; University of Bristol; University of Oxford
NR 28
TC 78
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 248
EP 250
DI 10.1038/382248a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000047
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kutzbach, J
   Bonan, G
   Foley, J
   Harrison, SP
AF Kutzbach, J
   Bonan, G
   Foley, J
   Harrison, SP
TI Vegetation and soil feedbacks on the response of the African monsoon to orbital forcing in the early to middle Holocene
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID general-circulation model; climate simulations; spatial variability; sensitivity; land; albedo; deforestation; resolution; sahel
AB FOSSIL pollen, ancient lake sediments and archaeological evidence from Africa indicate that the Sahel and Sahara regions were considerably wetter than today during the early to middle Holocene period, about 12,000 to 5,000 years ago(1-4). Vegetation associated with the modern Sahara/Sahel boundary was about 5 degrees farther north, and there were more and larger lakes between 15 and 30 degrees N. Simulations with climate models have shown that these wetter conditions were probably caused by changes in Earth's orbital parameters that increased the amplitude of the seasonal cycle of solar radiation in the Northern Hemisphere, enhanced the land-ocean temperature contrast, and thereby strengthened the African summer monsoon(5-7). However, these simulations underestimated the consequent monsoon enhancement as inferred from palaeorecords(4). Here,ve use a climate model to show that changes in vegetation and soil may have increased the climate response to orbital forcing, We find that replacing today's orbital forcing with that of the mid-Holocene increases summer precipitation by 12% between 15 and 22 degrees N. Replacing desert with grassland, and desert soil with more loamy soil, further enhances the summer precipitation (by 6 and 10% respectively), giving a total precipitation increase of 28%. When the simulated climate changes are applied to a biome model, vegetation becomes established north of the current Sahara/Sahel boundary, thereby shrinking the area of the Sahara by 11% owing to orbital forcing alone, and by 20% owing to the combined influence of orbital forcing and the prescribed vegetation and soil changes, The inclusion of the vegetation and soil feedbacks thus brings the model simulations and palaeovegetation observations into closer agreement.
RP Kutzbach, J (corresponding author), UNIV WISCONSIN,CTR CLIMATE RES,1225 W DAYTON ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA.
NR 31
TC 324
Z9 362
U1 0
U2 65
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 623
EP 626
DI 10.1038/384623a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600028
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hublin, JJ
   Spoor, F
   Braun, M
   Zonneveld, F
   Condemi, S
AF Hublin, JJ
   Spoor, F
   Braun, M
   Zonneveld, F
   Condemi, S
TI A Late Neanderthal associated with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
AB THE French site of Arcy-sur-Cure is a key locality in documenting the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition in Europe. Reliable attribution of the fragmentary hominid fossils associated with its early Upper Palaeolithic Chatelperronian industry has not been possible. Here we report the first conclusive identification of one of these fossils as Neanderthal on the basis of newly discovered derived features of the bony labyrinth. Dated at about thirty-four thousand years (34 kyr) ago, the fossil is representative of the youngest known Neanderthal populations, and its archaeological context indicates that these hominids used a rich bone industry as well as personal ornaments. The evidence supports the hypothesis of a long term coexistence with technocultural interactions between the first modern humans and the last Neanderthals in Europe. However, the complete absence of the derived Neanderthal traits in labyrinths of modern Upper Palaeolithic specimens from western Europe argues against phylogenetic continuity between the two populations in this region.
C1 UNIV NANCY 1, DEPT ANAT, F-54505 VANDOEUVRE LES NANCY, FRANCE.
   UNIV UTRECHT HOSP, DEPT DIAGNOST RADIOL, 3584 CX UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS.
   INST PALEONTOL HUMAINE, F-75013 PARIS, FRANCE.
   MUSEE HOMME PARIS, LAB ANTHROPOL, F-75116 PARIS, FRANCE.
   UCL, DEPT ANAT & DEV BIOL, EVOLUT ANAT UNIT, LONDON WC1E 6JJ, ENGLAND.
C3 Universite de Lorraine; Utrecht University; Utrecht University Medical Center; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); University of London; University College London
NR 30
TC 280
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 45
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 16
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6579
BP 224
EP 226
DI 10.1038/381224a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UL249
UT WOS:A1996UL24900050
PM 8622762
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Brocke, S
   Gijbels, K
   Allegretta, M
   Ferber, I
   Piercy, C
   Blankenstein, T
   Martin, R
   Utz, U
   Karin, N
   Mitchell, D
   Veromaa, T
   Waisman, A
   Gaur, A
   Conlon, P
   Ling, N
   Fairchild, PJ
   Wraith, DC
   OGarra, A
   Fathman, CG
   Steinman, L
AF Brocke, S
   Gijbels, K
   Allegretta, M
   Ferber, I
   Piercy, C
   Blankenstein, T
   Martin, R
   Utz, U
   Karin, N
   Mitchell, D
   Veromaa, T
   Waisman, A
   Gaur, A
   Conlon, P
   Ling, N
   Fairchild, PJ
   Wraith, DC
   OGarra, A
   Fathman, CG
   Steinman, L
TI Treatment of experimental encephalomyelitis with a peptide analogue of myelin basic protein
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID t-cell receptor; tumor necrosis factor; multiple-sclerosis
AB FOLLOWING induction of experimental encephalomyelitis with a T-cell clone, L10C1, that is specific for the myelin basic protein epitope p87-99, the inflammatory infiltrate in the central nervous system contains a diverse collection of T cells with heterogeneous receptors. We show here that when clone L10C1 is tolerized in vivo with an analogue of p87-99, established paralysis is reversed, inflammatory infiltrates regress, and the heterogeneous T-cell infiltrate disappears from the brain, with only the T-cell clones that incited disease remaining in the original lesions. We found that antibody raised against interleukin-4 reversed the tolerance induced by the altered peptide ligand. Treatment,vith this altered peptide ligand selectively silences pathogenic T cells and actively signals for the efflux of other T cells recruited to the site of disease as a result of the production of interleukin-4 and the reduction of tumour-necrosis factor-alpha in the lesion.
C1 STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT NEUROL & NEUROL SCI,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MED,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   STANFORD UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,STANFORD,CA 94305.
   MAX DELBRUCK CTR MOLEC MED,D-13125 BERLIN,GERMANY.
   NINCDS,NEUROIMMUNOL BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
   WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT IMMUNOL,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
   NEUROCRINE BIOSCI,LA JOLLA,CA 92121.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PATHOL,CAMBRIDGE CB1 1QP,ENGLAND.
   DNAX RES INST MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL INC,PALO ALTO,CA 94305.
C3 Stanford University; Stanford University; Stanford University; Helmholtz Association; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine; National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS); Weizmann Institute of Science; Neurocrine Biosciences; University of Cambridge; Merck & Company; Dnax Research Institute Of Molecular & Cellular Biology Inc.
FU Wellcome Trust Funding Source: Medline
NR 21
TC 365
Z9 394
U1 0
U2 7
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 25
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6563
BP 343
EP 346
DI 10.1038/379343a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TR323
UT WOS:A1996TR32300058
PM 8552189
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Walter, FM
   Wolk, SJ
   Neuhauser, R
AF Walter, FM
   Wolk, SJ
   Neuhauser, R
TI Discovery of a nearby isolated neutron star
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID molecular clouds; observability
AB OUR Galaxy should contain between a hundred million and a billion neutron stars; this follows from an extrapolation of pulsar birthrates' and from the number of supernovae required to account for the heavy-element abundances in the Milky Way(2). Only about 600 pulsars are known(3); some fraction of neutron stars will not be beaming in our direction, and therefore will not be detectable as pulsars, and some will be sufficiently old that they have stopped pulsating. How many old neutron stars exist is unknown, but based on the above numbers, about 2,000 isolated ones (not in binary systems) should he detectable as hot thermal sources, emitting X-rays as their surfaces cool or as they accrete gas from the interstellar medium(4-7). To date, however, evidence for only one has been presented(8), and its identification is ambiguous. Here we show that a bright soft-X-ray source has the properties of an isolated neutron star at a distance of about 100 parsecs. Although this confirms our present understanding of how isolated neutron stars should appear, it also highlights the significant problem of accounting for the absence of the others that should be visible.
C1 MAX PLANCK INST EXTRATERR PHYS,D-85740 GARCHING,GERMANY.
C3 Max Planck Society
RP Walter, FM (corresponding author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT EARTH & SPACE SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA.
NR 29
TC 207
Z9 218
U1 0
U2 0
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 18
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6562
BP 233
EP 235
DI 10.1038/379233a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TQ169
UT WOS:A1996TQ16900038
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Barton, K
   Muthusamy, N
   Chanyangam, M
   Fischer, C
   Clendenin, C
   Leiden, JM
AF Barton, K
   Muthusamy, N
   Chanyangam, M
   Fischer, C
   Clendenin, C
   Leiden, JM
TI Defective thymocyte proliferation and IL-2 production in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of CREB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cyclic-amp; t-cells; transcriptional regulation; response element; nuclear factor; binding; phosphorylation; protein; gene; fos
AB THE basic/leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor, CREB, binds to the CRE element (TGANNTCA)(1-5). The transcriptional activity of CREB requires phosphorylation of the protein on a serine residue at position 119 (ref. 6). CREs are present in a number of T-cell genes(7,8) but the precise role of CREB in T-cell differentiation and function was unknown. Here we show that resting thymocytes contain predominantly unphosphorylated (inactive) CREB, which is rapidly activated by phosphorylation on Ser 119 following thymocyte activation. T-cell development is normal in transgenic mice that express a dominant-negative form of CREB (CREB(A119), with alanine at position 119) under the control of the T-cell-specific CD2 promoter/enhancer. In contrast, thymocytes and T cells from these animals display a profound proliferative defect characterized by markedly decreased interleukin-2 production, G1 cell-cycle arrest and subsequent apoptotic death in response to a number of different activation signals. This proliferative defect is associated with the markedly reduced induction of c-jun, c-fos, Fra-2 and FosB following activation of the CREB(A119), transgenic thymocytes. We propose that T-cell activation leads to the phosphorylation and activation of CREB, which in turn is required for normal induction of the transcription factor AP1 and subsequent interleukin-2 production and cell-cycle progression.
C1 UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT MED, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
   UNIV CHICAGO, DEPT PATHOL, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA.
C3 University of Chicago; University of Chicago
NR 29
TC 227
Z9 247
U1 0
U2 2
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JAN 4
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6560
BP 81
EP 85
DI 10.1038/379081a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TN216
UT WOS:A1996TN21600060
PM 8538746
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Ono, M
   Bolland, S
   Tempst, P
   Ravetch, JV
AF Ono, M
   Bolland, S
   Tempst, P
   Ravetch, JV
TI Role of the inositol phosphatase SHIP in negative regulation of the immune system by the receptor Fc gamma RIIB
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic domain; cell activation; generation; release; motif; ptp1c
AB IMMUNE complexes are potent activators of inflammatory cells, triggering effector responses through the crosslinking of Fc receptors (FcRs) such as Fc epsilon RI or Fc gamma RIII (ref, 1). On B cells and mast cells, immune complexes are also negative regulators of activation triggered by antigen and Fc receptors, a consequence of coligation of the B-cell antigen receptor or Fc epsilon RI, respectively, and the inhibitory receptor Fc gamma RIIB. Here we show that inhibitory signalling by Fc gamma RIIB does not require the SH2-domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1, in mast cells and results in the recruitment of the SH2-domain-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, SHIP, to the tyrosine-phosphorylated 13-amino-acid inhibitory motif of Fc gamma RIIB in both B cells and mast cells. SHIP, by hydrolysing the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)P-3 and inositol(1,3,4,5) P-4, suggests a mechanism by which Fc gamma RIIB can inhibit calcium influx and downstream responses triggered by immune receptors.
C1 MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,PROGRAM MOL BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021.
C3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
NR 19
TC 655
Z9 754
U1 0
U2 19
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD SEP 19
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6597
BP 263
EP 266
DI 10.1038/383263a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VH315
UT WOS:A1996VH31500055
PM 8805703
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Yamaguchi, H
   Hendrickson, WA
AF Yamaguchi, H
   Hendrickson, WA
TI Structural basis for activation of human lymphocyte kinase Lck upon tyrosine phosphorylation
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID dependent protein-kinase; catalytic subunit; crystal-structure; domains; p56lck; cd4; ick
AB REGULATION through phosphorylation is a characteristic of signalling pathways(1,2), and the lymphocyte kinase Lck (p56(lck)) both performs phosphorylation and is affected by it. Lck is a Src-family tyrosine kinase expressed in T lymphocytes, where it participates in the cellular immune response(3). Like all Src homologues, it comprises SH3, SH2 and kinase domains. Lck associates through its distinctive amino-terminal segment with the cytoplasmic tails of either T cell co-receptor, CD4 or CD8-alpha(4,5) Activated Lck phosphorylates T-cell receptor zeta-chains, which then recruit the ZAP70 kinase to promote T cell activation(6). Lck is activated by autophosphorylation at Tyr 394 in the activation loop(7) and it is inactive when Tyr 505 near the carboxy terminus is phosphorylated and interacts with its own SH2 domain(8). Here we report the crystal structure of the Lck tyrosine kinase domain (LCKK) in its activated state at 1.7 Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals how a phosphoryl group at Tyr 394 generates a competent active site. Comparisons with other kinase structures indicate that tyrosine phophophorylation and ligand binding may in general elicit two distinct hinge-like movements between the kinase subdomains. From modelling studies, we suggest a basis for inhibition by phosphorylation at Tyr 505.
C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
   COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOPHYS,NEW YORK,NY 10032.
C3 Columbia University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Columbia University
NR 28
TC 445
Z9 530
U1 0
U2 16
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 5
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6608
BP 484
EP 489
DI 10.1038/384484a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VW687
UT WOS:A1996VW68700069
PM 8945479
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wilkinson, PB
   Fromhold, TM
   Eaves, L
   Sheard, FW
   Miura, N
   Takamasu, T
AF Wilkinson, PB
   Fromhold, TM
   Eaves, L
   Sheard, FW
   Miura, N
   Takamasu, T
TI Observation of 'scarred' wavefunctions in a quantum well with chaotic electron dynamics
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID eigenfunctions; systems; orbits; space; gaas
AB Qualitative insight into the properties of a quantum-mechanical system can be gained from the study of the relationship between the system's classical newtonian dynamics, and its quantum dynamics as described by the Schrodinger equation. The Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization scheme--which underlies the historically important Bohr model for hydrogen-like atoms--describes the relationship between the classical and quantum-mechanical regimes, but only for systems with stable, periodic or quasiperiodic orbits'. Only recently has progress been made in understanding the quantization of systems that exhibit non-periodic, chaotic motion. The spectra of quantized energy levels for such systems are irregular, and show fluctuations associated with unstable periodic orbits of the corresponding classical system(1-3). These orbits appear as 'scars'-concentrations of probability amplitude--in the wavefunction of the system(4). Although wavefunction scarring has been the subject of extensive theoretical investigation(5-10), it has not hitherto been observed experimentally in a quantum system. Here we use tunnel-current spectroscopy to map the quantum-mechanical energy levels of an electron confined in a semiconductor quantum well in a high magnetic field(10-13). We find clear experimental evidence for wavefunction scarring, in full agreement with theoretical predictions(10).
C1 UNIV TOKYO, INST SOLID STATE PHYS, TOKYO 106, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tokyo
RP Wilkinson, PB (corresponding author), UNIV NOTTINGHAM, DEPT PHYS, NOTTINGHAM NG7 2RD, ENGLAND.
NR 20
TC 156
Z9 164
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 18
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6575
BP 608
EP 610
DI 10.1038/380608a0
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UF741
UT WOS:A1996UF74100039
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Heald, R
   Tournebize, R
   Blank, T
   Sandaltzopoulos, R
   Becker, P
   Hyman, A
   Karsenti, E
AF Heald, R
   Tournebize, R
   Blank, T
   Sandaltzopoulos, R
   Becker, P
   Hyman, A
   Karsenti, E
TI Self-organization of microtubules into bipolar spindles around artificial chromosomes in Xenopus egg extracts
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cytoplasmic dynein; identification; centrosm; kinesin; localization; kinetochores; chromatin; polarity; motility; mitosis
AB Functional nuclei and mitotic spindles are shown to assemble around DNA-coated beads incubated in Xenopus egg extracts. Bipolar spindles assemble in the absence of centrosomes and kinetochores, indicating that bipolarity is an intrinsic property of microtubules assembling around chromatin in a mitotic cytoplasm. Microtubules nucleated at dispersed sites with random polarity rearrange into two arrays of uniform polarity. Spindle-pole formation requires cytoplasmic dynein-dependent translocation of microtubules across one another. It is proposed that spindles form in the absence of centrosomes by motor-dependent sorting of microtubules according to their polarity.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, GENE EXPRESS PROGRAM, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
RP Heald, R (corresponding author), EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB, CELL BIOL PROGRAM, MITOT SPINDLE GRP, MEYERHOFSTR 1, D-69117 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
NR 34
TC 821
Z9 970
U1 0
U2 55
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 420
EP 425
DI 10.1038/382420a0
PG 6
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100047
PM 8684481
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hogan, JC
AF Hogan, JC
TI Directed combinatorial chemistry
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID solid-phase synthesis; drug discovery; diversity
RP Hogan, JC (corresponding author), ARQULE,200 BOSTON AVE,MEDFORD,MA 02155, USA.
NR 14
TC 49
Z9 61
U1 0
U2 3
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 7
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6604
BP 17
EP 19
DI 
PG 3
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VR392
UT WOS:A1996VR39200006
PM 8895595
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Wiens, DA
   Gilbert, HJ
AF Wiens, DA
   Gilbert, HJ
TI Effect of slab temperature on deep-earthquake aftershock productivity and magnitude-frequency relations
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID focus earthquakes; b-values; zone; size; intermediate; mechanism; moment; number; arc
AB DEEP earthquakes generally show fewer aftershocks and a larger variability in magnitude-frequency relations than shallow earthquakes(1-5). These characteristics and the factors that control them may place constraints on the mechanism of deep earthquakes, which is still uncertain(6-8). Here we show that systematic variations in aftershock productivity and magnitude-frequency relations are related to the temperature of the downgoing slab, as inferred from the vertical velocity and age of the subducting lithosphere. Deep earthquakes with substantial aftershock sequences are found only in colder slabs, and earthquakes in warmer slabs consistently show few aftershocks. Magnitude-frequency relations for deep earthquakes also show systematic variations as a function of slab thermal structure, with warmer slabs showing fewer small earthquakes (lower 'b-values'). The statistical properties of deep earthquakes thus appear to be temperature sensitive to an extent not observed for shallow earthquakes, and not adequately explained by simple geometrical limitations on fault width.
RP Wiens, DA (corresponding author), WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT EARTH & PLANETARY SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130, USA.
NR 40
TC 73
Z9 85
U1 0
U2 21
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD NOV 14
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6605
BP 153
EP 156
DI 10.1038/384153a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VT336
UT WOS:A1996VT33600061
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Hall, DB
   Holmlin, RE
   Barton, JK
AF Hall, DB
   Holmlin, RE
   Barton, JK
TI Oxidative DNA damage through long-range electron transfer
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID cleavage; 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine; intercalation; riboflavin; complexes; residues; guanine; bases; site
AB The possibility has been considered for almost forty years that the DNA double helix, which contains a pi-stacked array of heterocyclic base pairs, could be a suitable medium for the migration of charge over long molecular distances(1-11). This notion of high charge mobility is a critical consideration with respect to DNA damage. We have previously found(7-10) that the DNA double helix can serve as a molecular bridge for photo-induced electron transfer between metallointercalators, with fast rates (greater than or equal to 10(10) s(-1))(10) and with quenching over a long distance (>40 Angstrom)(8). Here we use a metallointercalator to introduce a photoexcited hole into the DNA pi-stacked at a specific site in order to evaluate oxidative damage to DNA from a distance. Oligomeric DNA duplexes were prepared with a rhodium intercalator covalently attached to one end and separated spatially from 5'-GG-3' doublet sites of oxidation. Rhodium-induced photo-oxidation occurs specifically at the 5'-G in the 5'-GG-3' doublets and is observed up to 37 Angstrom away from the site of rhodium intercalation. We find that the yield of oxidative damage depends sensitively upon oxidation potential and pi-stacking, but not on distance. These results demonstrate directly that oxidative damage to DNA may be promoted from a remote site as a result of hole migration through the DNA pi-stack.
C1 CALTECH,DIV CHEM & CHEM ENGN,PASADENA,CA 91125.
C3 California Institute of Technology
NR 30
TC 882
Z9 965
U1 2
U2 135
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 22
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6593
BP 731
EP 735
DI 10.1038/382731a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VD333
UT WOS:A1996VD33300055
PM 8751447
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bird, MI
   Chivas, AR
   Head, J
AF Bird, MI
   Chivas, AR
   Head, J
TI A latitudinal gradient in carbon turnover times in forest soils
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID atmospheric carbon; dioxide; leaves; ratios; sink
AB ATTEMPTS to model the global carbon cycle, and anthropogenic modifications to carbon flow between the atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial carbon reservoirs, commonly rely on values assumed for the C-13/C-12 ratio and 'bomb-spike' C-14 Signature of carbon in each reservoir(1,2). A large proportion of the carbon in the terrestrial biosphere resides in the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool(3), most of which is derived from plants that assimilate carbon via the C-3 photosynthetic pathway(4). Here we report measurements of the C-13 and C-14 signatures of particulate organic carbon from surface soils of C-3 biomes from a global distribution of low-altitude, non-water-stressed locations. We find that there is currently a latitudinal gradient in the signature, with low-latitude soils being relatively depleted in C-13. The C-14 signatures indicate that today's gradient is due to a latitudinal gradient in the residence time of the soil organic carbon, coupled with anthropogenic modifications to the C-13/C-12 ratio of atmospheric CO2 (for example by fossil-fuel burning(5)). The long residence times (tens of gears) of particulate organic carbon from high-latitude soils provide empirical evidence that if fluxes of carbon from vegetation to the soil increase, these soils have the capacity to act as a carbon sink on decadal timescales.
C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH PACIFIC & ASIAN STUDIES,QUATEMARY DATING RES CTR,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
C3 Australian National University
RP Bird, MI (corresponding author), AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,RES SCH EARTH SCI,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA.
NR 19
TC 129
Z9 147
U1 1
U2 105
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 9
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6578
BP 143
EP 146
DI 10.1038/381143a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UK139
UT WOS:A1996UK13900045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU deCelis, JF
   Barrio, R
   Kafatos, FC
AF deCelis, JF
   Barrio, R
   Kafatos, FC
TI A gene complex acting downstream of dpp in Drosophila wing morphogenesis
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID expression; disk
AB LOCALIZED expression of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) homologue decapentaplegic (dpp) is crucial for Drosophila wing development(1-4). Here we show that spalt and spalt-related (sal and salr), two closely related genes that encode transcription factors, are expressed in response to dpp in a central territory of the wing imaginal disc, where they are required for the patterning of the wing. They are among the first identified elements that act downstream of dpp in wing development. The phenotypic consequences of misexpression of sal and salr suggest that an important outcome of dpp activity is the subdivision of the wing disc into territories smaller than lineage compartments, through the regulation of transcription-factor-encoding genes such as sal and salr.
C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY.
   UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT GENET,CAMBRIDGE CB2 4TH,ENGLAND.
   INST MOLEC BIOL & BIOTECHNOL,GR-71110 IRAKLION,CRETE,GREECE.
C3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); University of Cambridge
NR 21
TC 206
Z9 240
U1 0
U2 8
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD MAY 30
PY 1996
VL 381
IS 6581
BP 421
EP 424
DI 10.1038/381421a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UN479
UT WOS:A1996UN47900051
PM 8632798
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Kobayashi, S
   Yamada, M
   Asaoka, M
   Kitamura, T
AF Kobayashi, S
   Yamada, M
   Asaoka, M
   Kitamura, T
TI Essential role of the posterior morphogen nanos for germline development in Drosophila
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pole cell-formation; maternal gene; body pattern; embryo; plasm; segmentation; anterior; oskar; anteroposterior; melanogaster
AB IN many animal groups, factors required for germline formation are localized in germ plasm(1), a region of the egg cytoplasm, In Drosophila embryos, germ plasm is located in the posterior pole region and is inherited in pole cells, the germline progenitors. Transplantation experiments have demonstrated that germ plasm contains factors that can form germline(2-4), and germ plasm also directs abdomen formation(5). Genetic analysis has shown that a common mechanism directs the localization of the abdomen and germline-forming factors to the posterior pole(6-12). The critical factor for abdomen formation is the nanos (nos) protein (nanos)(13-15). Here we show that nos is also essential for germline formation in Drosophila; pole cells lacking nanos activity fail to migrate into the gonads, and so do not become functional germ cells. In such pole cells, gene expression, which normally initiates within the gonad, begins prematurely during pole cell migration. Premature activation of genes in germline precursors may mean that these cells fail to develop normally. A function for nos protein in Drosophila germline formation is compatible with observations of its association with germ plasm in other animals(16-18).
C1 UNIV TSUKUBA, CTR TSUKUBA ADV RES ALLIANCE, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
C3 University of Tsukuba
RP Kobayashi, S (corresponding author), UNIV TSUKUBA, INST BIOL SCI, GENE EXPT CTR, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI 305, JAPAN.
NR 29
TC 257
Z9 318
U1 0
U2 43
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD APR 25
PY 1996
VL 380
IS 6576
BP 708
EP 711
DI 10.1038/380708a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UG827
UT WOS:A1996UG82700050
PM 8614464
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Clower, DM
   Hoffman, JM
   Votaw, JR
   Faber, TL
   Woods, RP
   Alexander, GE
AF Clower, DM
   Hoffman, JM
   Votaw, JR
   Faber, TL
   Woods, RP
   Alexander, GE
TI Role of posterior parietal cortex in the recalibration of visually guided reaching
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID positron emission tomography; automated algorithm; functional-anatomy; attention; pet; movements; mechanisms; areas
AB VISUALLY guided reaching requires complex neural transformations to link visual and proprioceptive inputs with appropriate motor outputs(1,2). Despite the complexity of these transformations, hand-eye coordination in humans is remarkably flexible, as demonstrated by the ease with which reaching can be adapted to distortions in visual feedback. If subjects attempt to reach to visual targets while searing displacing prisms, they initially misreach in the direction of, visual displacement. Given feedback about their reaching errors, however, they quickly adapt to the visual distortion. This is shown by the gradual resumption of accurate reaching while the prisms remain in place, and by the immediate onset of reaching errors in the opposite direction after the prisms have been removed. Despite an abundance of psychophysical data on adaptation to prisms, the functional localization of this form of sensorimotor adaptation is uncertain, Here we use positron emission tomography (PET) to localize changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in subjects who performed a prism-adaptation task as well as a task that controlled for the sensory, motor and cognitive conditions of the adaptation experiment. Difference images that reflected the net effects of the adaptation process showed selective activation of posterior parietal cortex contralateral to the reaching limb.
C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,ATLANTA,GA 30322.
   EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT RADIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322.
   UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH MED,DIV BRAIN MAPPING,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095.
C3 Emory University; Emory University; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles; University of California Los Angeles Medical Center; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
NR 30
TC 336
Z9 368
U1 0
U2 24
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 618
EP 621
DI 10.1038/383618a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500052
PM 8857536
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Markram, H
   Tsodyks, M
AF Markram, H
   Tsodyks, M
TI Redistribution of synaptic efficacy between neocortical pyramidal neurons
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID long-term potentiation; transmission; hippocampus; ltp
AB EXPERIENCE-dependent potentiation and depression of synaptic strength has been proposed to subserve learning and memory by changing the gain of signals conveyed between neurons(1,2). Here we examine synaptic plasticity between individual neocortical layer-5 pyramidal neurons, We show that an increase in the synaptic response, induced by pairing action-potential activity in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, was only observed when synaptic input occurred at low frequencies. This frequency-dependent increase in synaptic responses arises because of a redistribution of the available synaptic efficacy and not because of an increase in the efficacy. Redistribution of synaptic efficacy could represent a mechanism to change the content, rather than the gain, of signals conveyed between neurons.
RP Markram, H (corresponding author), WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT NEUROBIOL,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL.
NR 16
TC 642
Z9 707
U1 1
U2 41
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 29
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6594
BP 807
EP 810
DI 10.1038/382807a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VE347
UT WOS:A1996VE34700046
PM 8752273
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Huang, BH
   Eberstadt, M
   Olejniczak, ET
   Meadows, RP
   Fesik, SW
AF Huang, BH
   Eberstadt, M
   Olejniczak, ET
   Meadows, RP
   Fesik, SW
TI NMR structure and mutagenesis of the Fas (APO-1/CD95) death domain
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID nuclear-magnetic-resonance; programmed cell-death; distance geometry; tnf receptor; proteins; apoptosis; interacts; antigen; binding; ligand
AB PROGRAMMED cell death (apoptosis) mediated by the cytokine receptor Fas is critical for the removal of autoreactive T cells(1), the mechanism of immune privilege(2,3), and for maintenance of immune-system homeostasis(4). Signalling of programmed cell death involves the self-association of a conserved cytoplasmic region of Fas called the death domain(5-7) and interaction with another death-domain-containing protein, FADD(8) (also known as MORT1)(9). Although death domains are found in several proteins(10), their three dimensional structure and the manner in which they interact is unknown, Here we describe the solution structure of the Fas death domain, as determined by NMR spectroscopy, The structure consists of six antiparallel, amphipathic a-helices arranged in a novel fold, From the structure and from site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified the region of the death domain involved in self-association and binding to the downstream signalling partner FADD.
C1 ABBOTT LABS,DIV PHARMACEUT DISCOVERY,ABBOTT PK,IL 60064.
C3 Abbott Laboratories
NR 30
TC 324
Z9 369
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD DEC 19
PY 1996
VL 384
IS 6610
BP 638
EP 641
DI 10.1038/384638a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VZ296
UT WOS:A1996VZ29600032
PM 8967952
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Loomis, CA
   Harris, E
   Michaud, J
   Wurst, W
   Hanks, M
   Joyner, AL
AF Loomis, CA
   Harris, E
   Michaud, J
   Wurst, W
   Hanks, M
   Joyner, AL
TI The mouse Engrailed-1 gene and ventral limb patterning
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID proto-oncogene int-1; ectodermal control; expression; suggest; embryo; bmp-2a; en-1
AB DURING vertebrate limb development, positional information must be specified along three distinct axes. Although much progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular interactions involved in anterior-posterior and proximal-distal limb patterning, less is known about dorsal-ventral patterning(1-3). The genes Wnt-7a and Lmx-1,which are expressed in dorsal limb ectoderm and mesoderm, respectively, are thought to be important regulators of dorsal limb differentiation(4-6). Whether a complementary set of molecules controls ventral limb development has not been clear. Here we report that Engrailed-1, a homeodamain-containing transcription factor expressed in embryonic central limb ectoderm(7,8), is essential for ventral limb patterning. Loss of Engrailed-1 function in mice results in dorsal transformations of ventral paw structures, and in subtle alterations along the proximal-distal limb ads. Engrailed-1 seems to act in part by repressing dorsal differentiation induced by Wnt-7a, and is essential for proper formation of the apical ectodermal ridge.
C1 NYU,SCH MED,SKIRBALL INST BIOMOL MED,DEV GENET PROGRAM,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NYU,SCH MED,RONALD PERELMAN DEPT DERMATOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NYU,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   NYU,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & NEUROSCI,NEW YORK,NY 10016.
   COLL FRANCE,INST EMBRYOL CELLULAIRE & MOLEC,F-94736 NOGENT SUR MARNE,FRANCE.
   CNRS,INST EMBRYOL CELLULAIRE & MOLEC,F-94736 NOGENT SUR MARNE,FRANCE.
   GSF MUNICH,RES CTR,D-85758 MUNICH,GERMANY.
C3 New York University; New York University; New York University; New York University; Universite PSL; College de France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Helmholtz Association; Helmholtz-Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health
NR 23
TC 262
Z9 302
U1 0
U2 18
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 25
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6589
BP 360
EP 363
DI 10.1038/382360a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UY950
UT WOS:A1996UY95000054
PM 8684466
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU RiveraPomar, R
   Niessing, D
   SchmidtOtt, U
   Gehring, WJ
   Jackle, H
AF RiveraPomar, R
   Niessing, D
   SchmidtOtt, U
   Gehring, WJ
   Jackle, H
TI RNA binding and translational suppression by bicoid
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID segmentation gene hunchback; drosophila embryos; body pattern; gradient; protein; transcription; expression; kruppel; localization; anterior
AB THE anterior determinant bicoid (bcd) of Drosophila is a homeodomain protein. It forms an anterior-to-posterior gradient in the embryo and activates, in a concentration-dependent manner, several zygotic segmentation genes during blastoderm formation(1-4). Its posterior counterpart, the homeodomain transcription factor caudal (cad)(5-7), forms a concentration gradient in the opposite direction, emanating from evenly distributed messenger RNA in the egg. In embryos lacking bcd activity as a result of mutation, the cad gradient fails to form and cad becomes evenly distributed throughout the embryo(8). This suggests that bcd may act in the region-specific control of cad mRNA translation. Here we report that bcd binds through its homeodomain to cad mRNA in vitro, and exerts translational control through a bcd-binding region of cad mRNA.
C1 UNIV BASEL,BIOZENTRUM,CH-4056 BASEL,SWITZERLAND.
C3 University of Basel
RP RiveraPomar, R (corresponding author), MAX PLANCK INST BIOPHYS CHEM,ABT MOLEK ENTWICKLUNGSBIOL,FASSBERG,D-37077 GOTTINGEN,GERMANY.
NR 29
TC 259
Z9 299
U1 0
U2 14
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD FEB 22
PY 1996
VL 379
IS 6567
BP 746
EP 749
DI 10.1038/379746a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA TW567
UT WOS:A1996TW56700058
PM 8602224
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Bard, E
   Hamelin, B
   Arnold, M
   Montaggioni, L
   Cabioch, G
   Faure, G
   Rougerie, F
AF Bard, E
   Hamelin, B
   Arnold, M
   Montaggioni, L
   Cabioch, G
   Faure, G
   Rougerie, F
TI Deglacial sea-level record from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID u-th ages; younger dryas; last deglaciation; mass-spectrometry; c-14 ages; atlantic; barbados; rise; circulation; simulation
AB THE timing of the last deglaciation is important to our understanding of the dynamics of large ice sheets(1) and their effects on the Earth's surface(2,3). Moreover, the disappearance of the glacial ice sheets was responsible for dramatic increases in freshwater fluxes to the oceans, which probably disturbed the ocean's thermohaline circulation and, hence, global climate(4-7). Sea-level increases bear witness to the melting of continental ice sheets, but only two such records-from Barbados(8,9) and New Guinea(10,11) corals-have been accurately dated. But these corals overlie active subduction zones, where tectonic movements are large and often discontinuous (especially in New Guinea), so the apparent sea-level records may be contaminated by a complex tectonic component. Here we date fossil corals from Tahiti, which is far from plate boundaries (and thus Is likely to be tectonically relatively stable) and remote from the locations of large former ice sheets. The resulting record indicates a large sea-level jump shortly before 13,800 calendar years sp, which corresponds to meltwater pulse 1A in the Barbados coral records(8,9). The timing of this event is more accurately constrained in the Tahiti record, revealing that the meltwater pulse coincides with a short and intense climate cooling event(12-15) that followed the initiation of the Bolling-Allerod warm period(12-16), but preceded the Younger Dryas cold event by about 1,000 years.
C1 CEA, CNRS,INST UNIV FRANCE, F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   CEA, CNRS,CTR FAIBLES RADIOACT, F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE, FRANCE.
   UNIV PROVENCE ST CHARLES, CTR SEDIMENTOL & PALEONTOL, F-13331 MARSEILLE 3, FRANCE.
   ORSTOM GEOAZUR, UMR CNRS,ORSTOM TOA,EP 125, F-06230 Villefranche Sur Mer, FRANCE.
   UNIV MONTPELLIER 2, LAB HYDROL MARINE, F-34095 MONTPELLIER 5, FRANCE.
   ORSTOM, CTR PAPEETE, PAPEETE, FRANCE.
C3 Universite Paris Saclay; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Institut Universitaire de France; CEA; CEA; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite Paris Saclay; Aix-Marseille Universite; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite de Montpellier; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD)
RP Bard, E (corresponding author), UNIV AIX MARSEILLE 3, CEREGE,CNRS,URA 132,EUROPOLE ARBOIS, BP 80, AIX EN PROVENCE 4, FRANCE.
NR 33
TC 862
Z9 959
U1 1
U2 149
PU NATURE PORTFOLIO
PI BERLIN
PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, BERLIN, 14197, GERMANY
SN 0028-0836
EI 1476-4687
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD JUL 18
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6588
BP 241
EP 244
DI 10.1038/382241a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA UX790
UT WOS:A1996UX79000045
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Omont, A
   Petitjean, P
   Guilloteau, S
   McMahon, RG
   Solomon, PM
   Pecontal, E
AF Omont, A
   Petitjean, P
   Guilloteau, S
   McMahon, RG
   Solomon, PM
   Pecontal, E
TI Molecular gas and dust around a radio-quiet quasar at redshift 4.69
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID galaxy iras 10214+4724; emission; mass; f10214+4724
AB GALAXIES are believed to have formed a large proportion of their stars in giant bursts of star formation early in their lives, but when and how this took place are still very uncertain. The presence(1-6) of large amounts of dust in quasars and radio galaxies at redshifts z > 4 shows that some synthesis of heavy elements had already occurred at this time. This implies that molecular gas-the building material of stars-should also be present, as it is in galaxies at lower redshifts (z approximate to 2.5, refs 7-10). Here we report the detection of emission from dust and carbon monoxide in the radio-quiet quasar BR1202 - 0725, at redshift z = 4.69. Maps of these emissions reveal two objects, separated by a few are seconds, which could indicate either the presence of a companion to the quasar of gravitational lensing of the quasar itself. Regardless of the precise interpretation of the maps, the detection of carbon monoxide confirms the presence of a large mass of molecular gas in one of the most distant galaxies known, and shows that conditions conducive to huge bursts of star formation existed in the very early Universe.
C1 OBSERV PARIS,DAEC,CNRS,URA 173,F-92195 MEUDON,FRANCE.
   INST RADIO ASTRON MILLIMETR,F-38460 ST MARTIN DHERES,FRANCE.
   INST ASTRON,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HA,ENGLAND.
   SUNY STONY BROOK,ASTRON PROGRAM,STONY BROOK,NY 11794.
   CTR RECH ASTRON LYON,CNRS,UMR 142,F-69561 ST GENIS LAVAL,FRANCE.
C3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Universite PSL; Observatoire de Paris; University of Cambridge; State University of New York (SUNY) System; Stony Brook University; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon (ENS de LYON); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
RP Omont, A (corresponding author), CNRS,INST ASTROPHYS,98BIS BD ARAGO,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE.
NR 30
TC 242
Z9 250
U1 0
U2 2
PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
PI LONDON
PA 4 LITTLE ESSEX STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND WC2R 3LF
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD AUG 1
PY 1996
VL 382
IS 6590
BP 428
EP 431
DI 10.1038/382428a0
PG 4
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VA251
UT WOS:A1996VA25100049
PM 8684483
DA 2026-03-09
ER

PT J
AU Larter, SR
   Bowler, BFJ
   Li, M
   Chen, M
   Brincat, D
   Bennett, B
   Noke, K
   Donohoe, P
   Simmons, D
   Kohnen, M
   Allan, J
   Telnaes, N
   Horstad, I
AF Larter, SR
   Bowler, BFJ
   Li, M
   Chen, M
   Brincat, D
   Bennett, B
   Noke, K
   Donohoe, P
   Simmons, D
   Kohnen, M
   Allan, J
   Telnaes, N
   Horstad, I
TI Molecular indicators of secondary oil migration distances
SO NATURE
LA English
DT Article
ID pyrrolic nitrogen-compounds; fractionation; parameters; separation; petroleum; shales
AB The ability to determine the distance migrated by an oil from source rock to reservoir could greatly assist in the identification of new, economically viable accumulations of petroleum. Non-alkylated benzocarbazoles, which are present in trace quantities in oils, exhibit changes in both absolute and relative concentrations that correlate with migration distance, independent of the maturity of the oils. Such molecules appear promising as empirical-but quantitative-indicators of the relative migration distances of oils, and represent a first step towards true source-reservoir distance indicators.
C1 SHELL, KSEPL, RIJSWIJK, NETHERLANDS.
   IMPERIAL OIL RESOURCES, CALGARY, AB, CANADA.
   NORSK HYDRO AS, BERGEN, NORWAY.
   SAGA PETR, SANDVIKA, NORWAY.
C3 Royal Dutch Shell; Exxon Mobil Corporation; Norsk Hydro ASA
RP Larter, SR (corresponding author), UNIV NEWCASTLE, NEWCASTLE RES GRP, FOSSIL FUELS & ENVIRONM GEOCHEM POSTGRAD INST, DRUMMOND BLDG, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NE1 7RU, TYNE & WEAR, ENGLAND.
NR 29
TC 241
Z9 287
U1 0
U2 50
PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
PI LONDON
PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
SN 0028-0836
EI 
J9 NATURE
JI Nature
PD OCT 17
PY 1996
VL 383
IS 6601
BP 593
EP 597
DI 10.1038/383593a0
PG 5
WC Multidisciplinary Sciences
SC Science & Technology - Other Topics
GA VM755
UT WOS:A1996VM75500044
DA 2026-03-09
ER

